第七章非谓语动词之动名词和分词

1、Chapter 7 动名词动名词 & 分词分词V-ing & V-ed性质性质 主语主语 表语表语 宾语宾语 宾补宾补 定语定语 状语状语动名动名词词n.动名词能在句中充当什么成分？动名词能在句中充当什么成分？动名词在句子中的功能及用法动名词在句子中的功能及用法1. 作作主语主语_ is very useful to me .（ 学习生词对我来说很有用学习生词对我来说很有用. ）Learning new words _helps make one healthy.（每天早晨做运动有助于人的健康。）（每天早晨做运动有助于人的健康。）Taking exercise eve

2、ry morning1. 名词作主语，有时句中使用形式主语名词作主语，有时句中使用形式主语it而将而将真正主语（动名词）放到句尾。常用的结构有：真正主语（动名词）放到句尾。常用的结构有：It is +n. + doing.It is + adj. + doingThere is (was) no doingIt is no use writing to him; he never answers letters.It was nice meeting you.There is no holding back the wheel of history.注注意意2. 适用于适用于It is以上结构

3、的名词（短语）有：以上结构的名词（短语）有：no use, no good, （great) fun, a waste of time,等等形容词有：形容词有：useless, useful, nice, good, interesting, worthwhile, foolish, dangerous 等。如：等。如：1) 从早到晚开车很累人。从早到晚开车很累人。Its tiring _.2) 学而不练是没有好处的。学而不练是没有好处的。Its no good _.3）和他辩论下去是浪费时间。）和他辩论下去是浪费时间。It is a waste of time _.4)被带去一个新地方很有意

4、思。被带去一个新地方很有意思。Its fun _ a new place. arguing with him learning without practice driving from morning till night being taken to3.句型句型There is 往往用于说明往往用于说明不允许、禁止不允许、禁止某种活动或是某件事情发生或存在某种活动或是某件事情发生或存在。类似一种。类似一种建议、命令等。建议、命令等。1)There is no joking about such matters .2)There is no denying the fact that Chi

5、na has made a rapid progress in every aspect since it was founded .毋庸置疑，中国自它成立以来已在各个方面都取毋庸置疑，中国自它成立以来已在各个方面都取得了飞速的发展。得了飞速的发展。3)There is no littering about . 不许乱扔杂物。不许乱扔杂物。2. 作作表语表语His hobby is_. collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮他的爱好是集邮我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。What I hate most is _. being laughed at1）作动词的宾语，

6、常见动词有：）作动词的宾语，常见动词有： avoid, ban, confess,consider, delay，deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy，finish, forbid, forgive, imagine, postpone, tolerate, mind, keep, practice, prevent, propose, recommend, resist, risk, suggest等等。3. 动名词作宾语动名词作宾语复合结构复合结构注注意意1） 动名词复合结构作主语时一般用动名词复合结构作主语时一般用名词所有格或形容词性的物主名词所有格或形

7、容词性的物主代词代词。例如：。例如： Nixons visiting China marked a new year between U.S. and China diplomatic relations. Her being late for class again irritated the teacher.2） 在口语和非正式语体中，如果不在句首，动名词复合结构中的在口语和非正式语体中，如果不在句首，动名词复合结构中的逻辑主语可采用逻辑主语可采用名词通格或人称代词宾格名词通格或人称代词宾格。例如：。例如： The doctor does not mind me /my eating a

8、little meat occasionally. Im glad at Tom/Toms coming.3）无生命无生命的事物名词或的事物名词或不定代词不定代词作逻辑主语时一般采用作逻辑主语时一般采用通格通格形式形式The suggestion of the meeting being put off was not adopted by the chairman.4) 集合名词、单复数同形的名词或变化不规则的集合名词、单复数同形的名词或变化不规则的复数名词复数名词作逻辑主作逻辑主语并同动名词一起作宾语时，一般用语并同动名词一起作宾语时，一般用通格通格。例如：。例如：I was surpri

9、sed at the children playing in the street yesterday. We are looking forward to _to speak to us.(那位专家的到来）那位专家的到来）I dont like _each other in public places. (汤姆和杰克互相说坏话）汤姆和杰克互相说坏话）He left the city _（我们都不知（我们都不知道。道。既可接动名词又可接不定式的常用动词有：既可接动名词又可接不定式的常用动词有：remember, forget, regret, mean, try等，但表等，但表达的意义不同。达

10、的意义不同。 I remember seeing her at the hotel. 我记得在宾馆见过她。我记得在宾馆见过她。(动作发生了动作发生了) I will remember to see her at the hotel. 我记着要去宾馆见她。我记着要去宾馆见她。(动作尚未发生动作尚未发生)注注意意1remember/forgetto do动作尚未发生动作尚未发生doing 动作已经发生动作已经发生2. try to do 设法、努力去做，尽力设法、努力去做，尽力doing 试试去做（看有何结果）试试去做（看有何结果）3. mean to do 打算做（主语一般是人）打算做（主语一般

11、是人）doing 意味着（主语一般是物）意味着（主语一般是物）4.regretto do对将要做的事抱歉对将要做的事抱歉doing 对已经发生的事感到后悔对已经发生的事感到后悔5. stop to do停下去做另外一件事停下去做另外一件事doing 停止做手头的事情停止做手头的事情Practice：He did not mean _(hurt) you. This illness will mean _ (go) to hospital.He stopped _ (listen), but there was no more sound.I remembered _(give) the boo

12、k to Li Lei, but he said I didnt. We regret _ (inform) you that we are unable to offer you the job.I shall never forget _ (see) the Alps for the first time.Try _ (do) more exercises; youll soon lose weight.to hurtgoingto listengivingto informseeingdoing2) 作介词的宾语作介词的宾语 We are thinking of making a new

13、 plan for the next term. He was late again because of getting up late. Lock the doors and windows before going out. What/How about the two of us playing games？注注意意 在一些动名词（短语）作介词在一些动名词（短语）作介词in的宾语的宾语 的结构中，介词的结构中，介词in 可以省略。这些结构有：可以省略。这些结构有：1） difficulty trouble S+have+ problem + (in) doing . a good/ha

14、rd time fun2)There is no point (in) doing sth. 3) be busy S+ lose no time + (in) doing. waste no time4) S + spend time / money (in) doing sth. They are busy (in) . 他们忙于他们忙于准备考试准备考试Do you have any difficulty (in )? 你听懂英语口语有困难吗你听懂英语口语有困难吗？I spent two hours (in).我花了两个小时写作文我花了两个小时写作文He lost no time (in)

15、. 他立即把这个好消息告诉了我他立即把这个好消息告诉了我preparing for the examinationunderstanding spoken Englishwriting my compositiontelling me the good newsPractice:注意：注意：to 在下列短语中是介词，常跟动名词作宾语。在下列短语中是介词，常跟动名词作宾语。 be/get used to look forward to get down to pay attention to devote oneself to lead to be opposed to be addicted

16、to object to（反对（反对） stick to when it comes to Lets get down to preparing for the exam. Each nation has its own peculiarities when it comes to doing business.There is a swimming pool in our school . His father works in a printing shop .Our teacher uses a very good teaching method . 4. 作作定语定语动名词作定语表示动

17、名词作定语表示性质性质或或用途用途选择题：选择题：1. My watch needs _,but I have no time to go to town to have it _.A.to repair; repaired B. to be repaided; repairingC. repairing; repaired D. being repaired; repaired2. You should apologize to your sister for _ her the truth.A.tellingB. not telling C. telling not D. not tell

18、3. -The light in the office is still on. -Oh, I forgot _ it off.A. turning B. turnC. to turn D. having turned4. Hearing the bad news, the mother couldnt help _.A.to cryB. cryingC. cryD. cries5. Our teacher told us to spend some time _ English every day.A.to practise speaking B. practising speakingC.

19、 to practise to speak D. practising to speak6. It is no use _ without doing.A.to promiseB. promisingB.C. promiseD. to be promised分分 词词 有关有关 用用 法法一一. .分词可分为分词可分为: (: (以以do为例为例) )(doing)( done)二.现在分词与过去分词区别：区别区别 语态 时态现在分词现在分词 过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词( )过去分词过去分词( )现在分词现在分词 ( )过去分词过去分词 ( ) 主动被动正在进行已经完成Exercises

20、:Exercises: 1. We lived in the house _(我舅舅们修建的我舅舅们修建的). 2. Any medicine _(服用服用) without the advice of a doctor can cause trouble. 3. We spent two hours discussing the plan _ (她制定的她制定的). 4. _ (开水开水)built by my unclestakenmade by herboiled water 5. Most of the people _ (被邀请参加宴会的被邀请参加宴会的) were famous s

21、cientists. 6. Lessons _ (易学的易学的) are soon forgotten. _ (易学的易学的) lessons are soon forgotten. 7. The computer center _(开办开办) last week is popular with the students .invited to the partylearned easilyopened/startedEasily-learned8. A) The building _ now 8. A) The building _ now will be a restaurant .wil

22、l be a restaurant .B) The building _ next B) The building _ next year will be a restaurant .year will be a restaurant .C) The building _ last C) The building _ last year is a restaurant. (build)year is a restaurant. (build) being built being built to be built to be built built built1.作时间状语作时间状语 When

23、 they heard the news, they couldnt help crying.=Hearing the news, they couldnt help crying.After he (had) finished his homework, he began to watch TV.=Having finished his homework, he began to watch TV.2.作原因状语作原因状语As I thought he might be at home, I telephoned him.Thinking he might be at home, I tel

24、ephoned him.Because they were poor in those days, they couldnt send their children to school.Being poor in those days, they couldnt send their children to school.3. 作条件状语作条件状语If you stay here for some time , you will find the people here are friendly. Staying here for some time , you will find the p

25、eople here are friendly. If you work hard, you will succeed.Working hard, you will succeed.4. 作方式或伴随状语作方式或伴随状语She sat in sofa and watched TV.She sat in sofa watching TV.他又唱又跳地走进了房间。他又唱又跳地走进了房间。He came into the room, singing and dancing.5. 作结果状语作结果状语It rained heavily, (thus) causing flood in that are

26、a.这位作家小说没写完就突然去世了。这位作家小说没写完就突然去世了。The writer died suddenly, leaving the novel unfinished.6. 作让步状语作让步状语Working as hard as he could, he didnt pass the examination.Although he worked as hard as could, he didnt pass the examination. 现在分词作状语时，要注意下列几种情况：现在分词作状语时，要注意下列几种情况：1. 用分词作状语时，其用分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的逻辑

27、主语必须与句子的主语一致主语一致，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。Being ill, Wang Lin didnt attend the meeting. Being Sunday, we didnt go to school. It being Sunday, we didnt go to school. 2.可用可用with (without)+名词名词(或代词宾语或代词宾语)+分词表分词表伴随情况。伴随情况。He often sleeps with the lamp burning.独立主格结构独立主格结构现在分词的否定形式。现在分词的否定形式。现在分词的否

28、定式现在分词的否定式:not+ v.ing 完成式的否定式完成式的否定式:not+ having done 由于很久没有收到儿子的来信，这位母亲很由于很久没有收到儿子的来信，这位母亲很担心。担心。Not having heard from her son for a long time, the mother worried a great deal. 分词固定用语分词固定用语某分词固定用语不遵循其逻辑主语与句子主语某分词固定用语不遵循其逻辑主语与句子主语一致的原则。一致的原则。Judging from/by the report, the damage was not serious.Gen

29、erally speaking, the living costs are usually high in cities.Speaking of the sea bottom, it is irregular.Talking of the world resources, they are very limited. Grammar 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语The Past Participle as the AdverbialThe Past Participle as the Adverbial2.过去分词作状语表示过去分词作状语表示_/或或_的动作的动作,相当相当一个状语从句。一个状

30、语从句。3.过去分词作状语时其过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语逻辑主语与与主句的主语主句的主语要保要保持持一致一致。过去分词作状语过去分词作状语 被动被动完成完成summary1.过去分词在句子中可以作时间状语、原因状过去分词在句子中可以作时间状语、原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语和让步状语等。语、伴随状语、条件状语和让步状语等。_from the hill, thecitylookslikeabiggarden. 如果句子的主语和分词是主动关系如果句子的主语和分词是主动关系, , 用用_，句子的主语和分词是被动关系，句子的主语和分词是被动关系，用用_。现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词重难点辨析（一）：

31、主语一致重难点辨析（一）：主语一致_ from the hill, you will find thecitylookslikeabiggarden. SeenSeeing1. 从上面看从上面看,体育场好像一个鸟巢。体育场好像一个鸟巢。 _ from the top, the stadium looks like a bird nest. A. Seeing B. Seen2. 从太空看从太空看, 宇航员看不到长城。宇航员看不到长城。 _ from the space, the astronaut can not discover the Great Wall. A. Seeing B. Se

32、en 若分词主语与句中主语不一致若分词主语与句中主语不一致,则可以用其他则可以用其他方法来修正方法来修正: 给分词添加自己的主语,构成独立主格结构或改变语态。用with复合结构等。改为相应的状语从句来表达。判断正误。Hearing the news, tears came into her eyes.When he heard the news, tears came into his eyes. Hearing the news, he burst into tears.比较：1. a sleeping child a sleeping car2. My mother goes shoppi

33、ng every day. My mother does shopping every day.3. Being a college student is hard. Being a college student, I must work hard.4. The situation is exciting. Seeing is believing.现在分词现在分词现在分词现在分词【独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构的概念】 独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中做在句中做 的短语，用于修饰整个句子。其位置的短语，用于修饰整个句子。其位置灵活

34、，可位于句前、句中或句末，常由逗号将其与句灵活，可位于句前、句中或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。子分开。 独立主格结构主要有两部分构成：逻辑主语和逻辑独立主格结构主要有两部分构成：逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。谓语。 作为逻辑主语作为逻辑主语 ；现在分词、过去分现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语等作为等作为逻辑谓语。逻辑谓语。状语状语名词或代词名词或代词(一一)非谓语动词独立主格结构非谓语动词独立主格结构 逻辑主语逻辑主语+非谓语动词非谓语动词 (不定式、现在分词、过去分词不定式、现在分词、过去分词)1. “名词名词/代词代词+不定式不定式”

35、结构结构 由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作还未发生的动作或状态或状态，在句中常作，在句中常作 ，偶尔作，偶尔作 。e.g. His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.e.g. No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first class. 如果没人叫醒我，我会错过第一节课的。如果没人叫醒我，我会错过第一节课的。原因状语原因状语条件状语条件状语2. “名词名词/代词代词+现在分词现在分词”结构结构该结构在句中常作时

36、间状语、原因状语、条件状语、该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式或伴随状语等。方式或伴随状语等。(1) 作时间状语：作时间状语：_, the teacher began his class每个人都坐好后，老师开始上课。每个人都坐好后，老师开始上课。(相当于时间状语从句相当于时间状语从句: When everyone had sat down)(2) 作原因状语：作原因状语：_, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就走出了森林。由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就走出了森林。(相当于原因状语从句相当于原因

37、状语从句: Because the boy led the way)Everyone having sat downThe boy leading the way2. “名词名词/代词代词+现在分词现在分词”结构结构(3) 作作条件条件状语：状语： _, I will work far into the night. 我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于条件状语从句：（相当于条件状语从句：If my health allows）(4) 作作方式或伴随方式或伴随状语：状语：The students are walking in the school hap

38、pily, _. 学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。 My health allowing each wearing a card in front of his chest3. “名词名词/代词代词+过去分词过去分词”结构结构该结构在句中常作该结构在句中常作 时间状语、原因状语、方式或伴时间状语、原因状语、方式或伴随状语、条件状语等。随状语、条件状语等。(1) 作作时间时间状语：状语：_, well have our summer vacation.考试结束以后，我们将开始暑假了。考试结束以后，我们将开始暑假了。(2) 作作原

39、因原因状语：状语：_, Nick felt on edge.上千只眼睛看着他，尼克感到紧张。上千只眼睛看着他，尼克感到紧张。The test finishedThousands of eyes fixed upon him(3) 作方式或伴随状语：作方式或伴随状语：When in trouble, Sam would sit alone,_. 萨姆遇到麻烦时，总是独自坐着，头低着。萨姆遇到麻烦时，总是独自坐着，头低着。3. “名词名词/代词代词+过去分词过去分词”结构结构(4) 作作条件条件状语：状语：_, we can finish the work.如果给我们更多的时间，我们就能完成这项工

40、作。如果给我们更多的时间，我们就能完成这项工作。 head bent More time given1. Darkness _ in, the young people strolled on the streets. A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set2. A new technique _, the production increased by 20 percent. A. to have been worked outB. having worked out C. working out D. having been worked out3.

41、 There are various kinds of metals, each _ its own properties (特性特性). A. has B. had C. to have D. having 【当堂检测当堂检测】4. _, Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Times permitting5. _, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodby

42、e had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said6. She stood there, _ from her cheeks. A. tears rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 【当堂检测当堂检测】（二）无动词独立主格结构（二）无动词独立主格结构英语中常用的还有一类无动词独立主格结构。这种结英语中常用的还有一类无动词独立主格结构。这种结构往往看作是构往往看作是“名词名词/代词代词+being+表语表语”结构中省

43、略结构中省略了了being,主要有如下几种情况：主要有如下几种情况：1. 逻辑主语逻辑主语+名词名词 Many people come to visit the city, . 很多人来参观这个城市，其中大多数是外国人。很多人来参观这个城市，其中大多数是外国人。 I received many Christmas gifts, . 我收到了很多圣诞礼物，其中一些是书籍。我收到了很多圣诞礼物，其中一些是书籍。2.逻辑主语逻辑主语+形容词形容词 He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。他睡眼惺忪地转向我。 The little girl entere

44、d the room, with cold. 小女孩走进了房间，她的脸冻红了。小女孩走进了房间，她的脸冻红了。most of them foreignerssome of them booksher face red1. with/ without +名词名词/代词代词+形容词形容词 ，the old man felt unhappy. 由于儿子如此令人失望由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。老人感到很不快乐。2. with/ without +名词名词/代词代词+副词副词 ，she had to stay at home alone. 因为她姐姐出去了，她只能独自待在家里。因为她姐姐出去

45、了，她只能独自待在家里。3. with/ without +名词名词/代词代词+介词短语介词短语 He stood at the door, . 他站在门旁边，手里拿着一台电脑。他站在门旁边，手里拿着一台电脑。 The old man, _, is a pianist. 这位带深度眼镜的老人是一位钢琴家。这位带深度眼镜的老人是一位钢琴家。（三）（三）“with/ without”引导的独立主格结构引导的独立主格结构With his son so disappointingWith her sister outwith a computer in his hand此句中的此句中的with复合结构

46、作什么成分？复合结构作什么成分？ 。定语定语with thick glasses on his nose（三）（三）“with/ without”引导的独立主格结构引导的独立主格结构4. with/ without +名词名词/代词代词+不定式不定式 , the boy looked upset. 没有任何游戏可玩，小男孩看起来很沮丧。没有任何游戏可玩，小男孩看起来很沮丧。5. with/ without +名词名词/代词代词+现在分词现在分词 ，I stole into the room. 没有人注意，我偷偷地溜进了屋子。没有人注意，我偷偷地溜进了屋子。6. with/ without +名

47、词名词/代词代词+过去分词过去分词 With his homework done, Peter went out to play. The boy was crying . 玩具坏了，那男孩在哭。玩具坏了，那男孩在哭。Without any game to playWithout anyone noticingwith his toy brokenExercise 1. _ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B. For C. With D. Through 2. With a lot

48、 of work _, I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 3. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work he gladly accepted it. A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished作业完成后作业完成后,孩子们出去踢足球了。孩子们出去踢足球了。（brain-storming) After they (had) finished their homework

49、, the children went. (状语从句）After finishing their homework, the children went out to play football. (现在分词作状语)Having finished their homework, the children went out to play football. (现在分词完成形式)Their homework finished, the children went out to play football. (独立主格结构)With their homework finished, the chi

50、ldren went out to play football. (with的复合结构) 2，由某些动词后面加-ed转化来的形容词也具有此用法。如：frightened, satisfied, tired, disappointed等。Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound. Surprised at what had happened, Tom didnt know what to do. 1，有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语，有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主语的状态。时不表被动而表主语的状态。

51、lost (迷路迷路); seated (坐坐); hidden (躲躲); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于沉溺于); born (出身于出身于); dressed in (穿着穿着); 重难点辨析（二）：不表被动的特殊情况重难点辨析（二）：不表被动的特殊情况1. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose2. If _ the same treatment again, hes sure to get well. A. giving B. give C. given D. being given3. _ in 1636, Harvard is one of the