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跨文化交际 文化 交际 研究生 PPT 课件

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Unit 4Cultural Values and Interpersonal RelationshipsText A Comprehension Questions1. Where does responsibility for decision lie in different cultures?In some cultures, decisions are more likely to be made by an individual because of the role he or she occupies; under this condition, decisions are much more likely to be influenced by the characteristics of the role than by the preferences or commitments of the individual, such as in American culture. Another possibility is for decision making to be a function of a group, and for no one individual or role occupant to assume responsibility for it, such as in Japanese culture.2. Contrast American and Chinese cultural values. Who should make decisions in the two cultures?In American society the process of decision making unfolds primarily through the anticipation of the consequences of alternative courses of action. So it is the affected people who should make decision. In some other cultures, however, the function of the decision maker or makers is to evaluate a situation by classifying it according to pre-established categories. So the decision should be made by those with proper authority. 3. How do people from different cultures learn?Americans implicitly assume that learning is an active process requiring performance by the learner, whose incentive to learn is either a future reward or the avoidance of punishment; thus, learning is regarded as a process of shaping the responses of the learner and building upon them. This style can be called student-entered learning. In some cultures the learner is assumed to be passive and the chief technique used is serial rote learning; learning is assumed to be an automatic process occurring in a highly structured situation.4. How do people relate to others whose status is different? Contrast the different attitudes between eastern and western cultures.In American culture, people always tend to minimize differences, while in some other cultures, inequality underlies social conventions and etiquette and clearly defined reciprocity among persons engaged in social interactions. So they stress hierarchical ranks and differences. In American culture social conventions tend to be more informal and social reciprocities much less clearly defined. In some other cultures they stress formality and behaviors are more easily anticipated.5. What is the meaning of friendship in different cultural values?Americans have many friends, but these are often associated with a given situation or time. Furthermore, the word friend may serve to describe anyone from a passing acquaintance to a lifetime associate. American friendship is social friendship, and it is short-term commitment. In some other cultures an individual may have few friends but is likely to have a total, rather than a selective, commitment to them. Individuals may be disinclined to share a friend with other friends, since both the quality of friendship and the number of friends are considered limited and hence not to be squandered. So its intense friendship and long-term commitment.6. What are the motivating forces, in American culture and other non-American cultures respectively?Achievement is generally agreed to be a chief motivating force in American culture. It is the force which gives the culture its quality of “driveness”. American culture, then, emphasizes personal achievement through externally documented accomplishments while many other societies emphasize ascription with its attendant concern for the traditionally fixed status of the individual.7. What are the relationships between people and nature in different cultures?A dominant perception in American culture assumes that the world is material rather than spirit (or idea, essence, will, or process), and should be exploited for the material benefit of humanity. Nature and the physical world, although often referred to as living, are conceived of as material and mechanistic.This perspective is distinct from assumptions held in some other parts of the world (and variant assumptions in American culture) that humanity is inseparable from the environment and should strive for harmony with it. Nature is perceived as alive and animistic. Consequently, they should strive for unity and integration with nature and the physical world rather than attempt to control these forces.8. Where does a persons identity seem to be?Americans naturally assume that each person has his or her own separate identity. An individuals relatively diffuse identity is, in part, a consequence of the absence of clear ascriptive classifications such as caste and class found in other cultures. So in American culture a persons identity seems to be within the self or their own achievement while in some other cultures it seems to be outside the self in roles, groups, family, clan, caste and society.9. On whom should one rely?American child is encouraged to be autonomous. It is an accepted value that children (and adults) should be encouraged to make decisions for themselves, develop their own opinions, solve their own problems, have their own possessions. The concepts of freedom of choice and self-autonomy are, however, moderated by social control mechanisms in the form of expectations that the individual will choose according to the wishes of others. From above we can see in American culture, one should rely on self, impersonal organizations and some abstract principles. In contrast, in some other cultures one should rely on superiors, patron and other people.10. What is the basis of social control?An important consequence of this emphasis on the indiv