EBZ掘进机截割部结构设计【含CAD图纸、说明书】
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外文文献The mechanical boring machine is mining and tunneling industry application the mechanical boring machine has the unique performance and the flexibility, can the tunneling softly to the medium intensity rock layer, therefore, widely uses in the underground mining and tunnels tunneling. Mechanical boring machines success applies a crucial question is development ability accurate and the reliable estimate digit, machine production ability and the correlation position cost. Recently this article introduced and discusses the work which completed to take the forecast model which in the geomechanics research institute Colorado Mining Academy on the use historical data use displayed. This model is based on the data which widespread collects on the spot, from different mechanical boring machine motion, in various geological stratum. This document also discussed has developed this database, as well as produced from this real diagnosis performance prediction equation obtained estimate mechanical boring machine cutting rate and bit expense. widely uses the machinery to excavate the system is more and more tremendous pressure which one tendency subscribes, leaves the tradition to mining and the civil construction profession to drill digs and demolishes the method, enhances the productive forces and reduces the cost. The extra advantage, the mining machine, including the remarkable improvement security, reduced the ground safeguard request and the few personnel. These superiority, in addition recently strengthened in the mechanical machines performance and the reliability, has caused in the mechanical miner to adopt the big share ledge excavation market. the mechanical boring machine is the most widespread use underground portion cross section excavates machine, softly to medium intensity rock, specially sedimetary rock. They are use in expanding and the production in soft rock mining industry (i.e. main haulage drift, tunnel, cross reduces and so on), specially in coal, industry mineral and evaporite. In the civil construction, the widespread utilization which they find, excavates the tunnel (railroad, road, sewage treatment, conduction current hole and so on), in the soft ground situation, as well as to expand each kind of underground structure which and be restored to health. Their ability, excavation, nearly any individual opening, also causes them to be attractive, these mining and civil construction projects each kind of open size and the configuration files need to construct. in addition, its high fluidity and the flexibility, the mechanical boring machine is the universal somewhat low capital cost system compares, other mechanical excavators. Because of the high cutting power density, as a result of the small cutting drum, they provides ability, the excavation rock is more difficult and the grinding compound compared to theirs colleague, like continual miner and clothes eating insect.Past 50 year mechanical boring machine the mechanical boring machine developed for the first time the machinery excavated the coal in the early 50s. Today, its application domain expanded, surpasses coal mining, because increases unceasingly the performance brings new technological development and design improvement. The major betterments measure has obtained increase which with steady steps constituted in the past 50 years, the machine weight, the size and a cutting authority, the improvement design upsurge, the solemn gram took up the load system, a more effective cutting design, the metallurgy development, was cutting the drill bit, the progress, the hydraulic pressure and the electrical system, and widely used the automation and the remote control function. All these, have caused the intense enhancement, in cutters ability, systems usability and service life. the machines weight has reached as high as 120 tons, provides is stabler and severer (few vibrations, few services) the platform, from a higher thrust force, may produce an attack more difficult rock layer. Should cut heads authority already to have obvious increase, the close 500 kilowatts let the high torque ability. The modern machine has ability to reduce the cross section to surpass 100 square meters from a fixed point. The computer auxiliary cutting lacing design already developed a stage, causes the design the most superior position layout, will achieve the maximum efficiency will meet in the rock and the geological condition. Cuts the drill bit to evolve, from simple chisel strong cone-shape position. This silts collection and the transportation system have also experienced the significant improvement, increases productivity which can achieve. Loads the aircraft parking area, now may make takes a delaying merely provides the mobility and the flexibility. The machine may provide with the rock anchor rod supports and protections and suppresses the dust automatically the equipment, enhances the trouble-free service personnels title. They may also provide the laser guidance linear control system, lets the camp manage business the sensitivity to reduce, in addition increases the working efficiency and the productive forces. Chart - 1 has demonstrated one modern crosswise mechanical boring machine and the expansion arm and the anchor rod supports and protections system.Fluidity, flexible and selective mining ability constitution some most important application superiority mechanical boring machine leadership, by cost effective motion. The fluidity is refers to easily to move, from a face to another one, deals with the daily development and the production request, does not have the land mine. The flexibility, the permission fast changes service condition, like the different open pattern (horse shoes, rectangle and so on), the lateral section size, the gradient (most 20, sometimes 30 degrees), as well as the radius of turn (may make 90 curve nearly). The selectivity is refers to has the different partial mixings which ability unearths to be possible to pick facing the place ore separates, reduces dilutes, and reduces the waste treatment as far as possible, is also helpful in enhancing the productive forces. Is partial - faces the machine from the mechanical boring machine, facing is convenient, therefore, the cutting tool, may inspect and easy change, may install with the roof support in faces very close. In except these, the high productivity in the advantageous surface condition, the improvement security, reduces the ground support and the well ventilated request, all, thus reduced the cost which excavates is other important superiority, mechanical boring machine. the adamant cutting ability mechanical boring machine is the most important restriction factor, affects their application. This is mainly because wears high the resistance position which experiences in diligently, grinding compound crag. Nowadays, the heavy mechanical boring machine may reduce in the economy hard rock layer most 100mpa (14500 PSI) single axle compressive strength (UCS) and rock most 160mpa (23000 PSI) UCS number. The frequency increases the attachment or other rocks weakness, makes ledge excavation to be easy, because the machine pulls or rips radically leaves the block, but is not reduces. If sincere is the unusual grinding compound, or the rise, the consumption rate compares the L recovery/cubic meter, then the mechanical boring machine excavates, usually becomes does not reckon up as a result of frequently the position change, in addition increased machines vibration and the maintenance cost. the substantial efforts, ability mechanical boring machine which increases in the past several years reduced the hard rock. The majority of these endeavors key point is the constitutive change, the machine, if puts on weight, a severer frame and cuts an authority. Widespread field test these machines indicated that the cutting tool was still a weakest spot, in hard ledge excavation. Only if improved largely has obtained a point life, genuine hard rock cutting was still the surmounting boundary possibility and the mechanical boring machine. Geomechanics research institute electromagnetic interference (EMI) the Colorado Mining Academy has been developing one kind of new cutting tool technology, the miniature disc machine, carries out the hard crag cutting power disc cutter bar to the mechanical boring machine, as well as other type mechanical excavator (Ozdemir et al., in 1995). Carries on the chemical examination massively comprehensively, standard crosswise cutting indicated that the miniature disc cutting tool may enhance at the same time which ability the mechanical boring machine hard crag excavates, provides the small cutting tools change and the service work suspension. This new machining technology has the greatly hopeful application mechanical boring machine, lengthens their ability, becomes the economy to excavate the hard rock. In addition, uses the small compact disc cutting tool, the drum miners concept EMI which develops has been suitable for the hard crag mine development.Related domain performance data the performance prediction is an important attribute, the success mechanical boring machines application. This involves general and machines choice, the production rate and the bit cost estimate. The success using in order to the mechanical boring machine technologys any mining work, accurate and the reliable estimate number is the developed country to achieve the productivity, and reduces the cost relatively. In addition, it is the rock condition which the very important drill bit design and a cutting layout optimize, must unearth in the process to meet. the performance prediction covering appraisal instant reducing the interest rate, drill bits consumption rate and the machine use factor, are the different geological units. The instantaneous cutting speed is the output velocity in the actual cut time, (ton or cubic meter/cutting hour). The rise, the consumption rate is refers to has how many change for the better change, each unit volume either weight ledge excavation, (recommendation/cubic meter or ton). The machine use factors percentage uses the time, excavates the period, this project. the geomechanics research institute Colorado Mining Academy, has established the widespread database related domain performance mechanical boring machine and the objective development real diagnosis model together with the mining industry department Istanbul Technology University, for accurate and perform reliably forecast. the database contains the field data form numerous mining and the folk items of basic construction in the world including each kind of mechanical boring machine and the different ground project condition. The real diagnosis performance prediction method is mainly the basis former experience and the statistical data explanation, beforehand record medical record. Obtains the field data which needs in one practical and the meaningful form, the acquisition of information table compilation and the transmission for the prime contractor, the owner, the Consultant firm, with mechanical boring machine manufacturer. In addition, data collection, from existing literature to mechanical boring machines performance, and through actual visitation operational site. This data collection work is continuing to carry on. this database including six category material, like table - 1. Geological parameter in database, constitution general rock mass and complete rock character. Most important and the related rock mass characteristic carries in this database including the rock mass quality title (RPD), bedding thickness, strike and inclination angle union collection and hydrology condition. The complete rock character is the single axle compressive strength, the tensile strength, the quartz content, the texture and abrasiveness. This rock layer divides into the independent area, by reduces the change as far as possible, in the mechanical property data, provides a more accurate analysis. This also simplified the classified attribute as each region and the analysis domain performance data.Performance prediction in the formerly research (Qiao Poore et al., in 1997), some people in attendance suggested that but is not a developing country universal performance prediction model, the independent model different geological condition and the machine (according to classified and afterward normalized domains data) should formulate, improves accurate and reliable performance forecast. This method was introduces and discussed in this aspect document, for instantaneous cutting speed (to ICR) and position consumption rate (BCR). The mechanical boring machine and a cutting type, the rock mass origin and the rock type are use for to take classified the main parameter. This single axle compressive strength (UCS), cutting first-class honor rate (P) mechanical boring machines weight (W) and a cutting diameter (coronary disease) is uses for to take normalized the parameter. change ICR and in the UCS foundation, the available columns performance data, is in digit - 3 all type mechanical boring machine which and meets for all geological condition. One like anticipated, the data demonstrated that the remarkable scattering and the low correlation coefficient, do not allow between any tendency inference UCS and ICR. After the leaving job data for the crosswise mechanical boring machine in the sedimetary rock, scatters into is much smaller, demonstrated digit - 4. Also, the correlation coefficient was low, removes an accurate expression any to relate these two variables. Because is P which and W is proportional and is in reverse proportion UCS to ICR, after the normalization, by the nature (P/UCS), (the u /UCS) and (the PXW /UCS), the relevance is the remarkable improvement, demonstrates in the digit 5, 6th and 7. As a result of obviously, the classification and afterward normalization, have had some explicit tendencies, in data. But the relations were still inaccurate insufficient. until now result indicated that this methods cause the more accurate prognostic equation all along application classification and the normalization to the database. At present, the work is being carried on the extra parameter (i.e. quartz content) to the developed country equation, by further improves its accuracy and Dans serviceabilitythe effect of cutting head shapes on roadheader stabilityO.Acaroglu and H.Erginamongst mechanised excavation equipment, roadheaders have an exceptional role. Determination of the stability state of the roadheader is an important parameter for the efficiency of excavation. For roadheader having equal power and weight, if one is more stable than another, it can respond to higher boom forces. A new computer program was developed to analyse the stability of the roadheader (turning around the vertical axis, turning to the side, turning backwards and sliding) can be obtained using this program. In this study, the effects of the cutting-head shapes (spherical, conical and combined heads ) were investigated by applying this method to the stability of a longitudinal type roadheader. Turning around the vertical axis of the machine was found to be the most critical stability state. Among the different cutting head shapes, spherical heads had the lowest moment values for similar tilt angles. An increase in the moment values for all cutting shapes with this stability state. However, small tilt angles of the pick are commonly used due to their high efficiency. The increase in the tilt angles of the picks negatively affects the sliding state of the roadheader for all cutting shapes, especially conical heads. The stability state of the roadheader in turning backwards and turning to the side were slightly affected by changes to the tilt angles of the picks.The results obtained are valid for all cutting sector, however, a 90 cutting sector was more convenient than a 180 cutting sector due to lower boom reaction forces.Keywords: Roadheader ; Stability; Cutting-head shape; Mechanised excavation.INTRODUCTIONHundreds of kilometres of tunnels are now being excavated in mining and construction projects and such tunnels need to be excavated quickly and safely. Therefore, mechanical excavation systems have replaced conventional methods in underground mining and civil tunnelling projects in recent years.Roadheaders have an exceptional place among other mechanised excavation systems.They have a lower initial investment cost than the full-face excavation machinery and are sufficiently flexible to excavate galleries in various shapes.Besides driving tunnels, they have receives wide-spread use in production processes such as the excavation of coal, evaporates, industrial minerals and metallic ores.However, they are not suitable for hard rock conditions and are mostly used for excavating stable rocks of low-to-medium hardness.Roadheaders are generally classified according to their weight-light, medium, heavy, extra-heavy. With increasing weight, they can accommodate higher cutting conditions. However, increased weight comes with an increase in the capital cost of the machine and can also create sinking problems in the wet ground. Conversely, some stability problems may occur in the use of light-weight machines during the cutting of high-strength rocks. For this reason, side and back stabiliser pistons are added to these machines but these may not solve the problems encountered in wide and wet tunnels.Some researchers have stressed the importance of stability and compared longitudinal and transverse head type roadheaders. A longitudinal cutting head has a single head fixed parallel to the boom axis. However, the transverse cutting head has two symmetrically positioned cutting head with their axes perpendicular to the boom axis. It is claimed that the longitudinal head type roadheaders are more sensitive than transverse head type roadheader to stability in horizontal directions. This is because the horizontal boom force acting on a longitudinal cutting head is greater than that on a transverse head for comparable machine output and cutting capacity. Hence, it is claimed that longitudinal head type machine need to be 20-25% heavier the than transverse type machine for the same cutting conditions. It is reported that the transverse type roadheader can cut higher strength rock than the longitudinal types for the same cutting power due to higher stability in the horizontal direction. Conversely, transverse cutting head roadheaders are more stable in vertical directions than longitudinal head roadheaders due to the higher vertical boom forces.These studies are based on practical observations or qualitative approximations about the stability of roadheaders. Stability states of roadheaders must be studied in detail to produce more compact machines that are capable of cutting high-strength rocks. For this reason, a method was developed to analyse the stability of roadheaders quantitatively and, based on this method, a computer program was written. Values calculated from this program can be used to compare the stability states of the various roadheaders under similar cutting conditions and different operational conditions. The effects of the machine and cutting head design parameters on the stability of roadheaders can also be determined with this program. The cutters (picks) are arranged as a group in the cutting head, so the cutting head design parameters affect the performance of roadheaders. The positions of the cutters determine the geometry (shape) of a cutting head. The torque, boom forces and specific energy of the machines are changed, while changing the cutting head geometry. Three different cutting head shapes (spherical, conical, cylindrical) and combined heads are commonly used. Since the boom forces vary as a function of the cutting head geometry, the effects of cutting head shape on stability were quantitatively investigated for a longitudinal cutting head roadheader.Stability analysis of roadheaders using developed method This newly developed method is based on the calculation of the three moment values for the x, y, z axes and the sliding state of the roadheaders. The method involves:Estimate the moment values with respect to point C on the y-axis taken in the plane of the centre of gravity as shown in Figure 1. This calculation allows determination of the moment values relating to turning around the vertical axis of a roadheader.Estimate the sliding state of the roadheader along the z-axis in the plane of the floor as shown in Figure 1. This calculation allows determination of the force values relating to the sliding of a roadheader. Estimate the moment values with respect to point B on the z-axis taken in the plane of the machine floor as shown in Figure 1. This calculation allows determination of the moment values relating to turing to both sides by a roadheader.Estimate the moment values with respect to point A on the x-axis taken in the plane of the machine floor as illustrated in Figure 1. This calculation allows determination of the moment values relating to back turning by a roadheader.The forces exerted in the cutting process are used in the stability analysis of the roadheaders. One of these is created by machine weight that acts at the centre of gravity. The other are boom reaction forces that contribute three components to the resultant forces acting on the cutting head as shown in Figure 1 . These forces are obtained by projection of pick forces on the orthogonal axis that remains stationary while the head rotates. They are termed axial force(AR), slewing force (SR)and vertical force (VR). While AR acts parallel to the boom axis, SR acts along the cutting edge and perpendicular to AR. VR is in the same plane as SR and acts perpendicular to it. These force are affected by changes to the cutting head shape. Using these machine design parameters and the defined forces, three moment equations and an equation for sliding state have been established for transverse and longitudinal cutting head type roadheaders for all cutting modes. Changing the cutting modes alters roadheader stability because the direction of the boom force reactions are also affected. In the cutting process of a longitudinal head type roadheader, the machine first sumps into the tunnel face and then arcs horizontally and vertically. Under homogeneous face conditions, the boom axis is positioned parallel to the tunnel axis and then sumps to the profile of the face. If the cutting head rotation is anticlockwise, the boom cuts towards the right because cutting is achieved over the cut face. If the head cuts under the face ,this mode is termed the undercutting mode . If the cutting direction is downwards ,it is called the lowering mode and if the direction is upward then it is called the lifting mode. These four cutting modes are illustrated in Figure 2. As an example, the equations that were established to find the values of the stability states of the longitudinal cutting head type roadheaders in the overcutting mode are given in Equations(1-4); the equations for other modes are documented elsewhere.Equations (1-4) show the difference between the maximum bearing moment/force capacity and the instantaneous operational moment/force value of the roadheader. If values from the equations are less than zero, then the machine will no longer be stable. When the values are greater than zero, the roadheader has higher stability.Based on this method. A computer program was developed using the C+ program language. With this program, quantitative values can be determined for the various stability states:(i)turning around the vertical axis; (ii)turning to the side and backwards direction; and (iii) the sliding state of transverse or longitudinal cutting head type roadheaders for any cutting mode. This analysis can be made either at a particular point in the tunnel face or along the whole face. As shown in the flow-chart shown in Figure 3, first roadheader type and its cutting mode are selected. Then ,the choice is made for analysis either at a particular point in the tunnel face or along the whole face. If the stability analysis is to be made for the whole tunnel face, maximum position angles of the boom in the horizontal and vertical plains must be entered. The program calculates moment values for the whole face by selecting a 5 interval of the boom position angles. If the analysis is made for only one point of the tunnel face, the position angles of the boom for the horizontal and vertical plains must be entered. Finally, the machine and tunnel parameters are entered into the program . Results for the stability states with boom position values are written to an output file by the program. Cutting head shape and roAdheader stability Estimation of boom reaction forces for different cutting head shapes。In practical usage, the shapes of cutting heads are classified as spherical, conical, cylindrical and as a combination of these. Cutting head geometry is determined by the tilt angles of the picks on the head. Tilt angle is defined as the angle between the pick and the assumed plane which is perpendicular to the rotation axis of the head. When tilt angles of the picks are changed, the head shape also changes.In order to analyse the effects of cutting head shape on stability, the boom reaction force (SR, AR, VR) of the heads must be estimated for similar cutting conditions. These are calculated from the forces of the picks on the head. The pick force values of the different head shapes for the same rock were taken from the previous studies of Hekimoglu. This author first modelled spherical heads and then derived the conical and combined heads from these heads. All heads studies were fitted with 16 arcing picks. The rock cutting tests were performed in a full-scale cutting rig using sandstone block samples having 43 Mpa UCS.The tilt angle of a cutting head was defined by the tilt angle of the corner pick. The corner pick is the first pick, which is positioned in front of the head. The different cutting heads were designed by changing the tilt angle of the picks starting from the corner pick to the picks toward the back of the head. Six different spherical heads and conical heads were designed having tilt angles of 64,69.74,78,83and 87 for the corner picks. The spherical heads were designed by decreasing the tilt angle of subsequent picks by 4 steps. In conical heads, all picks were positioned by having the same tilt angle of the corner pick. Combined heads were designed by a combination of the features of the spherical and conical heads. In these heads, the tilt angles of corner picks were chosen first to design the spherical part and then the left part of the head was designed as for conical heads. All these spherical, conical and combined heads were used to analyse the effect of the cutting head shape on the roadheader stability.The effect of cutting sectors of 90 and 180 on the stability of the roadheader was also investigated in this study. As is well known, the cutting types can be classified as up-milling and climb-milling. Since the climb-milling cutting type is more widely used. For this reason, the up-milling cutting type was used in this study . Therefore, the boom reaction forces of all head shapes were calculated for the up-milling cutting type having 90 and 180 cutting sectors.The values of the boom reaction forces (SR, AR, VR) for all cutting heads in up-milling having 90 and 180cutting sectors were estimated by projecting the pick forces on the boom axes by a computer program. The calculated boom reaction forces of the spherical, conical and combined heads are given inTable 1 .The machine and tunnel parameters used are shown in Table 2. It is intended to use actual data for a longitudinal, operational roadheader at a lignite mine in the Beypazari Coal Basin in Turkey.All head types were analysed using the stability analysis program for estimating values of the different stability states for turning around the vertical axis, turning to the side and back ,and the sliding states of the roadheader, in all cutting modes of 90 and 180 cutting sectors. Each analysis was made for the whole tunnel face, while the boom position angles changed by 5 steps. The minimum moment values obtained for each analysis were used for comparison of the different cutting head shapes.Results and discussion The results of the stability analysis for the specified roadheader with different spherical and conical heads and a cutting sector of 180 are shown in Figures 4-7. As shown in these figures, the lowest moment values were obtained for the stability state of turning around the vertical axis of the machine. In other words, the most vulnerable stability state of the machine is turning around the vertical axis. The lowest moment values for the stability state of turning around the vertical axis of the machine were obtained in undercutting and overcutting modes. It was found that spherical heads had lower moment values than conical heads in all cutting modes as seen Figure 4. When the tilt angles of the picks on the spherical and conical heads were increased, the moment values also increased and machine stability was increased. In the combined heads, the common effects of the spherical and conical heads were observed.The effect of cutting head shape on the sliding state of the machine are shown in Figure 5 . The increase of the tilt angle of the picks on the spherical heads caused small decreases in the sliding forces in all cutting modes. Sliding force values were also decreased by an increase in the tilt angle of the picks in conical heads. The effect was highest for heads having 83 and 87 tilt angles of the picks. In the combined heads, the common effects of the spherical and conical heads were observed.The effects of cutting head shape on the stability state in turning to the side are shown in Figure 6. The increase in tilt angles of the picks on the spherical heads resulted in a slight increase in moment values. However, the increase in tilt angles of the picks on the conical heads caused a slight decrease in the moment values. The lowest moment values were obtained for a conical head having an 87 tilt angle of the picks for all cutting modes . In the combined heads, the common effects of the spherical and conical heads were observed.The effects of cutting head shape on the stability state of turning backward are shown in Figure 7. The increase in tilt angles of the picks on spherical and conical heads affected negatively the stability of the machine, as the moment values were slightly decreased. The negative effect on conical heads having an 87 tilt angle of the picks was the highest.All the results were included here for a cutting sector of 180 . The whole stability analysis was covered elsewhere for all cutting head shapes of cutting sector of 90 . In general, the stability states for a cutting sector of 90 were found more convenient than a cutting sector of 180 for all cutting modes.ConclusionsA stability analysis method for roadheaders and a computer program was developed to estimate values of different stability states. Using this program, the effects of spherical, conical and combined heads on a specified longitudinal roadheader were determined. From the results, the most critical stability state of the roadheader was turning around the vertical axis. The stability of the roadheader was positively affected by an increase in the tilt angles of the picks for all cutting head shapes. The moment values of the spherical heads were found to be lower than those of the conical heads for the most critical stability state turning around the vertical axis of the machine.The cutting head shapes also have effects on the other stability states, as the sliding state of the roadheader was affected by the cutting head shape. The increase in the tilt angles of the picks affected negatively the sliding state of the machine for all head shapes, especially conical heads having high tilt angles of the picks.AcknowledgementsThis paper was based on the phD thesis of O.Acaroglu. Research was supported by the Istanbul Technical University (ITU) Research Foundation ( project no.30176).译文掘进机在采矿和掘进工业的应用掘进机具有独特的性能和灵活性，能够掘进软至中等强度的岩层，因此，被广泛用于地下采矿和隧道的掘进。的掘进机的成功应用一个关键性问题是发展的能力准确和可靠的估计数字，机器生产的能力和相关的位成本。本文介绍并讨论了最近完成的工作在地球力学研究所科罗拉多矿业学院就使用的历史数据的使用作为一个表现的预测模型。该模型是基于广泛的实地收集到的数据，从不同掘进机行动，在各种各样的地质地层。该文件还讨论了发展这个数据库，以及由此产生的实证性能预测方程所得的估计掘进机切割率和比特消费。更广泛地使用机械开挖系统是一种趋势所订的越来越大的压力，对采矿和土木建筑行业迁离传统的钻挖及爆破方法，以提高生产力并降低成本。额外的好处，采矿机械，包括显着改善安全性，减少了地面保障的要求和较少的人员。这些优势，再加上最近加强在机械机器的性能和可靠性，已导致在机械矿工采取了较大份额的岩石开挖的市场。掘进机是最广泛使用的地下部分断面开挖机，软至中等强度的岩石，特别是沉积岩。他们是用于发展和生产在软岩采矿业（即主要运输巷道，巷道，跨削减等） ，特别是在煤炭，工业矿物和蒸发岩。在土木建筑，他们找到的广泛运用，开挖隧道（铁路，公路，污水处理，导流洞等） ，在软地面情况，以及为扩大和康复的各种地下结构。他们的能力，挖掘，几乎任何个人开放，也使他们非常有吸引力，这些采矿和土木建筑项目的各种开放的大小和配置文件需要兴建。 此外，其高流动性和灵活性， 掘进机是普遍偏低的资本成本系统相比，最其他机械挖土机。因为较高的切削功率密度，由于较小的切削鼓，他们所提供的能力，挖掘岩石更难和更磨料比他们的同行，如连续矿工和蛀虫。过去50年的掘进机:掘进机首次研制的机械开挖煤炭在50年代初。今天，其应用领域已扩大，超出煤炭开采，由于不断增加的表现所带来的新的技术发展和设计的改善。主要改善措施取得了在过去50年中构成的稳步增加，机器重量，大小和截割头权力，改进设计的热潮，穆克拿起装车系统，更有效率截割头设计，冶金的发展，在切削钻头，进步，液压和电气系统，并更广泛地使用自动化和远程控制功能。所有这些，都导致了激烈的增强，在切割机的能力，系统的可用性和服务的生活。机器的重量已高达120吨，提供更稳定和更严厉的（少振动，少维修）平台，从更高的推力，可以产生攻击更难岩层.该截割头的权力已经有了明显的增加，接近五百千瓦让高转矩的能力。现代机器有能力削减断面超过一百平方米从一个固定点。电脑辅助截割头 lacing设计已经发展到了一个阶段，使设计的最优位布局，以达到最高的效率在岩石和地质条件会遇到的。切削钻头已演变，从简单的凿强劲的锥形位。该淤泥的收集和运输系统也经历了重大的改进，增加能达到的生产率。加载停机坪，现在可以制造作为一个延展的一块仅仅是提供移动性和灵活性。机器可以配备与岩石锚杆支护和自动抑制尘埃的设备，以提高安全工作人员的标题。他们也可以配备激光制导线形控制系统，让营办商的敏感性降低，加上增加工作效率及生产力。流动性，灵活性和选择性采矿能力构成的一些最重要的应用优势掘进机领导，以成本有效的行动。流动性是指容易搬迁，从一张脸到另一，以应付日常的开发和生产的要求，一个没有地雷。灵活性，允许快速变化的业务条件，如不同的开放模式（马鞋，矩形等） ，横截面大小，梯度（最多20个，有时30度） ，以及转弯半径（几乎可以作出90转弯） 。选择性是指有能力挖掘的不同部分混合面对地方矿可采分开，以减少稀释，并尽量减少废物处理，既有助于提高生产力。自掘进机是局部的-面对机器，面对的就是方便，因此，刀具，可检查和容易改变，和屋顶的支持可以安装在非常接近面对。在除了这些，高生产率在有利的地面条件，改进安全，减少地面支持和通风的要求，所有从而减少了开挖的成本是其他重要的优势， 掘进机 。 硬石切割能力掘进机是最重要的制约因素，影响他们的申请。这主要是由于高磨损所经历的阻力位在努力，磨料岩。现今，重型掘进机可以减少在经济上硬岩层最多100mpa （ 14500 PSI ）的单轴抗压强度（ UCS ）和岩石最多160mpa （ 23000 PSI ）的UCS号码。频率增加的接头或其他岩石的弱点，使岩石开挖容易，因为机器根本拉或rips出块而不是削减。如果笃是非常磨料，或回升，消费率较L型复苏/立方米，然后掘进机开挖，通常成为不合算由于经常位的变化，再加上增加了机器的震动和维修费用。 大量的努力，已在过去几年就增加的能力掘进机削减坚硬的岩石。大部分的这些努力的重点是结构性的变化，机器，如增加体重，更严厉的框架和更截割头权力。广泛的田间试验这些机器表明，刀具仍然是最弱的一点，在坚硬的岩石开挖。除非大幅改善是取得了一点的生活，真正的坚硬岩石切割仍是超越的境界的可能性与掘进机 。地球力学研究所电磁干扰（ EMI ）的科罗拉多矿业学院一直在开发一种新的刀具技术，迷你光碟机，执行硬岩切削能力圆盘切割器对掘进机 ，以及其他类型的机械挖掘机（ Ozdemir等人， 1995年） 。全面大规模进行化验，一个标准的横向截割头表明，迷你光碟刀具可提高能力的掘进机硬岩开挖的同时，提供较小的刀具的变化和维修停工。这一新的切削加工技术的拥有大有希望的应用掘进机 ，以延长他们的能力，成为经济开挖坚硬岩石。此外，使用小光盘刀具，鼓矿工的概念已被开发的EMI适用于硬岩矿山的发展。相关领域性能数据性能预测是一个重要因素，成功的掘进机的应用。这涉及一般与机器的选择，产率和比特成本估算。成功应用掘进机技术的任何采矿作业起见，准确和可靠的估计数是发达国家为达到生产率，并相对降低成本。此外，它是至关重要的钻头设计和截割头布局优化的岩石条件，要挖掘过程中遇到的。 性能预测涵盖的评估瞬时降息，钻头的消耗率和机器利用率，为不同的地质单位。瞬时切割速度是生产速度在实际切削时间， （吨或立方米/切割小时） 。回升，消费率是指有多少好转改变，每单位体积或重量的岩石开挖， （推荐/立方米或吨） 。机器利用率的百分比所用的时间，开挖期间，该项目。 地球力学研究所科罗拉多矿业学院，共同与矿业部的伊斯坦布尔技术大学已建立了广泛的数据库相关的领域的表现掘进机与客观发展的实证模型，为准确和性能可靠的预测。数据库包含野外数据的形式众多的采矿和民间建设项目在世界各地包括各种掘进机和不同的岩土工程条件。实证性能预测方法主要是根据以往的经验和统计数据的解释，以前的记录病历。以获得所需的现场数据在一个实用和有意义的格式，资料收集表编写和发送给主要承包商，业主，顾问公司，和掘进机制造商。此外，数据收集，从现有的文献对掘进机的性能，并通过实际探访的工作场所。此数据收集工作正在继续进行。该数据库包括六个类别的资料，如表-1。地质参数在数据库中，构成一般岩体和完整的岩石性质。最重要的和相关的岩体特性载于该数据库包括岩体质量称号（ RPD ） ，寝具厚度，罢工和倾角联合集和水文条件。完整的岩石性质是单轴抗压强度，抗拉强度，石英的内容，纹理和研磨性 。该岩层分为单独的区，以尽量减少变化，在机械性能数据，以提供更准确的分析。这也简化了分类属性为每个区域和分析领域的性能数据。性能预测在先前的研究（乔普尔等人， 1997年） ，有与会者建议，而不是发展中国家的一个普遍的性能预测模型，单独的模型不同的地质条件和机器（按分类和随后的正常化领域的数据）应制定，以改善的准确性和可靠性表现的预测。这种方法是介绍并讨论了在这方面的文件，为瞬时切割速度（对ICR ）和位消费率（的BCR ） 。掘进机和截割头类型，岩体的起源和岩石类型是用来作为分类的主要参数。该单轴抗压强度（ UCS ） ， 截割头功率（ P ）的掘进机的重量（ W ）和截割头直径（冠心病）是用来作为正常化的参数。变化的ICR与UCS的基础上，可用的栏位的性能数据，是在数字- 3为所有的地质条件和所遇到的所有类型的掘进机 。一如预期，数据显示，显着的散射与低相关系数，不容许任何趋势推断之间的UCS和ICR 。在离职后的数据为横向掘进机在沉积岩，散射成为小得多，所显示的数字- 4 。还有，相关系数低，排除了一个准确的表达任何关系这两个变数。由于对ICR是成正比的P和W和成反比UCS ，正常化后，由性（ P / UCS ） ， （ u /UCS ）和（ PXW /UCS ） ，相关性是显着改善，显示在数字5 ，第6和7 。由于可见，分类和随后的正常化，产生了一些明确的趋势，在数据中。但关系仍然是不准确的不够的。迄今为止的结果表明，这一方法的应用分类和正常化到数据库一贯导致更准确的预报方程。目前，工作正在进行中把额外的参数（即石英内容）到发达国家的方程，以进一步改善其准确性和丹的适用性。切割头的形状对巷道掘进机稳定性的影响O.Acaroglu和H.Ergin在机械化的挖掘设备之中，巷道掘进机有一个特殊角色。巷道掘进机的稳定状态是决定挖掘效率的一个重要参量。对于具有相等的力量和重量的巷道掘进机，如果一个比另一个更稳定，它可能会回应出更强的景气势力。一个新的计算机程序被开发来分析巷道掘进机的稳定(围绕纵轴，转向边缘，转向后边然后滑动)使用这个程序，可以获得。在这项研究中，切割头形状(球状，圆锥形和组合的截割头)对稳定性的影响是通过将这个方法用于一个纵轴式巷道掘进机来调查的。发现在机器的纵轴附近转动是最重要的稳定状态。在不同的切割头形状之中，球状头在相似的倾斜角下有片刻最低值。以这个稳定状态用一个时间增量来估计所有切割头的形状价值。然而，采撷时常采用小倾斜角，因为他们具有高效率。增大采撷的倾斜角对所有切割头形状的巷道掘进机的滑动的状态都有消极的影响，特别是圆锥形头。巷道掘进机的稳定状态在向后和向边缘转动时对采撷的倾斜角的变动的有一点影响。所有切割区得到的结果都是合理的，然而， 90切割区要比180切割区更方便是由于有较低的反作用力。关键词： 巷道掘进机；稳定性; 截割头形状; 机械化挖掘。数百公里的隧道正在在被采掘，并成为建造项目及这样的隧道需要迅速和安全地被挖掘。所以，机械挖掘系统近年来替换了在地
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