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本科生毕业设计 (论文)外 文 翻 译原 文 标 题Energy - saving car development: past, present and future译 文 标 题 节能小车发展：过去、现在与未来作者所在系别作者所在专业作者所在班级作 者 姓 名作 者 学 号指导教师姓名指导教师职称完 成 时 间北华航天工业学院教务处制 41译文标题节能小车发展：过去、现在与未来原文标题Energy - saving car development: past, present and future作 者Lixin Situ译 名国 籍中国香港原文出处/document/5228601/?reload=true&part=1译文：摘要当比传统的石油燃烧发动机更环保时，这种车辆被认为是绿色环保的，其中包括混合动力汽车，插电式，燃料电池，生物燃料等可以改善燃油经济性的任何非传统汽车。节能汽车的发展已有一百多年，但由于各种原因的解释，未能在各阶段得到公众的认可。虽然电动汽车从未大量生产，但混合动力汽车近年来取得了势头。福特已经推出了第二代HEV，通用还宣布在2010年首次亮相Volt。与常规HEV相比，插电是混合动力汽车开发的新趋势，因为只要行驶距离小于充电阈值，那么电动模式下行驶距离可以延长并达到零排放的可能性。 然而，最近汽车行业的电气化趋势已经发展一段时间了并将使汽车行业发生彻底的革命。 随着电动汽车技术的正确政策和政策的推进，节能汽车的发展前景将是未来发展的重点。关键字：节能汽车 混合动力 插入 绿色 历史1 引言与能源独立和环境问题相关的替代燃料车辆，特别是电动和混合动力电动汽车已成为全球政府政策的一部分。美国要求制定更严格的燃油经济标准。中国今年发布新能源汽车政策，加快推行电力配置，2011年达到500k的目标。香港在不久的将来也建立了电动汽车应用的明确愿景。至于汽车行业，汽油价格大幅上涨至超过2美元水平和市场对此类汽车的需求后，无声的绿色解决方案将经历重大转型。该行业推出更多的燃油高效HEV和较少污染的车辆进入市场。随着过去几年油价急剧上涨，这一现象推动了纯电动汽车的发展，重新吸引了汽车制造商和政府。消费市场在替代燃料车辆以及HEV和电动车辆方面带来了显着的增长。 PolkCompany进行的HEV研究表明，美国和西欧的HEV销售市场份额呈上升趋势。事实上，OEM厂商的HEV模型选择从2000年的两倍（InsightPrius）增长到今天的二十多岁。 2007年，HEV的销售量已经超过了30万辆HEV。来自OEM的HEV和电动车辆的进一步已知承诺将进一步改善HEV生产。增加插电式和电动汽车，将加强和加快目前的电气化趋势。第一款插电式混合动力车雪佛兰Volt，以及北美最终消费者的一批计划中的电动汽车，将为市场带来一轮新能源汽车。一、电动车发展历史电动汽车的发展历史悠久。自从发明电动机以来，电动汽车已经有150多年了。从简单的不可充电到现代技术控制系统，电动汽车的发展可分为三个阶段：A.早期发展阶段电动汽车被认为是最早的汽车之一，远优于内燃机。在20世纪20年代后期至20世纪30年代，汽油车辆的登记比例为3：1，汽油车辆占有率高达20。这是一种主要的运输工具，在马车上得到了广泛应用，在当地运输中得到了广泛的应用。直到1930年，电动汽车领导层被汽油车开发所取代，无法重新获得以下原因：汽油成熟度可以合理成本大批量生产。随着模具制造过程革命的大规模生产，车辆突然向公众开放，并作为改善生活的途径。汽油车在性能和成本方面都领先于超级电动汽车。城市间旅行的基础设施改善和需求需要较长的旅行距离，以前无法利用电动车辆。缺乏充电基础设施开发，可靠的电力传输和有限的旅行距离，电动汽车不再适应消费者需求，并失去了普通汽油车的优势。有限的或没有电气基础设施支持迫使早期电动汽车的辞呈和丰富。汽油广泛发现，廉价燃料的准备就绪也促成了汽油车辆的普及。汽油在20世纪30年代为车辆运输提供了直接的便宜的能源。它可以通过容器携带，从而使拥有车辆的流动性得以扩大。B.中期发展（20世纪30年代至80年代）电动汽车的生产和发展在1935年内燃机接管后的个人运输中停止。与欧佩克的政治敏感性在20世纪60年代和70年代创造了能源独立的必要性。美国政府和环境保护主义者重新制定了更严格的燃油效率标准，并引发了该期间董事会对电动汽车的兴趣。 70年代初的能源危机驱使美国邮政服务放置了大量的350 EV测试车队。它是中期发展的最高节点。然而，部分原因是由于业绩有限，其他政府优先事项，董事会基础设施配置的缺乏和公司参与的范围，这一时期的发展很慢。C.现代发展现代EV发展由通用汽车公司生产的EV1车队主导。在能源部资助的计划之后，福特开发了EV Ranger接收卡车，丰田提供Rav4 EV，而本田在20世纪90年代末和21世纪初期也有EV可用。不幸的是，由于政治，经济，教育和技术这个复杂的问题，包括车辆生产成本和安全问题，电动车可用性的短暂增长并没有实现到商业生产中。 EV1，Ranger，Rav4和本田EV仅用于舰队测试，几乎所有车辆已经停产，销毁和回收利用。只有少数电动车在电动汽车爱好者手中幸存下来。D.现代HEV发展然而，在1999年至21世纪初期，纯电动汽车出现了一种新型的电动汽车。本田向美国市场推出首款HEV，本田Insight，为汽车行业带来了另一个里程碑。随着市场的接受和普锐斯的成功，HEV技术显示出成熟和潜力。福特在“曼哈顿坦克”活动期间推出了第一款美国混合动力电动汽车Escape SUV HEV，并在充气城市交通中注册了600英里/坦克，开启了HEV中美国新时代的竞争。截至2008年，HEV销售总额达到2.5以上。深刻的是，丰田，本田和福特的下一代HEV已经在2009年引入了更新技术的进一步细化。燃油效率也有所提高。丰田是HEV竞技场的明显领导者，以其“协同驱动系统”的体积和范围。本田和福特公司正在配备完整的混合动力车。通用在混合客车和卡车方面也提供了“双模”技术。E.未来发展随着汽油价格快速上涨，再加上环保问题，社会责任重新得到社会责任。电动车等AFV突然变得流行起来。随着几年前Chevy Volt插件概念的推出以及日产的纯电动汽车，新一轮的电动汽车发展已经在未来几年复活到OEM的周转计划中。这一EV趋势的结果将在未来三年内出现。与以往的电动汽车发展相比，有以下几个因素可以确保未来的发展取得成功：汽车经营者是开发电动汽车的直接目标客户。市场驱动的方法始终以合理的成本和性能创造出具有竞争力和吸引力的产品。早期的技术和环境采用者将是最初的领导者和用户。他们愿意支持并有能力影响成功。各种教育计划和电动汽车计划也改变了对燃油效率车辆的普遍了解以及他们的好处。电动汽车的热烈接受在未来几年是高的。电站和基础设施发展合作受到不同层次的关注。正在探索各种商业模式。行业和政府相信，最终计划将在电动汽车大规模发布之前达到。储能技术的改进使得锂电池的使用在车辆上变得安全。系统管理的复杂化升级，并将电动汽车提升到可比较的内燃机水平。最后，适当的政策是行业发展的基础。特别税收优惠和补贴将抵消消费者购买电动汽车的负担。在政府愿意提供财务和战略支持的情况下，对产品的投票是自信的。三，结论像许多新兴技术一样，电动汽车的开发和应用已经存在了很长时间，但直到最近，技术还没有真正起飞。尽管HEV是汽油车的良好替代品，并被媒体广泛宣传，但它只是作为中间步骤或近期解决方案的代表。政府法规和环境前景，特别是推动运输电气化的采用。电动车将是最终目标。事实上，随着OEM到2012年为终端消费者推出更多的电动汽车模型，电动汽车的展示将被广泛认可和认可。随着新型电动汽车的发展，同时也将引进电力电子技术相关技术的巨大机遇。利用这个机会，为绿色发展做出贡献。原文：AbstractA vehicle is consider Green when it moreenvironmentally friendly than the traditional petroleumcombustion engine, in which includes any nontraditionalvehicle like, HEV, Plug In, EV, Fuel Cell, Bio fuel etc. thatimproves fuel economy. The development of electric vehiclehas been over a hundred years but failure to gain the publicacceptance in various stages due to various reasons whichexplained. While EV was never mass produced, Hybridelectric vehicle gains the momentum in recent years. Fordhas launched its second generation of HEV and GM alsoannounced the debut of the Volt in 2010. Comparing to theregular HEV, Plug in is the new trend in hybrid autodevelopment due to extend travel range in electrical modeand a possibility of a zero emission as long as travel distanceis less than charging threshold. However, more recently, anelectrification trend in automotive industry has been evolvedand will revolutionize the industry. With the correct policyand government help and advancement of electric vehicletechnology, the prospect of Electric Vehicle will be brightand the focus point of future development.Key words: electric vehicle, hybrid, plug in, green, historyI. INTRODUCTIONAs associated with energy independence andenvironmental issue, alternative fuel vehicle, especiallyElectric and Hybrid electric vehicle has become part ofthe government policy all over the world. The unitedState mandates a stricter fuel economy standard. Chinaissued a new energy vehicle policy to accelerate &subsidize the deployment of electric this year and set agoal of 500k for 2011. Hong Kong also set a clear visionfor EV application in the near future.As for the auto industry, a silent green resolution isundergo significant transformation after gasoline pricerose significantly to exceed US$2 level and marketdemands for such vehicle. The industry introduced morefuel efficient HEVs and less polluted vehicles to themarket. As Oil price surged rapidly during the last fewyears, the phenomenon has pushed pure electric vehicledevelopment regaining traction among automakers andgovernments.The consumer market has brought significant gain inalternative fuel vehicle as well as HEV and electricvehicles. A HEV study (Fig. 1) conducted by Polk &Company indicated an upward trend of market share ofHEV sales in United State and Western Europe. An evenbigger share of HEV and EV were predicted when theycombined. In fact, selection of HEV models from OEMshave grown from two (Insight & Prius) in 2000 to morethan twenties as today. Sales of the HEV are in the fasttrack along with more than 300,000 HEV sold in 20072.Further known commitments of HEV and electric vehiclefrom OEM will improve the HEV production even more.Adding plug-in and electric vehicle to the line up willstrengthen and accelerate the current electrification trend.Chevy Volt, the first plug-in hybrid, and a bunch ofplanned electric vehicles saluted for end consumer in theNorth America will lead to a round of new energy vehiclein the market.II. HISTORY OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEVELOPMENTThe development of electric vehicle has a long history.Since the invention of electric motor, electric vehicle hasbeen around for 150 years. From simple non-chargeableto modern state of art control system, the development ofElectric vehicle can be classified into three stages:A. Early development stageElectric vehicle was considered among the earliestautomobile and well ahead of combustion engine. Itdominated the vehicle registration with 3:1 comparing togasoline vehicles in the late 1920s to 1930s and held mostof the land vehicle performance record in early 1900s. Itwas a major transportation tool and widely used in thesociety for local transportation improved from horsecarriages. Until 1930, electric vehicle leadership was overtaken by gasoline vehicle development and was never able toreclaim the status for following reasons: Maturity of Gasoline vehicle and can be mass produced ata reasonable cost. With the mass production of Model T& manufacture process revolution, vehicles becamesuddenly available to general public and proceed as a wayto improve life; Gasoline vehicle took over as the leaderand surpass electric vehicle both in performance and cost.Infrastructure improvement and demand of inter-citytravel required a longer travel distance that was never ableto exploit by electric vehicle before. Lacking of chargeinfrastructure development, reliable electricitytransmission and limited travel distance, electric vehicleno longer suited for consumer demand and lost the edge toregular gasoline vehicle. Limited or no electricalinfrastructure support forced the resignation andabundance of earlier electric vehicle.Widely discovery of gasoline in the sate and readyavailability of cheap fuel also contributed the spread ofgasoline vehicle. Petrol in the 1930s provided a directcheap source of energy for vehicle transportation. It couldbe carried around by container which enabled andextended the mobility of owning a vehicle.B. Midterm development (1930s-1980s)Electric vehicle production and development came to ahalt as personal transportation after combustion enginetook over in 1935. Political sensitivity with OPEC createda necessity of energy independence during the 1960s and1970s. U.S Government and environmentalistreintroduced tougher fuel efficient standard for theindustry and ignited a board interest in electric vehicle inthe period. Energy crisis in early 70s driven the US postalservice placed a large order of 350 EV test fleet. It is thehighest node of midterm development. However, partly due to limited performance, othergovernmental priorities, lack of board infrastructuresupport and range of corporation participation, thedevelopment quiet down quickly during this period.C. Modern DevelopmentModern EV development was dominated by EV1 whoproduced by GM for fleet application. Following aprogram funded by Department of Energy, Forddeveloped EV Ranger pick up truck, Toyota providedRav4 EV and Honda had an EV available as well duringlate 1990s and early 2000s. Unfortunately, this short surge of EV availability did notrealized into commercial production because of acomplicated issue of politics, economic, education andtechnology that includes vehicle production cost andsafety concerns. EV1, Ranger, Rav4 and Honda EV wereintended for fleet test only, almost all the vehicles hasbeen discontinued, destroyed and recycled. Only ahandful of electric vehicles were survived under the handsof EV enthusiasts.D. Modern HEV developmentHowever, in 1999 and early 2000s, a new type of electricvehicle emerged from pure electric vehicle. Hondaintroduced the first HEV, Honda Insight, to the USMarket that brought another milestone in auto industry.With brisk market acceptance and success of the Prius,HEV technology shows it maturity and potential. Fordintroduced the first American hybrid electric vehicle,Escape SUV HEV, during the Manhattan on a Tankevent and registered 600 miles/tank in congestive citytraffic that opened a new era of competition in US amongHEVs. By year of 2008, the HEV sales were more than 2.5% for total sales volume. In deep, the next generation ofHEV from Toyota, Honda and Ford has introduced into2009 with further refinement along updated technology.Fuel efficiency has improved as well.Toyota is the clear leader in the HEV arena base onvolume and range of models with it “synergy drivesystem”. Honda and Ford are right behind with theiroffering in full hybrids. GM offers its “two mode”technology in hybrid passenger cars and trucks as well.E. Future DevelopmentAs gasoline price rise rapidly, combined withenvironmental concern, the society renews the call forsocial responsibility. Electric Vehicle and other AFVsuddenly becomes popular again.With announcement of the Chevy Voltplug-inconcept couple years ago and pure electric vehicle fromNissan, a new round of EV development has resurrectedinto OEMs cycle plan in the up coming years. The fruitof this EV trend will be seen in the next three years.Comparing to previous electric vehicle development, thereare a few factors that will ensure this initiation besuccessful in the future:Vehicle operators are the direct target customers ofdeveloping EV. Market driven approach always createscompetitive and attractive products at reasonable cost andperformance.Early technology and environmental adopter will theinitial leaders and users. They are willing to support andhas the capability to influence the success. Also variouseducation programs and EV initiatives transform generalunderstanding of fuel efficient vehicles and their benefits.Warm acceptance of electric vehicle is high in the comingyears.Cooperation in charge station and infrastructuredevelopment has gained attention at different level.Various business models are being explored. The industryand government are confident that final plan will reachprior to the mass launch of electric vehicle.Energy storage technology improvement makes lithiumbattery application became safe in vehicle. Sophisticationof system management upgrades and improves electricvehicle to a comparable le
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