英语语言学期末复习参考

1、语言学期末复习参考习题1 Questions on Lecture III * Saussure looks at language from the _ point of view, Chomsky looks at language from the _ point of view and _ looks at it from the functional point of view.* _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a community.* _ refers to the

2、ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.* Competence is a form of “knowing”; _ is a set of possibilities for “doing”.* Linguistics involves such branches as _, _, _, _, _. Questions on Lecture III * Langue is not suitable for study. * Parole is always a naturally occurring event. * Langue

3、 is subject to personal and situational limits. * A person's competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. * A speaker's performance does not always match his competence. * The object of study is the ideal speaker's competence. * Lingui

4、stic potential actually refers to a lot of possibilities to choose from. * The linguistic potential vs actual linguistic behavior distinction is one between what a person “knows” and what he “does”. 习题2Exercises for Lecture IV* _ and _ are the two major media used by natural languages for communicat

5、ion. * The limited range of sounds which are meaningful & of interest to phoneticians are called _ of L.* Phonetics is the study of phonic medium of language, i.e., the study of the _, _ and _ of speech sounds. * Phonetics studies speech sounds from three different angles. Accordingly, it c

6、an be further classified into three sub-branches: _ phonetics, _ phonetics and _ phonetics.* The speech organs are also called the _, whose secondary use is to produce _.Exercises for Lecture IV* The speech organs are contained in three important areas or cavities: the _, the _ and the_.* At the top

7、 of the trachea is the _, the front of which is the Adams apple.* The _ cavity makes the greatest modification of speech sounds.* Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called _.* f, s, p are of the _. * _ are sounds produced by some form of obstruction of the air stream and may be

8、either voiced or voiceless.Exercises for Lecture IV* For _ consonants, the obstruction takes place between the lower lip and the front upper teeth. * _ consonants are made by completely shutting up the air passage at some points in the mouth and lowering the soft palate to let the air go out through

9、 the nose. * That different Ls have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is _. * _ are produced in Sindhi which uses the pharynx air to push down the larynx so that the air is sucked into the mouth.* The _ of a sound depends on the rate of vibration of the vocal cord

10、sExercises for Lecture IV* Phonetics also studies the sound of ones cough.  * Phonetics is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages. * The branch of phonetics which studies the perception of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.  * When the vocal cords are hel

11、d tightly, there is only a narrow passage between them. This is the position when one is breathing normally.  * All vowels and no consonants are produced with the vibration of vocal cords.  * Glottal stop occurs in the English language. * The English spoken sounds, like any other lang

12、uage, are generally divided into two main classes: vowels and consonants. Exercises for Lecture IV* Speech sounds are limited in number. * Of the two media of language, writing is more basic than speech. * Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highl

13、y developed, is acoustic phonetics.* Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.习题3Exercises * Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morph

14、eme the basic unit in the study of morphology.* The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.* The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.* Prefixes

15、usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.* Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the second element, while the first element receives secondary stress.The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g_ meaning. * B_ morphemes are those that cannot

16、be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.* D_ affixes are added to a form to create words.* The rules governing which affix are added to what type of stem to form new words are m_ rules.* In terms of morphemic analysis, c_ can be viewed

17、 as the combination of two or more than two words to create new words.Exercises * The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme * The part of speech of the compound is generally determined by the part of spe

18、ech of _. A. the first element B. the second element C. either the first or the second element D. both the first and the second element* _is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. A.Phonetics B.Phoneme C.Morphology D.MorphemeExercis

19、es * _ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes * _ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences * “-s” in the w

20、ord “books” is _. A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a rootThe word “internationalists” contains _ morphemes. A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7习题4Exercises for Lecture X* Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morph

21、emes into words. * The term syntax came from Latin.* Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.* Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of

22、 internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.* The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. * In a complex sentence, the t

23、wo clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. * Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.* Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules. * Minor lexical categories are open because

24、these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.* In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. * In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct

25、object usually follows the verb.* What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. * A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.* It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the inser

26、tion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.* WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.* The recursiveness of phrasal structural rules shows that language has a property of “being creative”.* A s_ sentence consists of a s

27、ingle clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. * A s_ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. * A s_ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes

28、the predicate. * The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_.* A c_ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.* In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subo

29、rdinate clause is normally called an e_ clause.* Major lexical categories are o_ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.* A _ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.* P_ are syntactic options of UG that al

30、low general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.* The theory of C_condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.* A sentence is considered _ when it does not co

31、nform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical* A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particleC. preposition D. subordinator * Phrase structure rules have

32、 _ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional* Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _. A. how words and phrases form sentences. B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. All of the above.

33、* Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _. A. transformational rulesB. generative rules C. phrase structure rules D. x-bar theory* The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that _. A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. B. noun phrases can be use

34、d to modify another noun phrase C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary. * The sentence structure is _. A. only linearB. Only hierarchical C. complexD. both linear and hierarchical* The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number. A

35、. large B. smallC. finite D. infinite * The _ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sen­tences.A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D. combinational * _ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. A. GenerativeB. Transformational C. X-barD. P

36、hrase structure 习题5Exercises * I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:* 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.   * 2.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish mea

37、ning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. * 3.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.   * 4.English is a tone language while Chinese is not. * 5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.         Exercises * 6.In everyday communication

38、, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.   * 7.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.   * 8.The articulatory apparatus

39、of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.   * 9.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.* 10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that

40、 is raised the highest.     Exercises * 11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.   * 12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of

41、 tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.   * 13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.   * 14.Any sound produced by a human being

42、 is a phoneme.   * 15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.     Exercises * 16.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.* 17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound

43、for another results in a change of meaning.   * 18.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.   * 19.The rules governing the phonological patterning are

44、language specific.   * 20.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. Exercises * II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: * 21.A _ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the pr

45、oduction of speech sounds.   * 22.A_ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.   * 23.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_ sounds.   * 24. Of all the speech organs, the t _ is th

46、e most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.   * 25.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_ of articulation.   Exercises * 26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the

47、speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_. * 27.S_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.   * 28.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in

48、a particular language are called s _ rules.   * 29.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription.   * 30.When pitch, stress and sound length are t

49、ied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_.   Exercise * 31.P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.   * 32.The articula

50、tory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_ cavity and the nasal cavity.   * 33.T_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning.* 34.Depending on the c

51、ontext in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_ stress. Exercises * 35.Of all the speech organs, the _ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords   * 36.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are _ sounds.  A.

52、 voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal * 37_ is a voiced alveolar stop. A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/ * 38.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar   &

53、#160; Exercises * 39.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _. A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution C. the allophones D. minimal pair   * 40.The sound /f/ is _. A. voiced palatal affric

54、ate B. voiced alveolar stop C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative * 41. A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.   A. back B. central C. front D. middle   Exercises * 42. Distinctive features can be

55、 found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called_. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features   * 43. A(n) _is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme   * 44.The different p