翻译规则简介

1、翻译及商务翻译简介翻译及商务翻译简介一、教学目的：了解基本的翻译理论、原则和方法二、教学过程：1. 翻译的定义和内涵2. 中外著名翻译家的理论3. 翻译标准与实例4.翻译过程理解和表达5. 翻译对译者的要求ll1.翻译的定义和内涵：（翻译的定义和内涵：（Definition and Connotation）lTranslation is an art/ science/craft?l粽子粽子 ？l端午节（农历端午节（农历5 5月月5 5日）是中国古老的传统节日，日）是中国古老的传统节日，l The Dragon Boat Festival, the 5th day of the 5th lun

2、ar month 2 2）东施效颦）东施效颦? ?3 3）亚洲四小龙的经济去年出现了疲软）亚洲四小龙的经济去年出现了疲软lWhat is Translation?Conversion of meaning from one language to another language.The art of reproducing the authors exact idea by means of another language from the original.The act of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natura

3、l equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. (Nida)长春大学光华学院 陈春田翻译的标准翻译的标准提出不同翻译标准的代表人物：l亚历山大弗雷泽泰特勒l尤金奈达l严复l鲁迅l傅雷l钱钟书l许渊冲l张培基2.1国外翻译家的理论：国外翻译家的理论： （influential translation principles）lTranslation: a language activity; a rendering from one lan

4、guage into another.lTranslation is a science.lTranslation is an art.lTranslation is a skill.lTranslation is communicating.lTranslation is a purposeful activity. (Christiane Nord)l“Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language messa

5、ge, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ” (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)l“所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次是文体上。原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次是文体上。” 奈奈达达l泰特勒( Tytler)（英国）：翻译三原则：（1）要将原作的意思全部转移到译文上来；（2）译文应当具备原作的风

6、格和文体；（3）译文和原作要同样的流畅。l(1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.l(2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.l(3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. 2.2 中国几位翻译家的理论（中国几位翻译家的理论（i

7、nfluential translation principles）严复：信达雅faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.傅雷：神似spiritual conformity, Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.

8、 强调原作神韵再现。钱钟书：化境sublimed adaptation. Focus on the translators smooth and idiomatic Chinese version for the sake of the Chinese reader.刘重德：信、达、切faithfulness / expressiveness / closeness.l2. 翻译理论简介翻译理论简介l Yan Fus CriterialYan Fus “faithfulness” means the full and complete conveying or transmission of

9、the original content or thought.lHis “expressiveness” demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense.lSo the first two words as translation criteria are acceptable. But his “elegance” is unadoptable because it refers to the use of clas

10、sical Chinese before that Han Dynasty. Yan Fu held that only the language before the Han Dynasty could be considered elegant and old vocabulary, old structure of Chinese must be used in order to represent the original fully and adequately.l许渊冲：诗歌翻译的三原则“三美”（意美、音美、形美），“三化”（等化、浅化、深化）l傅雷：以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样

11、，所求的不在形似而在神似神似。l钱钟书：文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”，把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入与“化境化境”。长春大学光华学院 陈春田翻译的标准翻译的标准 张培基在英汉翻译教程中提出忠实、通顺的翻译标准： 忠实：忠实于原作的内容，保持原作的风格 通顺：译文语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范。中国翻译史上的论争中国翻译史上的论争鲁迅：宁信而不顺-rather to be faithful than smooth。 目的：引入英文句式的表达法梁实秋、赵景深：宁顺而不信-rather to be smooth tha

12、n faithful 目的：可读性强，便于交流。l l忠实准确、通顺流畅和风格得体可以说是所有标准的共核，三者的次序不可颠倒。忠实准确指译文必须忠实于原文的内容，把原文内容完整准确地转达出来。译者不能随意歪曲、增删、遗漏、篡改原文的内容。通顺流畅指译文要充分发挥译入语的语言优势，译文语言必须标准规范、通俗易懂、符合译入语的表达习惯，不存在死译、硬译、生搬硬套、文理不通的现象。风格得体指译文应尽量忠实转达原文的文体特征和写作风格。3. Basic criteria for translation and business translationlCriteria for translation:

13、 lCriteria for translation are the gauge for translation practice as well as the standard for judging whether a translation is good or bad. Different people suggest different criteria for translation, but they could be summed up as “Faithfulness” (忠实;信)and “Expressiveness/Smoothness”(通顺;达). General

14、criteria (p7)lFaithful / Accuracy 忠实/准确lSmoothness / being readable通顺l l3. 翻译理论与实例翻译理论与实例Faithfulnessl(1) Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money.l译1：因为简想赚钱，所以才不努力工作。l译2：简并不是因为想赚钱才努力工作的。l lNot becauseNot becausel I dont like teaching just because my parents are both teachers. 我喜欢教书，并

15、不仅仅因为父母都是老师。lThe engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished. 引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。lDont scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 不要因为时间紧而敷衍塞责。lIn that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews. 我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。lI didnt buy that car because it was very inexpensive

16、. 我买那辆车，并非因为它很便宜。lI didnt buy that car because it was very expensive. 因为那辆车很贵，所以我没有买。lPure iron is not used in industry because it is too soft. 纯铁因太软而不用于工业。l3. 翻译理论与实例翻译理论与实例Faithfulnessl(2) He was on his way to China again.l译1：他又风尘仆仆地踏上去中国的旅程。l译2：他又踏上去中国的旅程。l(3) He sold hard-to-get items.l译1：他行贿受贿，

17、兜售紧俏商品。l译2：他出售紧俏商品。（2：31）l lSteel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust.l钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。 ( In English, “coat” as a verb means “paint or cover sth. with paint”, so it is only natural to put it into “涂上油漆”, rather than merely using a single verb “涂”. )Faithfulness & Accuracy 忠实忠实/准确

18、准确l伦敦到岸价每打伦敦到岸价每打100英镑英镑. 100 per dozen CIF London.l请报下列商品伦敦船上交货之最低价请报下列商品伦敦船上交货之最低价.lIt would be appreciated if you would let us know by return your lowest possible price for the following goods FOB London.lFOB (free on board)为价格术语为价格术语,意思为意思为”离岸价格或船上离岸价格或船上交货价交货价). 50% by L/C at sight and the bala

19、nce D/P at sight. 50%用即期信用证支付用即期信用证支付,其余的用即期付款交单其余的用即期付款交单.What is Faithfulness?l1) Faithfulness first of all means fidelity to the content/substance of the source text. The target text should convey the content of the source text completely and accurately. Distortion or random addition and deletion

20、 of any kind is not permitted.l2) It also means faithfulness to the source style. That is, the translator should not harm or change the style of the source text; neither should s/he substitute his own style for the style of the source text.Faithfulness & Accuracy 忠实忠实/准确准确l鉴于鉴于我们之间长久愉快的业务关系，本公司将酌情考虑

21、给予5%的折扣的折扣. We will meet you half way by offering a discount of 5% in view of our long pleasant relations.lIn such a case, Seller is bound to reimburse Buyer for any loss or damage sustained therefrom. 在此情况下,卖方负责偿还买方由此所遭受的损失.Faithfulness & Accuracy 忠实忠实/准确准确l买方同意购买、卖方同意出售本货物，其条款如下. The Buyer agrees

22、to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the following goods on the terms and conditions as follows.l本合同用中文和英文两种文字写成,一式两份。 This contract shall be made in duplicate, both in English and Chinese .Faithfulness 忠实忠实lMosquito Bye, Bye, Bye. 蚊虫蚊虫杀、杀、杀杀、杀、杀！ l聪明聪明不必不必绝顶绝顶。（生发灵广告）。（生发灵广告）lWisenessWiseness does

23、not come from does not come from baldnessbaldness. .l不打不相识。（打字机公司广告）不打不相识。（打字机公司广告）lTyping is knowing.l4ord costs 5ive% le$.(Ford)l福特为您省福特为您省5%。（福特汽车）。（福特汽车）What is Smoothness?lExpressiveness/smoothness means that the translation should conform to the norms of the target language so that the target

24、text is smooth and expressive. In one word, the translator should guard against inappropriateness in wording, ungrammaticality or disorder in grammatical structure.lFaithfulness and smoothness is a kind of unity, an organic oneness. An idealized translation should convey the meaning and style of the

25、 source text in an integrated way and be smooth in expression, which is what a translator should try hard to achieve. Smoothnessl(1) She not only laughs a lot but has a heart of gold. 译1：她不仅常常大笑，而且还有一颗黄金之心。译2：她不仅笑口常开，而且还有一颗金子般的心。l(2) One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. 一个和尚挑水吃，

26、两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。l（3）我属蛇。 I was born in the Chinese lunar year of the snake. (3:2) l l 3. 3. 翻译理论与实例翻译理论与实例Smoothnessl早上7点到9点宾馆有早餐供应, 但需凭票就餐. Breakfast is served at the hotel from 7 to 9 oclock to those who produce tickets.lPlease be informed that all the students are to have a meeting at Room 222 in

27、 the office building at 2:00 P.M., March 10. 谨定于3月10日下午2点整在学校办公大楼222厅召开全院学生会. l l 3. 3. 翻译理论与实例翻译理论与实例SmoothnesslWe should be very much obliged if you could let us have full details of your latest products. 倘贵方能详告最新产品的情况,我们不胜感激.lYou will find enclosed with this letter a sample of new socks.l随函附上本公司新

28、出品的短袜样品,请查收.lMany of these fine products are in stock ready for your order. 上述多种优质产品，备有现货，欢迎订购。（4：14） l Good to the last drop .滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。（麦斯威尔咖啡） Fresh-up with Seven-up. (Seven-up) 提神醒脑，喝七喜。 lFaithfulness & Accuracy & SmoothnesslTranslation Standards in Different Styles:vLiterature Translation：Faith

29、fully representing the emotion and writing style of the originalvNews Translation: Accurately translating the latest facts, using newspapers expressions and stylesvEconomy &Tourism & Technology translation: accurately using the special terms and expressionsvLegal Documents Translation: representing

30、the formal and regulated language and styleBasic procedures of translation lAs a practice and operation, translation is governed by its own laws and principles. A translator should follow the following three steps, so that s/he could convey the meaning of the source text accurately and the readers o

31、f the target text could appreciate the style and features of the source text. lThese three steps are: lunderstanding/comprehension; lrepresentation/conveyance/expression; lcheckinglTwo Essentialsl1.1.正确理解正确理解l2.2.准确表达准确表达la. Lexical meaninglb. Sentence structurela. No addition of informationlb. No l

32、oss of informationlc. No distortion of information Comprehension before representation (先理解先理解, 后后动笔动笔)lWhat is comprehension? This is the first step. It is to grasp the original thoughts and opinions, aims and purposes of the source writer, which is one of the indispensable processes of translation

33、.lTranslation involves two major processes: comprehension and representation, that is, to understand the thought, gist and purpose of the source text before representing it in the target language.Understanding （two languages) lA book may be compared to your neighbor; if it be good, it cannot last to

34、o long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early. 一本书好比你的邻居；如果是好书，读书时间再长也不嫌长；如果不是好书，越早丢开越好。cannottoocannottoo（怎么（怎么也不足以）也不足以）lYou You cannotcannot praise the play praise the play tootoo highly. highly. 你你怎么称赞怎么称赞这出戏也不过分。这出戏也不过分。lI shall never be able to stress too much I shall never be able to str

35、ess too much for your kindness.for your kindness. 不管我怎么感谢你，都不足以报恩。不管我怎么感谢你，都不足以报恩。lYou cannot be too careful in proofreading.You cannot be too careful in proofreading. 校对时，越仔细越好。校对时，越仔细越好。l 第五节第五节 翻译的过程翻译的过程understanding, representationUnderstanding （the language itself , syntactic structure, hidden

36、 meanings, contextual meanings, idiomatic usage )1. It will strengthen you to know that your distinguished career is so widely respected and appreciated.译文译文1：这会使你更加认识到，你的杰出事业是如此广泛：这会使你更加认识到，你的杰出事业是如此广泛地受到人们的尊敬和赞赏。地受到人们的尊敬和赞赏。 译文译文2：当你认识到你的杰出事业是如此广泛地受到人们：当你认识到你的杰出事业是如此广泛地受到人们的尊敬和赞赏时，你就会更坚强。的尊敬和赞赏时，你

37、就会更坚强。 分析：在上面这个句子中，不定式短语分析：在上面这个句子中，不定式短语to know thatappreciated是是句子的主语，由先行词句子的主语，由先行词it作代表。作代表。l【例例2】John is now with his parents in New York City；it is already three years since he was a bandmaster.译文译文1：约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥：约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已三年了。已三年了。译文译文2：约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥：约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任

38、乐队指挥已三年了。已三年了。分析：该句中的分析：该句中的since一词是关键。一词是关键。since从句中的从句中的was是指一种是指一种状态结束。如不理解这一惯用法，很可能误译为状态结束。如不理解这一惯用法，很可能误译为lWe have been missing them since they left here. 自从他们离开这里，我们就一直很想念他们。 lIt has been years since she has written a successful novel. 她很多年没有写出成功的小说了. (若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从动作开

39、始的那一时刻起”。 )lJohn is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher. 约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约，他不当教师已经三年了。 l-How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?l-It is has been four years since I lived there 你离开（没住在）上海多久了？ 我已经有四年不住在那里了。 （若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时，则从句表示的时间是

40、“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。） l【例例1】It is good for him to do that.分析：这个句子可以有两种意思：分析：这个句子可以有两种意思：(1)这样做对他有好处。这样做对他有好处。(2)他这样做是件好事。他这样做是件好事。l要做出选择，必须从上下文来推理，看哪一种译法更合乎逻辑。要做出选择，必须从上下文来推理，看哪一种译法更合乎逻辑。l【例例2】I loved you more than Aunt Cathy.分析：该句如果没有上下文，则可能有两种解释：分析：该句如果没有上下文，则可能有两种解释：(1)I loved you more than I loved

41、Aunt Cathy.(2)I loved you more than Aunt Cathy loved you.同样，要做出选择，必须依据上下文才能确定。同样，要做出选择，必须依据上下文才能确定。l 4. 4.理解与表达理解与表达understanding, representationlUnderstanding （cultures)l亚洲“四小龙”l例如中国人喜欢龙，西方人却认为龙是邪恶的代名词。因此，亚洲“四小龙”译为“four Asian tigers”l需要注意的是，商标词的翻译需要译者注意译名在中是否有不好的联想。如：中国电池商标白象，如果翻译成”White Elephant”就

42、不合适，因为英语中”White Elephant”的意思是没有用的东西。ltarget languagel1）”孔雀“牌彩色电视机l2）”白象“牌电池l3）”凤凰“牌自行车l译文：1）”Peacock” Color TVl 2) “White Elephant” Batteryl 3) “Phoenix” Bicyclel评：1. 在中国文化中，”孔雀“是“美”的化身，所以中国有许多商标都以“孔雀“为名。如”孔雀“牌手表。在英语文化中， ”孔雀“没有吉祥之意，反而带有贬义，指“洋洋自得，炫耀”之意。（5：196），有建议用”Kingbird”l2. ”白象“汉语中无不好的意思，英语中“Whit

43、e Elephant” 是“大而无用之物，累赘”之意。l3. ”凤凰“汉语中被誉为“百鸟之王”，象征着“吉祥，富贵”，常被比作出类拔萃的人，如：”山窝窝里飞出了金凤凰“。在英美文化中， “Phoenix” 指的是”凶猛的怪物“。（5：195）l 第五节第五节 翻译的过程翻译的过程understanding, representationUnderstanding （the cultural background) It was Friday *and soon theyd go out and get drunk.星期五发薪日到了，他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。*星期五Friday为英国的发

44、薪日。如不解释，译入语读者就不会明白英国人为什么要在这一天上街去大吃大喝。 ）understanding, representationUnderstanding （the cultural background) 她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. (Public father should be father in law.)Understanding （the cultural background)三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮Many heads are better

45、than one.今年高考他有名落孙山了. This year he failed again in the entrance examinations for college students.l 第五节第五节 翻译的过程翻译的过程understanding, representationUnderstanding （the cultural background) 1) Mr. Wang is my man Friday. 小王是我的得力干将和助手 (“Man Friday”的意思就是“得力、忠诚的助手”。这个说法源自小说鲁滨逊漂流记。Friday原本是个被其他部落俘虏的野人，被鲁滨逊救了

46、出来。由于是星期五救的，于是起名叫Friday。从此，Friday就成了鲁滨逊忠实的仆人。而“man Friday”后来就演变成了得力助手的代名词。如果助手是女性，就叫“girl Friday”。此外，得力助手还可以叫做 “right-hand man”。)看下面例句：He is the man Friday of police. （他是警方的得力助手。）l 第五节第五节 翻译的过程翻译的过程understanding, representationUnderstanding （the cultural background) 2) John is now with his parents i

47、n New York City; it is already three years since he was a bandmaster. 约翰同父母住在纽约市;他不担任乐队指挥已三年了. 3) John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又正直.l 4. 4.理解与表达理解与表达understanding, representationlUnderstanding （the professional knowledge)l Industrial averages were up. 工业股票的平均价

48、格在上涨.Average is of two kinds; General Average and Particular Average. 海损有两种,一种是共同海损,另一种是单独海损.average为股票用语时,指(若干种股票的)”平均价格”; average为保险术语时,指”海损或费用”.l我们将为此批货物购买保险我们将为此批货物购买保险.lWe shall cover insurance on the goods.l我们将对此货投保综合险和战争险我们将对此货投保综合险和战争险.lWe shall cover the goods against All Risks and War Risk

49、. / We shall cover All Risks and War Risk for the goods.lPlease send us the insurance policy together with your receipt for the premiums paid as soon as possible.l请尽快寄保单及已支付的保险费收据请尽快寄保单及已支付的保险费收据. l 4. 4. 翻译的过程翻译的过程Understanding (Exercises) 4) I might have got more for those shares if I had kept it

50、a little longer, but Ive made a profit on them (2:9). 5) The price of vegetables has rocketed recently (2:10). 6) Owing to the falling off of orders, the firm is having to sack a number of its employees (2:12). 7) My father and I have never seen eye to eye where business is concerned. (2:12). 8) You

51、 said that it is out of question, but it seems to me that it is out of the question (2:20).l4. 4. 翻译的过程翻译的过程Understanding (Answers) 4) 那些股票若再晚一点卖掉，我或许赚得更多；不过，我是赚了。 5) 近来蔬菜价格出现暴涨。 6) 由于订货减少，公司正要裁减一批雇员。 7) 在生意问题上，我和父亲从未有过共识。 8）他说不成问题，但在我看来，却是根本不可能。Representation / reproductionFree / Liberal translatio

52、n 1) Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心太早不必自寻烦恼 (如果按原文字面直译为“到了桥边才过桥”，未免不伦不类。) 2)Ruth was upsetting the other children，so I showed her the door.译文：鲁丝一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。 3) Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺骗的吗？l三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge liang the

53、mastermind. Many heads are better than one.The wisdom of the masse exceed that of the wisest individual .Practicel你的表不对。l说曹操，曹操就到。lHe is one of the literary fat cat.lHe is wearing two hats. No wonder he is so busy.lA woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle.lDont ask him for he is typica

54、lly hen-pecked.lDr. Walker has a touch of the Hongkong dog and will be here a little bit late. lHe is now as happy as a cow. lDo you have a sweet tooth?lI wish I were in Johns shoes. He just won a free trip to Europe.l Consumer goods are also abundant of good quality and variety.4.3 Checking lAs the

55、 final step in translation, checking refers to translators meticulous examination of the translation against the source text after the completion of the translation. Though a final step, it is crucial and indispensable. lChecking is particularly important for business translation, for business docum

56、ents or business activities necessarily involve peoples names, place names, trade marks (names of products), numbers and figures, and business technical terms (e.g. “commercial” as an noun means “TV advertisement”). 4.4 The difficulties involved in translation 4.1.1 Difficulties in comprehensionlThe

57、 source text is often in a foreign language, which often takes more trouble for the translator to comprehend than his native language. lMore often than not, the moral(寓意) of the source text is vague, which might have resulted from the authors improper expression or been intended by the source text w

58、riter for some specific purpose.lUnfamiliarity with the background information might also constitute obstacles in comprehension, as the source text author and the translator are often in different times. 4.4 The difficulties involved in translationl4.4.2 The translator has to take the factors of the

59、 target text readers into consideration, and accordingly take some necessary measures for the T T to be readable, for T T readers are different from the source text readers in education, culture, interests and intelligence. One of the measures is annotation (translators notes). 4.4 The difficulties

60、involved in translationl4.4.3 SL is different from TL in ways of expression, which requires the translator to dig into the source text and digest it, and then try to be free from the influence and restraints of ST. That is, the translator should, based on accurate comprehension, represent the source