英语的词性——学英语变“性”很重要

1、1Words in EnglishWords in English单词单词词性与词义词性与词义一、词性（或词类）一、词性（或词类）1. 英语的十种词性英语的十种词性词性英语名称作用例词名词Nouns (n.)表示人或事物的名称boy, flower冠词Articles (art.)用在名词前帮助说明其词义a, the代词Pronouns (pron.)用来代替名词或数词等they, some形容词Adjectives (a.adj.)用来修饰名词或代词pretty, useful动词Verbs (v)表示动作或状态等work, know副词Adverbs (ad.adv.)用来修饰动词、形容词

2、或副词 slowly, very介词Prepositions (prep.)用在名词、代词等前面，表示与别的词的关系for, from数词Numerals (num.)表示数目或顺序two, third连词Conjunctions (conj.)用来连接词与词或句与句but, if感叹词Interjections (interj.)表示说话时的感情或口气oh, ah22. 为什么为什么要要区分词性区分词性句子是由单词组成的，句子的各成分（主谓句子是由单词组成的，句子的各成分（主谓宾等）在很多情况下均由某种词性的单词表宾等）在很多情况下均由某种词性的单词表示。换言之，示。换言之，句子成分与词性存

3、在一定的对句子成分与词性存在一定的对应关系应关系。知道一个词的词性，可以帮助我们更快捷地知道一个词的词性，可以帮助我们更快捷地确定该词在句中确定该词在句中充当哪一种句子成分充当哪一种句子成分。把词性与句法结合起来，可以加强对句子构把词性与句法结合起来，可以加强对句子构成的规律的认识，从而更成的规律的认识，从而更好好地理解句子。地理解句子。3例如：例如：（请注意句子成分与词性之间的对应关系请注意句子成分与词性之间的对应关系）主语主语多由多由名词或代词名词或代词充当：充当：China is in East AsiaWe are proud of our country谓语谓语都由都由动词动词或动词

4、短语充当：或动词短语充当：She may not like the ideaWed better take their advice4表语表语可由可由名词、代词、形容词名词、代词、形容词等充当，作用是等充当，作用是补充动词补充动词be和系动词和系动词(link verbs)：Beijing is the heart of our countryThats mineThe plan sounds great宾语宾语常由常由名词或代词名词或代词等充当：等充当：Give me something to readWhat do you want? I want a beer5定语定语常用常用形容词形容

5、词、代词代词(又称限定词又称限定词determiners)或数词或数词充当：充当：Its a lovely view这景色很漂亮。这景色很漂亮。Ive a few questions to ask状语状语常以常以副词副词充当，可以充当，可以修饰动词、形容词、修饰动词、形容词、副词副词，甚至整个句子：，甚至整个句子：The boy runs very fastIm a little worried我有点发愁。我有点发愁。Frankly，I dont like the idea坦白地说，坦白地说，我不太赞成这个想法。我不太赞成这个想法。6但是但是同一种词性的单词并不能充当句子的所有同一种词性的单词

6、并不能充当句子的所有成分成分。使用单词不区分词性就会张冠李戴使用单词不区分词性就会张冠李戴，出现把形，出现把形容词用作句子的谓语，而把动词用作主语等错容词用作句子的谓语，而把动词用作主语等错误。例如：误。例如：Swim is very good to our health. （应为（应为Swimming）This book quite useful for their preparation for the IELTS test. （应为（应为This book is quite） 78词性的作用 划分句子结构划分句子结构 寻找关键词寻找关键词 缩小选择范围缩小选择范围 做题提示做题提示Com

7、plete the summary below. Choose your answers from the list below the summary.NB：There are more words than spaces, so you will not use them all.9Trust is a _1_ thing. Once _2_, it affords us tremendous freedom; but once trust is lost, it would be impossible to _3_. Of course the truth is we never kno

8、w who we can trust: those who were closest can _4_ us; and total strangers can come to our _5_. In the end, most people decide to trust only themselves - it really is the simplest way to keep from getting burned.List of words：precious earned difficult betraymined fragile show loyalty to rescuerecove

9、r side3.词性转换词性转换学习英语单词时经常学习英语单词时经常存在存在一种一种误判误判：一词一性：一词一性一个英语单词只有一一个英语单词只有一种词性。种词性。实际上，实际上，同一个词可以用作不同词同一个词可以用作不同词性性的现象在英语中非常普遍。的现象在英语中非常普遍。例如：10名词用作动词：名词用作动词：我们住同一个房间。我们住同一个房间。We room together. 谁领导这个代表团谁领导这个代表团?Who headed the delegation? 动词用作名词：动词用作名词：整个礼拜我都很忙碌。整个礼拜我都很忙碌。I have been on the go all wee

10、k展览会上展出了许多新的计算机。展览会上展出了许多新的计算机。Many new computers are on show at the exhibition.11形容词用作动词：形容词用作动词：我去热一些牛奶。我去热一些牛奶。Ill warm up some milk游游泳会使你凉爽起来。游游泳会使你凉爽起来。A swim will cool you down什么也不及眼泪干得快。什么也不及眼泪干得快。Nothing dries sooner than a tear.只有在上下文中才能决定一个词的词类只有在上下文中才能决定一个词的词类。1213要学好英语，必须学会：变“性”同一单词，不同词性

11、14“ 变性” 名词动词转化为名词我来试一试。Let me have a try 我在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。We stopped there for a swim晚饭后我喜欢静静地看一会儿书。I like a quiet read after supper15有些动词转化成名词时意思有些变化： 这是决定性的一步。 This was a decisive move在这件事上他没有发言权。 He had no say in the matter市长带头捐了二十英镑。 The mayor took the lead and subscribed 20.16也有一些形容词可用作名词： 她头疼得厉害需

12、要安静。 She had a bad headache and needed quiet暴风雨之后有一段平静。(谚语) After a storm comes a calm出口达到新的最高水平。 Exports are at a new high17总数是多少? What does the total come to? 她年纪太小分不清是非。她年纪太小分不清是非。 She is too young to know the difference between right and wrong国家的责任是保护它的国民。国家的责任是保护它的国民。 The states duty is to prot

13、ect its nationals18我给你留了一间单人房。我给你留了一间单人房。 Ive reserved a single for you黑人失业率是白人的两倍。黑人失业率是白人的两倍。 Unemployment among blacks was twice as high as that for whites这只长颈鹿在荒野中长大，但现在已经驯服了。这只长颈鹿在荒野中长大，但现在已经驯服了。 The giraffe grew up in the wild, but he is quite tame now1819有少数词在一定情况下可用作名词： 你提的条件中“假定”太多。 There a

14、re too many ifs in your offer在山里保暖衣服是必须有的。 Warm clothes are a must in mountains你考虑这计划的目的和方式了没有?Have you considered the why and how of this plan? 不要找借口(辩解)。But me no buts名词判断的依据：名词判断的依据：前面是否有冠词前面是否有冠词 前面是否有形容词前面是否有形容词 前面是否有介词前面是否有介词是否有复数标志是否有复数标志 是否有所有格标志是否有所有格标志 词缀词缀 2021“变性”动词名词转化为动词你的票订好了吗?Have yo

15、u booked your ticket? 谁来主持会议? Who is to chair the meeting? 它能坐一千人。 It can seat a thousand people22一些表示实物的名词也可用作动词： 许多村民主动提出给水灾灾民提供住处。 Many villagers volunteered to house the flood victims他们必须填补他们之间的代沟。 They must try to bridge the generation gap between them他狼吞虎咽吃下三大碗饭。 He wolfed down three great bow

16、ls of rice.23表示身体某部分的名词也可用作动词： 我交上我的辞呈。 I handed in my resignation我们必须支持他。 Weve got to back him up他必须肩负他的责任。 He must shoulder his responsibilities我推挤着穿过人群。 I elbowed my way through the crowd24某些表示一类人的名词也可用作动词： 设法这样骗我有什么用? Whats the use of trying to fool me that way? 三个礼拜她日夜护理我。 She nursed me day and

17、 night for three weeks这群人受到大使的招待。 The group was hosted by the ambassador. 25有些抽象名词也可用作动词： 好学生渴望获得知识。 A good student hungers after knowledge开头这使他很生气。 This angered him at first伤亡数以千计。 Casualties numbered in the thousands那天一整天风雨大作。 It stormed all that day. 这部手稿是八世纪的东西。 This manuscript dates back to the

18、 8th century.26形容词等转化为动词火车速度减慢了一半。 The train slowed down to half its speed.雪莱没法使她平静下来。 Shelley was unable to calm her. 整个上午他都在屋里闲待着。 He idled around the house all morning.那条河流入大海。That river empties into the sea27她忙着收拾她的写字台。 She busied herself (in) tidying up the desk. 她希望改善你的状况。 She wishes to better

19、 your condition你们都大大地冤屈了她。 You all wronged her immensely. 他的头发迅速变得花白。 His hair is greying quickly. 他放低了声音He lowered his voice28还有少数其他词类的词可用作动词 (如副词变为动词等)： 这帮助促进了他们的团结。 This helped to further their unity. 真相总会大白。 Truth will out可否劳驾把我的信转给我? Would you be so kind as to forward my letters? 我附议。I second t

20、he motion29动词判断的依据：动词判断的依据：前面是否有助动词前面是否有助动词 后面是否有名词后面是否有名词是否有第三人称单数标志是否有第三人称单数标志 是否有过去时标志是否有过去时标志 词缀词缀30还有一些其他的转化情况： 他们请她重复表演一次。(v. adj.) She was asked to give a repeat performance.他们举行了一个化装舞会。(n adj.) They held a fancy dress ball3031拉力妨碍飞机的前进。(adv. adj.) Drag hinders the forward motion of the aircr

21、aft他们开始向北进军。(n. adv.) They began to march north战争时期城市实行灯火管制以防止飞机轰炸。(adj. v.)In wartime，cities were blacked out to protect against bombing from planes3132介词与副词的辨别Whos in the room? Mary is on dutyHe jumped off the horseSpread a cloth over the table含含介词介词的句子的句子 Please come in.The play is still onI must

22、 be offSome birds have just flown over含含副词副词的句子的句子大部分介词都可用作副词，带宾语时为介词， 不带宾语时为副词。33英语中这类副词有下面这些：英语中这类副词有下面这些： about above across along alongside around before behind below beneath besides between beyondby down in inside near off on out outside over past round since through throughout under underneath

23、 up within without二、词义二、词义一词多义一词多义学习英语单词时还有一种常见的学习英语单词时还有一种常见的误判：一词误判：一词一意一意一个英语单词只有一种汉语意思一个英语单词只有一种汉语意思 一词多义一词多义的的原因：原因：1. 异异 “性性”多义多义同一个词可以用作不同同一个词可以用作不同词性，从而产生不同的词义词性，从而产生不同的词义 2. 同同“性性”多义多义同一个词、同一种词性同一个词、同一种词性也有不同的词义也有不同的词义34英语单词的多义性根据朗文现代英汉双解词典： go动词35种释义 run名词23种释义 great形容词7种释义 3536例如：例如：He in

24、sisted that we should change our plan but we insisted that our plan was practical.他他坚持要求坚持要求我们应该改变我们的计划我们应该改变我们的计划,但是我们但是我们认为认为我们的计划是可行的我们的计划是可行的.He suggested that we (should ) continue to do the work but the expression on his face suggested that he was very tired.他他建议建议我们应该继续工作我们应该继续工作,但是他脸上的表情但是他脸

25、上的表情暗暗示示他已经很累了他已经很累了.37The character in the film is admired for his special character, though he doesnt know any Chinese character.这部电影中的角色由于他的个性而被欣赏,尽管他不知道任何的汉字.The present president present at the meeting will present presents to the advanced workers.出席会议的现任总裁将会给先进工作者赠送礼物.give(1) He gave generousl

26、y to the church他给教堂捐了很多钱。他给教堂捐了很多钱。(代替代替donate)(2) What are you giving mom for her birthday?妈妈生日你打算送她什么礼物啊妈妈生日你打算送她什么礼物啊?(代替代替present)(3) My husband gave me this cold我老公把感冒传染给了我。我老公把感冒传染给了我。(代替代替infect)38(4) Our English teacher always gives us a lot of homework英语老师总是给我们布置好多家庭作业。英语老师总是给我们布置好多家庭作业。(代替

27、代替assign)(5) Jones was given thirty years for the murderJones犯谋杀罪被判入狱犯谋杀罪被判入狱30年。（代替年。（代替sentence）3939bad(1) Did you have a bad day at work? 你今天上班过得不好吗你今天上班过得不好吗? (代替代替tough, awful等等)(2) Smoking is bad for your health抽烟对你没好处。抽烟对你没好处。(代替代替unhealthy)(3) Frank had a bad flu before Christmas圣诞节前圣诞节前Fran

28、k得了场重感冒。得了场重感冒。(代替代替serious)40(4) The pain was really bad痛得实在很厉害。痛得实在很厉害。(代替代替severe，awful等等)(5) This milk has gone bad牛奶变质了。牛奶变质了。(代替代替sour)(6) a bad apple坏苹果坏苹果 (代替代替rotting)4141(7) Jacky had said a bad wordJacky说了句脏话。说了句脏话。(代替代替dirty)(8) I feel bad about not being able to come last night昨晚没能来，我感到

29、很不好意思。昨晚没能来，我感到很不好意思。(代替代替guilty)(9) a bad girlboy调皮的男孩女孩调皮的男孩女孩(代替代替naughty)424243要学好英语，必须学会：u变“性”同一单词，不同词性u变“异”（变义）同一单词，不同含义u结合上下文（语境）Exercises辨别下列句子中划线单词的词性：辨别下列句子中划线单词的词性：This involves a change of attitude in many ways. Since it is a learned skill we can change it and relearn it. They offer attractive facilities, good guarantees and low prices. Basic human rights, including freedom of speech, are now guaranteed. 44This should not provoke much surprise.I wouldnt be surprised if they lost.It has clearly caused a reduction in the number of students who are fin