定语从句 (8)

1、限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句意义意义描述主句所涉及的人描述主句所涉及的人或物的具体情况或物的具体情况, 是主句不可或缺的是主句不可或缺的一部分一部分, 若省去若省去, 主句意义不完整主句意义不完整, 甚至没有意义甚至没有意义对主句所描述的人或对主句所描述的人或物提供一些附加情物提供一些附加情况况, 起补充说明作用起补充说明作用, 若省去若省去, 主句意义仍主句意义仍完整完整结构结构要要求求紧跟先行词紧跟先行词, 主句和主句和从句间不用逗号分从句间不用逗号分开开主句和从句间用逗号主句和从句间用逗号分开分开功功能能修饰先行词修饰先行词既可修饰先行词也可修既可修饰先行

2、词也可修饰整个句子饰整个句子引引导导词词关系代词关系代词: who，whom，whose，which，that关系副词：关系副词：when，where，why关系代词关系代词: who，whom，whose，which，as关系副词：关系副词：when，whereThis is the house (which) we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮这幢房子很漂亮, 是我们上个月买的。是我们上个月买的。The man

3、 (whom/that/who) I met in the street was a driver.我在街上碰到的那个人是个司机。我在街上碰到的那个人是个司机。His mother, who loved him very much, died in 1998.他的母亲很爱他他的母亲很爱他, 但在但在1998年去世了。年去世了。注意注意: 专有名词具有专有名词具有“独一无二独一无二”的含义的含义, 通常通常只能由非限制性定语从句修饰。只能由非限制性定语从句修饰。Lu Xun, who died in 1936, was a famous writer in China.鲁迅于鲁迅于1936年去世

4、年去世, 是中国一位著名的作家。是中国一位著名的作家。既可以作为限制性定语从句又可作为非限制性既可以作为限制性定语从句又可作为非限制性定语从句定语从句, 注意意义上的差别。注意意义上的差别。There are 20 students in this class who are from the northeast of China.在这个班里在这个班里, 有有20名来自中国东北的学生。名来自中国东北的学生。There are 20 students in this class, who are from the northeast of China.这个班有这个班有20名学生名学生, 他们来自

5、中国的东北。他们来自中国的东北。(一一) 关系代词关系代词that关系副词关系副词代替代替功功能能在从句中在从句中的成分的成分例句例句when(at/on/in/during which)时间时间名名词词时间状语时间状语She still remember the day when (on which) she won the prize.她仍然记得她仍然记得她获奖的那一天。她获奖的那一天。where(in/at which)地点地点名名词词地点状语地点状语This is the factory where (at which) his father once worked.这就是他这就是他父

6、亲曾经工作过的父亲曾经工作过的工厂。工厂。(二二)关系副词关系副词why(for which)reason原因原因状状语语He didnt know the reason why (for which) he was dismissed.他不知道他为什么他不知道他为什么被解雇了。被解雇了。注意注意:在口语和非正式场合在口语和非正式场合, when, where和和why或相当于关系副词的或相当于关系副词的“介词介词which”结构可用结构可用that来代替并可省略。来代替并可省略。 Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink? 你知道在哪儿我能喝

7、杯酒吗？你知道在哪儿我能喝杯酒吗？why或或that引导的定语从句引导的定语从句, 先行词是先行词是reason, 且且reason又作主句主语时又作主句主语时, 表语从句不能用表语从句不能用because引导引导, 而要用而要用that引导。其句型为：引导。其句型为：The reason why.is that.或或The reason that.is that.。The reason why he was late for school was that he was injured in the traffic accident on his way to school.他上学迟到的原因

8、是他在上学路上的交通事故中受伤他上学迟到的原因是他在上学路上的交通事故中受伤了。了。The reason that he explained at the meeting was that he had to look after his mother in hospital.他在会上解释的原因是他不得不去照顾他住院的母亲。他在会上解释的原因是他不得不去照顾他住院的母亲。“地点模糊地点模糊”的先行词后跟的先行词后跟where引导的定语从句。引导的定语从句。当先行词为当先行词为point, situation, conditions, case, position, stage, scene,

9、spot, activity, family, job等等表示某人表示某人/物所处的情况、发展的阶段或表达某事的物所处的情况、发展的阶段或表达某事的某个方面时某个方面时, 用用where引导定语从句引导定语从句, where相当于相当于from which, under which等等, 表示表示“在这种情况下在这种情况下”, “从从中中”等。等。Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.我们只是尽力想能达到双方共同坐下来商谈的地步。我们只是尽力想能达到双方共同坐下来商谈

10、的地步。(三三)关系代词与关系副词的选择依据关系代词与关系副词的选择依据1. 考虑代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当的考虑代替先行词的关系词在从句中充当的语法成分语法成分, 如果关系词在从句中作主语、表语、如果关系词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语宾语和定语, 就用关系代词；如果关系词在从句就用关系代词；如果关系词在从句中作状语中作状语, 就用关系副词。就用关系副词。The houseHave you asked her for the reasonneeds repairing.他住的房子需要修理。他住的房子需要修理。where he liveswhich/that he lives in你是否

11、问过她缺席的原因？你是否问过她缺席的原因？that/which my explain her absence?why she was absent?2. 辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。辨别先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。I dont like the man who always speaks ill of others.我不喜欢总是说他人坏话的人。我不喜欢总是说他人坏话的人。I will never forget the days when we worked together.我永远也忘不了我们在一起工作的日子。我永远也忘不了我们在一起工作的日子。3. 判断从句是

12、限制性还是非限制性定语从句。判断从句是限制性还是非限制性定语从句。A dictionary is a book that gives the meanings of words.词典是解释词语意思的书。词典是解释词语意思的书。A dictionary is a book, which gives the meanings of words.词典是一本书词典是一本书, 它给出词语的意思。它给出词语的意思。4. 判断关系词在从句中作宾语还是作状语判断关系词在从句中作宾语还是作状语, 取决取决于定语从句中的谓语动词。于定语从句中的谓语动词。This is the point where I disa

13、gree.这就是我不同意的地方。这就是我不同意的地方。(disagree为不及物动词为不及物动词, 故关系词用故关系词用where。)This is the point (which/that) I disagree with.这就是我不同意的地方。这就是我不同意的地方。(从句缺少介词从句缺少介词with的宾的宾语语, 用用that/which引导引导, 也可以省略也可以省略)1. 只用只用that不用不用which引导定语从句的情况。引导定语从句的情况。 (1)先行词前有序数词或形容词用最高级修饰，先行词前有序数词或形容词用最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时或先行词本身就是序

14、数词或形容词最高级时,用用that不用不用which。 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. This is the best film that I ever seen.(2)先行词是不定代词先行词是不定代词all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, none, nothing, some等时等时, 用用that不用不用which。Have you taken down everything that Mr Li said?李老师讲的你都记

15、下来了吗？李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做了。所有能做的都做了。(3)先行词被先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, one of, the only, the very, the right, the last, few, just等修饰时等修饰时, 用用that

16、不用不用which。All the guests that were invited to her wedding were important people.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.这正是我要买的词典。这正是我要买的词典。Give me any books that you would recommend.给我你要推荐的书。给我你要推荐的书。(4)先行词既有人又有物先行词既有人又有物, 兼顾两者兼顾两者, 用用that不用不用which。The

17、y talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。(5)主句是以主句是以who或或which开头的疑问句时开头的疑问句时, 用用that不用不用which。Who is the man that is standing by the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？站在门口的那个人是谁？Which is the Tshirt that fits me most?哪件哪件T恤衫最合我的身？恤衫最合我的身？ (6)当先行词在主句中作

18、表语当先行词在主句中作表语, 而且关系代词在而且关系代词在定语从句中也作表语时定语从句中也作表语时, 用用that不用不用which。Shenzhen is no longer the city that it used to be.深圳不再是过去的样子了。深圳不再是过去的样子了。(7)主句是主句是there be句型时句型时, 修饰主语的定语从句用修饰主语的定语从句用that不用不用which。There is a seat in the corner that is still free.在那个角落还有一个座位空着。在那个角落还有一个座位空着。(8)有两个定语从句时有两个定语从句时, 一个

19、从句的关系代词已用一个从句的关系代词已用which, 另一个要用另一个要用that。The country built up a factory which produces things that have never been seen before.这个国家建立了一个生产以前从未见到过的东西的这个国家建立了一个生产以前从未见到过的东西的工厂。工厂。(9)用作关系副词用作关系副词, 修饰表示时间的名词修饰表示时间的名词, 如如day, time, moment等代替等代替when时时, 用用that不用不用which。It happened on the day that (when) h

20、e was born.这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。这事碰巧发生在他出生的那天。2. 只用只用which不用不用that引导定语从句的情况。引导定语从句的情况。(1)关系代词前有介词时关系代词前有介词时, 用用which不用不用that。The chair on which she sat is made of wood.她坐的那把椅子是用木头做的。她坐的那把椅子是用木头做的。(2)引导非限制性定语从句时引导非限制性定语从句时, 用用which不用不用that。Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the w

21、orld.足球足球, 一项非常有趣的运动一项非常有趣的运动, 在全世界流行。在全世界流行。(3) 先行词后面有插入语时先行词后面有插入语时, 用用which不用不用that。Here is the English grammar book which, as Ive told you, will help you improve your English.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书, 它能帮你它能帮你提高英语水平。提高英语水平。(4) 先行词本身就是先行词本身就是that时时, 用用which不用不用that。Whats that which flashe

22、d in the sky just now?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么？(5) 代表主句中谓语的整体概念时代表主句中谓语的整体概念时, 用用which不用不用that。He can swim in the sea, which I cant.他能在大海里游泳他能在大海里游泳, 我不能我不能(在大海里游泳在大海里游泳)。(6) 代表整个主句时代表整个主句时, 用用which不用不用that。He broke my cup, which made me angry.他打破了我的杯子他打破了我的杯子, 这使我很生气。这使我很生气。3. 只用只用who而不用而不用tha

23、t引导定语从句的情况。引导定语从句的情况。(1)先行词是指人的不定代词先行词是指人的不定代词, 如如: one, ones, anyone, no one, those, all, nobody, anybody, none等时等时, 用用who不用不用that。People all like those who have good manners.人们都喜欢那些有礼貌的人。人们都喜欢那些有礼貌的人。(2)在在there be句型中句型中, 多用多用who指代人。指代人。There are some people who want to have holidays in Hainan.有一些想

24、去海南度假的人。有一些想去海南度假的人。 (3)当先行词指特定的人时当先行词指特定的人时, 关系代词多用关系代词多用who, 不不指特定的人时指特定的人时, 多用多用that。The aunt who came to see us last week is my fathers younger sister.上周来看我们的姑姑是我父亲的妹妹。上周来看我们的姑姑是我父亲的妹妹。(4)在非限制性定语从句中作主语时在非限制性定语从句中作主语时, 用用who不用不用that。Professor Wang, who is over sixty, still works hard day and nigh

25、t.王教授已年过六旬王教授已年过六旬, 依然夜以继日努力工作着。依然夜以继日努力工作着。(5)当先行词有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定当先行词有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中时语从句中时, 用用who不用不用that。Professor Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.史密斯教授不久就要来给我们作一场关于如何史密斯教授不久就要来给我们作一场关于如何学英语的讲座。学英语的讲座。4. of whom, of which与与whose的用法解析。的用法解析。(1)whose的用法的用法who

26、se引导定语从句引导定语从句, 后应紧跟名词后应紧跟名词, 构成名词构成名词短语。短语。The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力那位小男孩学习很努力, 他的父亲是位工程师。他的父亲是位工程师。whose引导定语从句时引导定语从句时, 先行词既可指人先行词既可指人, 也可也可指物。指物。The bicycle, whose brake was damaged, has now been repaired.那辆自行车的闸坏了那辆自行车的闸坏了, 现在已修好了。现在已修好了。whose在定语从句中与它所修饰的

27、名词一起可作介在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词宾语词宾语, 可以与介词一起放在先行词与从句之间。在可以与介词一起放在先行词与从句之间。在whose引导的定语从句中引导的定语从句中, 可用可用of which代替代替whose, 但但词序不同词序不同, 即即“whose名词名词the名词名词ofwhich”；而用而用of whom代替时只能指人代替时只能指人, 有时可以与有时可以与whose互换。互换。The boss, in whose factory Marys father once worked, is kind to her.老板对玛丽很好老板对玛丽很好, 玛丽的父亲曾经在他的

28、工厂工作过。玛丽的父亲曾经在他的工厂工作过。He lives in the room whose window (the window of which) faces south.他住在窗户朝南的房间里。他住在窗户朝南的房间里。(2)下列情况只用下列情况只用of which或或of whom, 而不用而不用whose引引导定语从句。导定语从句。定语从句的主语是定语从句的主语是some, many, few, little, much, most等词时等词时, 用用of which/whom, 不用不用whose。Here are the questions, some of which I t

29、hought difficult for you.就是这些问题就是这些问题, 我认为其中一些对你来说有难度。我认为其中一些对你来说有难度。Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA, most of whom came from the USA.出席会议的大多是出席会议的大多是DNA专家专家, 其中大部分来自美国。其中大部分来自美国。定语从句的主语是定语从句的主语是all, both, neither, each, none等词时等词时, 用用of which/whom, 不用不用whose。He has two sons, both o

30、f whom are doctors.他有两个儿子他有两个儿子, 都是医生。都是医生。I bought him two pieces of clothing, neither of which he likes.我给他买了两件衣服我给他买了两件衣服, 他一件也不喜欢。他一件也不喜欢。定语从句的主语是表示数量的词时定语从句的主语是表示数量的词时, 用用of which/ whom, 不用不用whose。Here are many books, two of which he borrowed.这儿有许多书这儿有许多书, 他借走了两本。他借走了两本。5. as与与which引导定语从句的区别引导定

31、语从句的区别as与与which都可以代指主句中的一部分或整个句子都可以代指主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容的内容, 有时可以互换。有时可以互换。He married her, as/which was natural.很自然地很自然地, 他和她结婚了。他和她结婚了。as的特殊用法：的特殊用法：(1)as引导的定语从句可以放在句首引导的定语从句可以放在句首, 而而which则不则不能。能。As is known to us all, China is developing rapidly.众所周知众所周知, 中国发展迅速。中国发展迅速。(2)as表示表示“正如正如, 正像正像”, 而而which无

32、此意。无此意。此时此时, as从句中常有从句中常有know, expect, happen, point out, plan, suggest等单词或短语。等单词或短语。He came back home late, as we expected.正如我们所料正如我们所料, 他回家晚了。他回家晚了。注意注意: as引导的定语从句常见句式有：引导的定语从句常见句式有：as is known to all(众所周知众所周知), as is often the case(经经常是这个情形常是这个情形), as is mentioned above(如上所述如上所述), as is announced

33、(如宣布的那样如宣布的那样)。(3)当先行词被当先行词被the same, such修饰时修饰时, 定语从句定语从句需用需用as引导。引导。It is such a difficult problem as none of us can work out.这么难的一道题这么难的一道题, 我们没人做得出。我们没人做得出。He wears the same coat as I do.他穿着跟我一样的外套。他穿着跟我一样的外套。注意注意:当先行词被当先行词被the same修饰时修饰时, that也可引导定也可引导定语从句语从句, 但意义有所不同。但意义有所不同。the same.as指同样指同样或

34、同类的事物；或同类的事物；the same.that指同一个事物。指同一个事物。This is the same watch as I lost.这块表与我丢的那块一样。这块表与我丢的那块一样。(不是同一块表不是同一块表)This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我丢的那块表。这就是我丢的那块表。(是同一块表是同一块表) 定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不

35、难发现其考点主要包括：发现其考点主要包括： 1. 考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如: that, which和和where, when的区分的区分; that, which和和why的的区分等。区分等。 2. 考查考查whose的使用。的使用。whose可以指代人可以指代人或物或物, 在定语从句中作定语在定语从句中作定语, 后跟名词。指物后跟名词。指物时时, whose名词名词名词名词 of which of which名词。名词。如：如： The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door

36、is broken is on the second floor. 3. 考查考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视要重视which，as引导的非限制性定语从句和引导的非限制性定语从句和it，what引导的主语从句的区分。引导的主语从句的区分。 4. 考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如：如：I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.5. 考查考查“介词关系代词介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。引导的

37、定语从句。“介词关系代词介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用人时用whom，指物时用，指物时用which，不能用，不能用that。关系。关系代词作定语时也可用代词作定语时也可用whose。如：如：The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.同时还要重视同时还要重视“复杂介词或代词复杂介词或代词”出现时与并出现时与并列句的区别。列句的区别。如：如： He loved his parents deeply, both of who

38、m are very kind to him. (定语从句定语从句) He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him. (并列句并列句) 此外，此外，“介词介词which 名词名词”结构，也是一结构，也是一个较为特殊的结构。个较为特殊的结构。如：如： He was very ill, in which case(and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.6. 考查一些特殊的先行词。如考查一些特殊的先行词。如: 当当situation, point, case

39、, activity, scene及及period, festival, occasion等出现时等出现时, 要注意具体情况具体分析要注意具体情况具体分析; 作作主语、宾语和表语时主语、宾语和表语时, 用关系代词用关系代词that/which; 作作状语时状语时, 用关系副词用关系副词where/when或或“介词介词which”, 表示在某种特定的情形下。表示在某种特定的情形下。 7. 考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。等的区别。如：如：The news that he had passed the exam pleased him and his

40、 family. (同位语从句同位语从句)The news (that) he told me this morning is not interesting. (定语从句定语从句)It was 1914 when the war broke out. (时间状语时间状语从句从句)It was in 1914 that the war broke out. (强调句强调句)1. _ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived. (陕西陕西2013) A. It B. That C.

41、 What D. As2. Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths. (湖南湖南2013) A. whom B. who C. what D. which3. We have launched another manmade satellite, _ is announced in todays newspaper.(天津天津2013) A. that B. which C. who D. what4. Finally he reached a lonely

42、island _ was completely cut off from the outside world. (山山东东2013) A. when B. where C. which D. whom5. He wrote a letter _ he explained what had happened in the accident. (江西江西2013) A. what B. which C. where D. how 6. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _ lives were af

43、fected. (福建福建2013) A. whose B. that C. who D. which7. The children, _ had played the whole day long, were worn out. (浙江浙江2013) A. all of what B. all of which C. all of them D. all of whom8. He may win the competition, _ he is likely to get into the national team. (辽宁辽宁2013) A. in which case B. in that case C. in what case D. in whose case9. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of _ are family members. (重庆重庆2013) A. them B. that C. which D. whom10. The president of the World Ban