PCL711B采集卡在水温控制中的应用【含CAD图纸+电路图+文档】
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含CAD图纸+电路图+文档
PCL711B
采集
水温
控制
中的
应用
CAD
图纸
电路图
文档
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PCL711B采集卡在水温控制中的应用【含CAD图纸+电路图+文档】,含CAD图纸+电路图+文档,PCL711B,采集,水温,控制,中的,应用,CAD,图纸,电路图,文档
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ANSI IMPLEMENTATION-SPECIFIC STANDARDS-Certain aspects of the ANSI C standard are not defined exactly by ANSI.Instead, each implementor of a C compiler is free to define these aspectsindividually. This chapter tells how Borland has chosen to define theseimplementation-specific standards. The section numbers refer to theFebruary 1990 ANSI Standard. Remember that there are differences betweenC and C+; this appendix addresses C only. How to identify a diagnostic.When the compiler runs with the correct combination of options, anymessage it issues beginning with the words Fatal, Error, or Warningare diagnostics in the sense that ANSI specifies. The options neededto insure this interpretation are in the following table. The options arelisted as hot keys you use in the IDE. For example, the first optioncorresponds to Options|Compiler|Source, and in the Source Optionsdialog box youd choose ANSI for the Keyword option.-Option Action-O|C|S|A Enable only ANSI keywords.O|C|S|N No nested comments allowed.O|C|E|C Use C calling conventions.O|C|S|I At least 32 significant characters in identifiers.O|C|M|D|S Turn off all warnings except selected ones.O|C|M|A|I Turn on warning about inappropriate initializers.O|C|M|P|C Turn on warning about non-portable pointer comparisons.O|C|M|A|R Turn on warning about duplicate non-identical definitions.O|C|M|A|S Turn on warning about suspicious pointer conversion.O|C|P|N Turn on warning about non-portable pointer conversion.O|C|M|A|V Turn on warning about void functions returning a value.O|C|M|A|H Turn on warning about hexadecimal values containg more than3 digits.O|C|M|P|M Turn on warning about mixing pointers to signed and unsignedchar.O|C|M|A|U Turn on warning about undefined structures.O|C|M|A|X Turn on warning about variables declared both as external andas static.-Choose Options|Compiler|Code Generation and specify Never under SS = DS.Also dont change the default values in the Segment Names dialog box underOptions|Compiler|Names; each text box should contain an asterisk (*).Other options not specifically mentioned here can be set to whateveryou desire.1 The semantics of the arguments to main.The value of argv0 is a pointer to a null byte when the program isrun on DOS versions prior to version 3.0. For DOS version 3.0 orlater, argv0 points to the program name.The remaining argv strings point to each component of the DOScommand-line arguments. Whitespace separating arguments is removed,and each sequence of contiguous nonwhitespace characters is treatedas a single argument. Quoted strings are handled correctly (that is,as one string containing spaces). What constitutes an interactive device.An interactive device is any device that looks like the console.2.2.1 The collation sequence of the execution character set.The collation sequence for the execution character set uses thesigned value of the character in ASCII.2.2.1 Members of the source and execution character sets.The source and execution character sets are the extended ASCII setsupported by the IBM PC. Any character other than Z (Control-Z)can appear in string literals, character constants, or comments. Multibyte characters.No multibyte characters are supported in Turbo C+.2.2.2 The direction of printing.Printing is from left-to-right, the normal direction for the PC. The number of bits in a character in the execution character set.There are 8 bits per character in the execution character set.3.1.2 The number of significant initial characters in identifiers.The first 32 characters are significant, although you can use aO|C|S|I to change that number. Both internal and external identifiers usethe same number of significant digits. (The number of significant charactersin C+ identifiers is unlimited.)3.1.2 Whether case distinctions are significant in external identifiers.The compiler will normally force the linker to distinguish betweenuppercase and lowercase. You can use suppress this distinction withO|L|S|C to uncheck the Case-sensitive Link option. The representations and sets of values of the various types ofintegers.-Type Minimum value Maximum value-signed char -128 127unsigned char 0 255signed short -32,768 32,767unsigned short 0 65,535signed int -32,768 32,767unsigned int 0 65,535signed long -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647unsigned long 0 4,294,967,295All char types use one 8-bit byte for storage.All short and int types use 2 bytes.All long types use 4 bytes.If alignment is requested (O|C|C|W), all nonchar integer type objects willbe aligned to even byte boundaries. Character types are never aligned. The representations and sets of values of the various types offloating-point numbers.The IEEE floating-point formats as used by the Intel 8087 are used for allTurbo C+ floating-point types. The float type uses 32-bitIEEE real format. The double type uses 64-bit IEEE real format. The longdouble type uses 80-bit IEEE extended real format. The mapping between source and execution character sets.Any characters in string literals or character constants will remainunchanged in the executing program. The source and execution charactersets are the same. The value of an integer character constant that contains a characteror escape sequence not represented in the basic execution character set orthe extended character set for a wide character constant.Wide characters are not supported. They are treated as normal characters.All legal escape sequences map onto one or another character. If a hex oroctal escape sequence is used that exceeds the range of a character, thecompiler issues a message. The current locale used to convert multibyte characters intocorresponding wide characters for a wide character constant.Wide character constants are recognized, but treated in all ways likenormal character constants. In that sense, the locale is the C locale. The value of an integer constant that contains more than onecharacter, or a wide character constant that contains more than one multibytecharacter.Character constants can contain one or two characters. If two characters areincluded, the first character occupies the low-order byte of the constant,and the second character occupies the high-order byte. The result of converting an integer to a shorter signed integer, orthe result of converting an unsigned integer to a signed integer of equallength, if the value cannot be represented.These conversions are performed by simply truncating the high-orderbits. Signed integers are stored as 2s-complement values, so the resultingnumber is interpreted as such a value. If the high-order bit of the smallerinteger is nonzero, the value is interpreted as a negative value; otherwise,it is positive. The direction of truncation when an integral number is convertedto a floating-point number that cannot exactly represent the original value.The integer value is rounded to the nearest representable value. Thus,for example, the long value (2 to the 31th power minus 1) is converted tothe float value 2 to the 31th power. Ties are broken according to the rulesof IEEE standard arithmetic. The direction of truncation or rounding when a floating-point numberis converted to a narrower floating-point number.The value is rounded to the nearest representable value. Ties are brokenaccording to the rules of IEEE standard arithmetic.3.3 The results of bitwise operations on signed integers.The bitwise operators apply to signed integers as if they were theircorresponding unsigned types. The sign bit is treated as a normal databit. The result is then interpreted as a normal 2s complement signedinteger. What happens when a member of a union object is accessed using amember of a different type.The access is allowed and will simply access the bits stored there.Youll need a detailed understanding of the bit encodings of floating-pointvalues in order to understand how to access a floating-type member using adifferent member. If the member stored is shorter than the member used toaccess the value, the excess bits have the value they had before the shortmember was stored. The type of integer required to hold the maximum size of an array.For a normal array, the type is unsigned int, and for huge arrays thetype is signed long.3.3.4 The result of casting a pointer to an integer or vice versa.When converting between integers and pointers of the same size, nobits are changed. When converting from a longer type to a shorter, thehigh-order bits are truncated. When converting from a shorter integertype to a longer pointer type, the integer is first widened to aninteger type that is the same size as the pointer type. Thus signedintegers will sign-extend to fill the new bytes. Similarly, smallerpointer types being converted to larger integer types will first bewidened to a pointer type that is as wide as the integer type.3.3.5 The sign of the remainder on integer division.The sign of the remainder is negative when only one of the operands isnegative. If neither or both operands are negative, the remainder ispositive.3.3.6 The type of integer required to hold the difference between twopointers to elements of the same array, ptrdiff_t.The type is signed int when the pointers are near, or signed long whenthe pointers are far or huge. The type of ptrdiff_t depends on the memorymodel in use. In small data models, the type is int. In large data models,the type is long.3.3.7 The result of a right shift of a negative signed integral type.A negative signed value is sign-extended when right shifted.3.5.1 The extent to which objects can actually be placed in registers byusing the register storage-class specifier.Objects declared with any two-byte integer or pointer types can be placedin registers. The compiler will place any small auto objects into registers,but objects explicitly declared as register will take precedence. At leasttwo and as many as six registers are available. The number of registersactually used depends on what registers are needed for temporary valuesin the function. Whether a plain int bit-field is treated as a signed int or as anunsigned int bit field.Plain int bit fields are treated as signed int bit fields. The order of allocation of bit fields within an int.Bit fields are allocated from the low-order bit position to the high-order. The padding and alignment of members of structures.By default, no padding is used in structures. If you use the alignmentoption (O|C|C|W), structures are padded to even size, and any members thatdo not have character or character array type will be aligned to an evenoffset. Whether a bit-field can straddle a storage-unit boundary.When alignment (O|C|C|W) is not requested, bit fields can straddle wordboundaries, but will never be stored in more than two adjacent bytes. The integer type chosen to represent the values of an enumerationtype.If all enumerators can fit in an unsigned char, that is the typechosen. Otherwise, the type is signed int.3.5.3 What constitutes an access to an object that has volatile-qualifiedtype.Any reference to a volatile object will access the object. Whetheraccessing adjacent memory locations will also access an object depends onhow the memory is constructed in the hardware. For special device memory,like video display memory, it depends on how the device is constructed. Fornormal PC memory, volatile objects are only used for memory that might beaccessed by asynchronous interrupts, so accessing adjacent objects has noeffect.3.5.4 The maximum number of declarators that can modify an arithmetic,structure, or union type.There is no specific limit on the number of declarators. The number ofdeclarators allowed is fairly large, but when nested deeply within a setof blocks in a function, the number of declarators will be reduced. Thenumber allowed at file level is at least 50. The maximum number of case values in a switch statement.There is no specific limit on the number of cases in a switch. As longas there is enough memory to hold the case information, the compilerwill accept them.3.8.1 Whether the value of a single-character character constant in aconstant expression that controls conditional inclusion matches thevalue of the same character constant in the execution character set.Whether such a character constant can have a negative value.All character constants, even constants in conditional directives usethe same character set (execution). Single-character characterconstants will be negative if the character type is signed (defaultand O|C|C|U not requested).3.8.2 The method for locating includable source files.For include file names given with angle brackets, the file is searchedfor in each of the include directories. If no include directories arespecified, then only the current directory is searched.3.8.2 The support for quoted names for includable source files.For quoted file names, the file is first searched for in the currentdirectory. If not found, Turbo C+ searches for the file asif it were in angle brackets.3.8.2 The mapping of source file name character sequences.Backslashes in include file names are treated as distinct characters,not as escape characters. Case differences are ignored for letters.3.8.8 The definitions for _DATE_ and _TIME_ when they are unavailable.The date and time are always available, and will use the DOS date and time.4.1.1 The decimal point character.The decimal point character is a period (.).4.1.5 The type of the sizeof operator, size_t.The type size_t is unsigned int.4.1.5 The null pointer constant to which the macro NULL expands.An integer or a long 0, depending upon the memory model.4.2 The diagnostic printed by and the termination behavior of the assertfunction.The diagnostic message printed is Assertion failed: expression, filefilename, line nn, where expression is the asserted expression whichfailed, filename is the source file name, and nn is the line numberwhere the assertion took place.abort is called immediately after the assertion message is displayed.4.3 The implementation-defined aspects of character testing and casemapping functions.None, other than what is mentioned in .3.1 The sets of characters tested for by the isalnum, isalpha, iscntrl,islower, isprint and isupper functions.First 128 ASCII characters.4.5.1 The values returned by the mathematics functions on domain errors.An IEEE NAN (not a number).4.5.1 Whether the mathematics functions set the integer expression errno tothe value of the macro ERANGE on underflow range errors.No, only for the other errors-domain, singularity, overflow, and totalloss of precision. Whether a domain error occurs or zero is returned when the fmodfunction has a second argument of zero.No. fmod(x,0) returns 0. The set of signals for the signal function.SIGABRT, SIGFPE, SIGILL, SIGINT, SIGSEGV, SIGTERM. The semantics for each signal recognized by the signal function.See the description of signal in the Help system. The default handling and the handling at program startup for eachsignal recognized by the signal function.See the description of signal in the Help system. If the equivalent of signal(sig, SIG_DFL); is not executed prior tothe call of a signal handler, the blocking of the signal that is performed.The equivalent of signal (sig, SIG_DFL) is always executed. Whether the default handling is reset if the SIGILL signal is receivedby a handler specified to the signal function.No, it is not.4.9.2 Whether the last line of a text stream requires a terminating newlinecharacter.No, none is required.4.9.2 Whether space characters that are written out to a text streamimmediately before a newline character appear when read in.Yes, they do.4.9.2 The number of null characters that may be appended to data written toa binary stream.None.4.9.3 Whether the file position indicator of an append mode stream isinitially positioned at the beginning or end of the file.The file position indicator of an append-mode stream is initially placedat the beginning of the file. It is reset to the end of the file beforeeach write.4.9.3 Whether a write on a text stream causes the associated file to betruncated beyond that point.A write of 0 bytes may or may not truncate the file, depending uponhow the file is buffered. It is safest to classify a zero-length writeas having indeterminate behavior.4.9.3 The characteristics of file buffering.Files can be fully buffered, line buffered, or unbuffered. If a file isbuffered, a default buffer of 512 bytes is created upon opening the file.4.9.3 Whether a zero-length file actually exists.Yes, it does.4.9.3 Whether the same file can be open multiple times.Yes, it can. The effect of the remove function on an open file.No special checking for an already open file is performed; theresponsibility is left up to the programmer. The effect if a file with the new name exists prior to a call torename.rename will return a -1 and errno will be set to EEXIST. The output for %p conversion in fprintf.In near data models, four hex digits (XXXX). In far data models, fourhex digits, colon, four hex digits (XXXX:XXXX). The input for %p conversion in fscanf.See . The interpretation of an - (hyphen) character that is neither thefirst nor the last character in the scanlist for a % conversion in fscanf.See the description of scanf in the Help system. The value to which the macro errno is set by the fgetpos or ftellfunction on failure.EBADF Bad file number. The messages generated by perror.-Error 0 I
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