地球科学导论（最终）

1、地球科学导论Introduction to Earth Science鲍征宇，鲍征宇 雷新荣，雷新荣永钱王永钱,一讲 绪论基本问题基本问题 Essential Questions1. Why we need Earth Science?2. What does an Earth Scientist study?3. How do Earth Scientists seek knowledge of the Earth?4. What the usage of Earth Sciences to Material Sc

2、ientists5. How to study this course?Why we need Earth Science?2022-4-204 地球是人类在宇宙中生存、发地球是人类在宇宙中生存、发展的唯一家园。展的唯一家园。 地球科学是研究地球科学是研究地球系统地球系统并预测并预测其未来行为的唯一科学。其未来行为的唯一科学。2022-4-205 当代社会面临人口、资源、环境三大问题，涉及人类社会可持续发展的生死存亡前景。 为了保证资源资源供应、改善生活环境环境和防治自然灾害自然灾害，人类需要“地球母亲”的哺育滋养，更需要关爱她的健康！因为：我们只有一个地球。 具备地球科学基本知识，是21世纪

3、的建设者和决策者们必不可少的条件之一。 2022-4-2062022-4-2072022-4-208 What does an Earth Scientist study?The Earth Sciences 地质学地质学Geologythe study of the solid Earth 海洋学海洋学Oceanographythe study of the Earths oceans 气象学气象学Meteorologythe study of the Earths atmosphere 宇宙科学宇宙科学Astronomythe study of the Earths place in th

4、e universe2022-4-2011数、理、化、天、地、生六大基础自然科学数、理、化、天、地、生六大基础自然科学Earths Major Spheres The hydrosphere includes all liquid water on Earthboth saltwater and fresh water. The atmosphere consists of the gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. Although the atmosphere extends more than 100km up, 90% is within 1

5、6km of the surface.Earths Major Spheres The biosphere includes all life on Earth. The biosphere is concentrated in a zone that extends from the ocean floor upward several kilometers in the atmosphere. The geosphere consists of the solid parts of the planet and is not uniform. Based on differences in

6、 composition it is divided into three main regions, the core地地核核, the mantle地幔地幔, and the crust地壳地壳.地球内部地球内部Geosphere DivisionsGeosphere Divisions The dense corehas two parts; a solid inner core内核内核 and a liquid outer core外核外核. The rocky mantle is divided into an lower mantle下地幔下地幔 and upper mantle上

7、地幔上地幔. The rock in the upper part of the upper mantle is somewhat flexible and pliableits called the asthenosphere软流圈子软流圈子 (weak sphere).2022-4-2016 20世纪60年代板块构造学说板块构造学说的出现，首先在地球科学研究领域中建立了全球观全球观概念。 Gravity acts as a force of erosion by causing a mass movement Mass movement- a process that moves sedi

8、ment down a hill There are 4 ways a mass movement may occurErosion- the process that wears down and carries away rocks and soil地球表层地球表层 Earths Surface Earths Surface 2022-4-2018 全球性全球性 时空尺度时空尺度 技术革命与数字地球技术革命与数字地球2022-4-2019 几小时到几年时间尺度变化几小时到几年时间尺度变化-大气、海洋、大气、海洋、 生物科学生物科学研究范畴。研究范畴。 几十亿年至几十万年时间尺几十亿年至几十

9、万年时间尺度变化度变化-地球和生命起源、地球和生命起源、板块构造、冰期出现、海陆板块构造、冰期出现、海陆变迁、成矿作用等。变迁、成矿作用等。 空间尺度也可有极大的差异空间尺度也可有极大的差异-局地、区域、全球。局地、区域、全球。 2022-4-2020 代代 纪纪(系系) 世世(统统)显显 第四纪第四纪 近代近代 更新世更新世 晚第三纪晚第三纪 上新世上新世 中新世中新世生生 早第三纪早第三纪 渐新世渐新世 始新世始新世 古新世古新世 中中 白垩纪白垩纪 生生 侏罗纪侏罗纪 代代 三叠纪三叠纪 古古 二叠纪二叠纪宙宙 石炭纪石炭纪 生生 泥盆纪泥盆纪 志留纪志留纪 代代 奥陶纪奥陶纪 寒武纪寒

10、武纪前前 元古代元古代寒寒 太古代太古代武武 冥古代冥古代纪纪地质年表地质年表要求：背诵How do Earth Scientists seek knowledge?2022-4-2022“Present is the key of past”(现在是过去的现在是过去的钥匙钥匙)”成为普遍遵守的将今论古现实主义原成为普遍遵守的将今论古现实主义原则和方法。则和方法。 Sir Charles Lyell(14 November 1797 22 February 1875) was a British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day. He

11、is best known as the author of Principles of Geology, which popularised James Huttons concepts of uniformitarianism the idea that the earth was shaped by the same processes still in operation today. Lyell was a close and influential friend of Charles Darwin.2. Hypothesis Once observations have been

12、made and data gathered, Geoscientists try to work out a possible explanation called a scientific hypothesis.地学研究的4个步骤1. Observation Geological Survey: field work, sampling, measurments 3. Experiments Modern Experiments are being applied to verify hypothesis. 4. Theory The hypothesis is elevated to a

13、 Scientific Theory once it has been well tested and accepted by the scientific community as the best explanation of observable facts.2022-4-2025 传统地学研究方法传统地学研究方法 地质观测与调查：地质锤、罗盘、放大镜地质观测与调查：地质锤、罗盘、放大镜 钻探技术钻探技术 现代技术现代技术 新新3件：件：GPS、笔记本电脑、相机、笔记本电脑、相机 卫星遥感实时监测卫星遥感实时监测 计算机与互联网技术计算机与互联网技术 地球物理与地球化学（包括同位素年代学

14、）地球物理与地球化学（包括同位素年代学） 超深钻与深海探测技术超深钻与深海探测技术 地球系统科学 Earth System Science Earth system science aims to study the Earth as a system made up of numerous interacting parts, or subsystems. A system can be any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole.Earth as a System The Earth system is pow

15、ered by two sources of energy: The Sun which drives external processes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and at the surface. The Earths interior heatwhich drives plate tectonics.2022-4-2028数字地球数字地球 (Digital Earth) 一种可以嵌入一种可以嵌入海量海量（百兆至千兆级）地理（百兆至千兆级）地理数据的、多分辨率的、多维地球表示，将成数据的、多分辨率的、多维地球表示，将成为管理地球的重要工具为管理地

16、球的重要工具。 是一个用数字形式的关于地球的巨系统巨系统。 2022-4-2029精度达到米厘米级。可应用于军事上的灵敏炸弹What the usage of Earth Sciences to Material Scientists？1、Most materials we are used is originally come from the Earth Graphite：电池阴极材料、密封材料、润滑材料：电池阴极材料、密封材料、润滑材料 Kaolinite: 陶瓷材料的基础，药用、造纸材料陶瓷材料的基础，药用、造纸材料 Quartz：单晶硅、多晶硅的原料：单晶硅、多晶硅的原料 Carbo

17、nate Diamond: 超硬切割材料超硬切割材料 Fluorite: 氟化工原材料、光学材料氟化工原材料、光学材料 2、A wide spectrum of different material has been created through a variety of P-T-C conditions in the Earth, which is need to be understand by materials scientists.3、The distinguishing feature of Our specialty and most of our faculty member

18、s are focused in geomaterials.How to study this course？ 认真听讲，记好笔记认真听讲，记好笔记 参观地质博物馆、自然历史博物馆参观地质博物馆、自然历史博物馆 上网查资料，尤其是英国自然历史博物馆，美上网查资料，尤其是英国自然历史博物馆，美国自然历史博物馆。国自然历史博物馆。 本课程结束后，为开卷考试。本课程结束后，为开卷考试。课程安排课程安排鲍征宇，绪论，地球形成、结构与演化，鲍征宇，绪论，地球形成、结构与演化，地质构造，板块理论地质构造，板块理论雷新荣，结晶学与矿物学，岩石学雷新荣，结晶学与矿物学，岩石学王永钱王永钱, 古生物与地质历史，大气圈、水古生物与地质历史，大气圈、水圈、生物圈与土壤圈圈、生物圈与土壤圈2022-4-20341. 什麽是地球系统科学？研究范围的 时空尺度和研究方法有何特点？2. 怎样估计人-地关系面临的现状?3. 举亲身经历事例，说明地球科学与 人类生活的密切关系。参考文献1. 新泽西城市大学（New Jersy city University）地质学课程ppt /sites/faculty/dfreile/Co