关 键 词：

含电路图+程序+文档 BCD 260 电冰箱 控制器 设计 电路图 程序 文档

资源描述：

BCD-260电冰箱控制器设计【含电路图+程序+文档】,含电路图+程序+文档,BCD,260,电冰箱,控制器,设计,电路图,程序,文档

内容简介：

CommunicationStandards and Labeling program for refrigerators: Comparing Indiawith othersAditya ChunekarnPrayas Energy Group, Athawale Corner, Karve Road, Deccan Gymkhana, Pune 411004, IndiaH I G H L I G H T S?Indias minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for refrigerators high.?The allowable range of consumption within label large resulting in their dilution.?Highest efficiency rating for refrigerators in India lags behind other countries.?Aggressive tightening of Standards and Labeling is proposed for India.a r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 18 June 2013Received in revised form10 September 2013Accepted 19 September 2013Available online 7 October 2013Keywords:Energy efficiencyRefrigeratorsStandards and Labelinga b s t r a c tEnergy efficiency levels for the Standards and Labeling (S&L) program in India for frost free (FF)refrigerators are compared with similar programs in China, United States of America (USA), and EuropeanUnion (EU). A normalization method developed by International Energy Agency (IEA) is adopted withIndia as a benchmark for comparison. It is observed that the energy consumption level corresponding tominimum energy performance standard (MEPS) is very high in India. India also lags behind othercountries on the consumption level corresponding to highest efficiency rating. Also, the range ofconsumption levels corresponding to a label is wide which dilutes the efficacy of label. India hasaggressively proposed to tighten the ratings for FF refrigerators in 2014 by 36% across all the bands. Thismeasure will make its highest efficiency rating comparable to other countries. However, due to the widegap in the consumption levels across the ratings, the revised MEPS will still lag behind other countries.One possible outcome of high MEPS is that as the ratings are tightened, the market may move to lowerstar rated models significantly undermining the tightening effect.& 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionStandards and Labeling (S&L) for appliances is a widely usedpolicy instrument to improve energy efficiency of appliances.Standards set the minimum energy efficiency levels of appliancesthat can be sold in the market. They are commonly called minimumenergy performance standard (MEPS). Labels rate the appliancesbased to their energy efficiency and help consumers make informeddecisions on their purchase. In combination, S&L improves theenergy efficiency of the appliances in the market by eliminating themost in-efficient appliances through MEPS and promoting the mostefficient ones through labels. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)has been running S&L program for different appliances since 2006in India. The labels in the form of star rating (more the stars, morethe efficiency) have become popular among Indian consumersinfluencing them on buying energy efficient appliances. However,the energy efficiency levels corresponding to the MEPS and labelshave been generally low. Increasing these levels has a potential offurther improving energy efficiency of appliances in Indian marketand subsequently saving significant amount of electricity. The focusof this paper is on refrigerators.Refrigerators consume about 14% of total electricity in residentialsector in India and rank third in the total consumption after lightingand ceiling fans (Boegle et al., 2008). However, the penetration ofrefrigerators in Indian households is still low; only about 8% of ruralhouseholds and 41% of urban households own a refrigerator (NSSO,2010). The low penetration and rising income levels are leading tohigh sales of refrigerators in India. Around 8.4 million refrigeratorswere sold in India in 201011 registering an annual growth of 15%(TVVeopar, 2012). A significant amount of electricity can be savedif these new refrigerators are energy efficient. There is a wide gapin efficiency of refrigerators available in India and those available ininternational markets. There are a number of options such as betterinsulation, high-efficiency compressors and higher heat exchangeContents lists available at ScienceDirectjournal homepage: /locate/enpolEnergy Policy0301-4215/$-see front matter & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved./10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.069nCorresponding author. Tel.: 91 20 25420720; fax: 91 20 25420337.E-mail address: adityaEnergy Policy 65 (2014) 626630efficiency that can reduce the electricity consumption of refrigera-tors. Approximately 5070% efficiency improvement is possible overthe most efficient models available in India (Chunekar et al., 2011;ICF, 2012). Hence, there is a strong case to adopt measures to improveenergy efficiency of refrigerators in India, one of them being anaggressive S&L program.In this paper, the energy efficiency levels for the S&L programin India for refrigerators are compared with similar programs inChina, United States of America (USA), and European Union (EU)on their stringency and efficacy. The testing procedure to measurethe energy consumption of a refrigerator varies across countriesand hence the measured values cannot be compared directly.These values should be normalized to be compared. A normal-ization method developed by the International Energy Agency(IEA) (IEA, 2010) has been used in this analysis. The normalizedvalues are then compared based on three metrics: (a) CurrentMEPS and its proposed tightening (b) range of ratings, and(c) Current most efficient rating label and its proposed tightening.2. Methodology2.1. Standard methodology to identify energy efficiencyof refrigeratorThe energy efficiency of a refrigerator is identified by comparinglaboratory measured annual unit energy consumption (UEC) of amodel to comparative energy consumption (CEC). The testingprocedure to measure UEC of a refrigerator is broadly similar acrossdifferent countries. A typical testing procedure can be described infollowing steps (IEA, 2010):1. A refrigerator is placed in a temperature controlled environ-ment, switched on and allowed to stabilize.2. The refrigerator is than operated for one or more time periodssuch that the time period covers a normal operational cycle andthe energy consumption of electricity is measured. This isusually a 24 hour period.3. The measured energy consumption is then used to estimateannual energy consumption i.e. the UEC of the refrigerator.The UEC is then compared to the CEC to identify the energyefficiency of refrigerator. The CEC is the indicative annual energyconsumption corresponding to a particular efficiency level. Forinstance, if the UEC of a 250 l Frost Free model with 50 l freezer inIndia is less than CEC of 329 kW h, then it is rated as 5 stars. TheCEC is given as a function of pre-specified constants for differentefficiency levels, external and internal temperatures, net storagevolume, volume of freezer compartments, and presence of featureslike ice-making units. The details of this method are described inAppendix 1.2.2. Normalization methodAlthough the procedure for measurement of energy efficiencyis broadly similar, there are number of factors that can result invariation in the results across different countries. The mostimportant factor is the specification for the ambient temperatureof the testing room as well as internal temperature of refrigeratorcompartments. If the specification for the ambient testing tem-perature is high, the refrigerator will require more cooling andhence consume more energy as compared to a procedure that setslower values for the ambient temperature. Apart from the tem-perature settings, there are other factors that can affect the energyconsumption measurement: the presence and the position of theload in refrigerator, the specific procedures for accounting de-frost,use of ancillary features like ice-makers, tolerances, opening ofdoors during operation and others.In this analysis, a normalization method developed by the InternalEnergy Agency (IEA, 2012) is adopted for India. The method accountsfor the variation due to the most important factor, the temperaturespecifications. The energy used by the refrigerator is directly related tothe difference between internal compartment temperatures andexternal (ambient) temperature. According to the empirical analysisdone by experts from IEA, the change in energy required to cool therefrigerator is approximately 3% for every 1 1C change in the differ-ential between internal and external test temperatures. For example, ifthe differential temperature is 1 1C greater in test method A comparedwith test method B, then to be comparable, the energy consumedin test method A must be reduced by 3%. However, as discussedpreviously, different compartments of a refrigerator operate at differ-ent temperatures. Different test methods may have different specifica-tionsforinternalcompartments.Hence,thenormalizationisconducted at compartment level. The locally computed CEC is allo-cated to compartments using the adjusting volume method describedin Appendix 1 and then normalized using the correction factor above.The normalized energy consumptions of compartments are thensummed to estimate the normalized total CEC of the refrigerator. Thismethod can be summarized as follows:1. The comparative energy consumption (CEC) levels correspond-ing to MEPS and the energy efficiency ratings for the identifiedtypical model are calculated using the local test methodologies.2. The local CEC value is then allocated proportionately to indivi-dual compartments according to the adjusting volume methodfor India as described in Appendix 1.3. The difference of temperature specifications (both internal andexternal) for individual compartments between the localmethodology and the Indian specifications is calculated.4. The local compartment level CEC is normalized according totemperature differences. The normalized CEC values are summedto calculate the total CEC value.All the calculations are conducted for a 250 l frost-free refrigeratorwith 50 l freezer volume is considered as a typical model. This modelis the most common model available in the frost-free category inIndia. The choice of frost free category is influenced by two reasons:(a) the S&L program is mandatory for frost-free refrigerators in Indiaunlike the direct-cool refrigerators and (b) although, the share offrost free is only 30% of the total refrigerator market, it is significantlyincreasing and is expected to surpass the direct-cool segment.There is a lack of empirical evidence to identify the individualimpact of the other factors (individual or in inter-relation).However, IEA mentions the aim of their approach is “ within alimited set of resources, provide policymakers with high levelinformation to facilitate strategic decision making and/or to enablethen to target further resources to investigate specific areas ofinterest”. The objective also extends to this analysis.3. Standards and Labeling (S&L) program in differentcountriesThis section broadly describes the S&L programs in India, China,USA and EU.3.1. IndiaS&L program for refrigerators is applicable for two mostpopular segments: direct-cool (DC) and frost-free (FF). DC refrig-erators are single door refrigerators with natural convection forcooling which requires manual de-frosting. FF refrigerators areA. Chunekar / Energy Policy 65 (2014) 626630627two-three door refrigerators with forced air-circulation for coolingand automatic defrosting. Under the program, the refrigerators arerated from 1 star to 5 stars with 5 stars being the most efficient.The information on annual consumption and the star rating isprominently displayed on the refrigerator. The program is volun-tary for DC refrigerators and mandatory for FF refrigerators. Thusin case of FF refrigerators, the 1 star level becomes the minimumenergy performance standard (MEPS). BEE has announced aperiodic tightening of standards for FF and DC refrigerators in2012 and 2014. The announcement for FF refrigerator has beenpublished in the official gazette of India and hence legally bindingunlike the one related to DC refrigerators. Please refer GoI. (2009)for further details.3.2. ChinaChina has a standard named GB 12021 for minimum allowablevalues of energy efficiency and energy efficiency grades for house-holds refrigerators. It grades refrigerators from grade 1 to grade5 with grade 1 being the most efficient refrigerator. The standard isapplicable to all motor-driven compression type refrigerators forhousehold purposes. There is a correctional factor to account forthe frost-free component of the refrigerator instead of a differentstandard like India. The latest revision of the standard seems tohave occurred in 2008. The standard mentions that it will berevised after 4 years in 2012, but the revised version is notavailable on the website. This analysis assumes that the 2008standards are still in place and the new standards will beimplemented in 2014. Please refer China GB 12021 (China, 2008)for further details.3.3. United States of America (USA)USA has one of the oldest S&L programs established throughthe National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA) in 1987.The program sets MEPS for refrigerators, refrigeratorfreezers andfreezers. There is a variety of types and sizes available in USAunlike India. The standard specifies MEPS for 36 different productclasses in this category. The product class suitable for comparisonin this analysis is class 3: “refrigerator-freezersautomatic defrostwith top-mounted freezer without through-the-door ice serviceand all-refrigeratorsautomatic defrost”. The current revision ofthe standards has been in effect since July 1, 2001 and will beapplicable till September 15, 2014. A tightened set of standardswill be in effect after 2014. Please refer DoE (1997) for moredetails. Energy star1is a US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) voluntary program established in 1992 under the Clean AirAct. In case of refrigerator, the energy star rating is provided tothose products which are 20% more efficient than the MEPS set bythe NAECA. This is a one-step rating for all the appliances unlikeIndia and China where there are different levels of rating. Hence,Energy Star rating does not necessarily indicate the most efficientrefrigerators available in USA.3.4. European Union (EU)Like US, EU has a wide variety of types and sizes of refrigeratorsand has a labeling system that applies to 10 product categories ofrefrigerators. The current version of the ratings is effective since2010 and is proposed to be revised in 2014. The product classconsidered for this analysis is category 7 called refrigeratorfreezer.The rating is in the form of 10 labels with the most efficient beingA followed by A , A, A up to G, G being the leastefficient. The “beyond A” labels were launched in 2010. The labelingis mandatory with level G being the most in-efficient. It has beenproposed to set stringent MEPS in 2014 (IEA, 2012). Please refer toEuropean Union Regulation No. 1060/2010 (EU, 2010).4. ObservationsThe S&L programs have been compared on three metrics:(a) Current MEPS and its proposed tightening (b) range of ratings,and (c) current most efficient rating label and its proposedtightening. The model considered for analysis is a 250 l frost-freerefrigerator with 50 l freezer compartment. The energy consump-tion levels corresponding to MEPS and labels are normalized usingIndia as a benchmark as described in Section 2.Fig.1 shows the MEPS for the four countries/regions. The MEPS inChina and USA are 37% and 49% lower (i.e. more efficient) than thatin India while EU allows refrigerators with 28% lesser efficiencythan India.One peculiar thing about Indian S&L for FF refrigerators is thatthere are almost no models available in market falling under labels12 stars. All the models are 35 stars categories (ref BEE annualsavings). Hence there is no reason to keep the MEPS so high.All the countries have either announced or are planning totighten the standards in 2014. India and USA will tighten thestandards in 2014. China had planned to tighten the standards in2012, but the relevant website2shows 2008 as the latest revision.The above MEPS correspond to 2008 revision. It is assumed thatthe tightening procedure is delayed and the proposed tighteningwill now occur in 2014. The EU regulation on energy efficiencymentions that the standards will be reviewed in 2014. The exactdetails of the revision are not announced but it is expected thatthe MEPS will have an energy efficiency index of 42 (IEA, 2012).The proposed tightened standards in 2014 are shown in Fig. 2.It can be seen that after tightening, India lags behind all threecountries/regions. Even if EU does not revise as aggressively asspeculated, India MEPS will be 33% higher than USA and 7% higherthan China.Fig. 3 shows the range of consumption values for differentlabels. USA has only energy star label. EU has ten labels but onlytop 5 are shown here for comparison. However it can be seen thatthe range of consumption values across different labels is high inIndia as indicated by the higher slope of the line. For instance therange of consumption for 3 stars label in India for a 250 l FFrefrigerator is from 411 kW h/year to 514 kW h/year. That means arefrigerator of 411 kW h and a refrigerator of 500 kW h can bothbe 3 stars rating despite such a significant difference in theirconsumption levels. This dilutes the value of the label. The range ofenergy consumption values in a band should be narrow.020040060080010001200 India China USA EU Normalized Maximum Allowed Annual consumption (kWh/yr) 28% less efficient than India 49% more efficient 37% more efficient Fig. 1. Normalized minimum energy performance standards (MEPS).1/index.cfm?c=refrig.pr_crit_refrigerators(lastaccessed 08th May, 2013).2/en/ (last accessed 08th May, 2013).A. Chunekar / Energy Policy 65 (2014) 626630628Fig. 4 compares the normalized energy consumption valuescorresponding to the highest energy efficiency label. It can be seenthat EU is much more ahead of India (54% more efficient) whileChina is 23% more efficient. As mentioned previously, USA has onlyone-step rating and hence much more efficient models areavailable in the market.Fig. 5 shows proposed tightening of the higher efficiency ratings.India has aggressively proposed to tighten its entire range of ratingsfrom MEPS to higher efficiency label by 36%. This aggressive tighteningof standards will result in Indias highest energy efficiency ratingsbeing efficient than both USA and China. EU will still be 28% moreefficient than India. Although, India will be comparable to othercountries as far as highest rating is concerned, as seen in Fig. 2, theMEPS will still lag behind the other countries. A possible outcome ofhigh MEPS is that as the standards are tightened, the market may shiftto lower star models. Hence, tightening of standards may not achieveits desired outcome.5. ConclusionsThe minimum energy performance standard (MEPS) for frostfree refrigerators in India, corresponding to 1 star rating, is veryhigh thus allowing models with very high consumption to be soldin the market. The MEPS is much lower in China (37% lower) andUSA (49% lower). Although, there are almost no 12 star modelsavailable in India now, there is a possibility that the market mayslide to lower rated models when the labels are tightenedaggressively in future. Hence it is recommended to lower theMEPS consumption significantly.The range of consumption levels allowed in a particular starrating is significantly wide in India. For instance, a refrigeratorconsuming 411 kW h and a refrigerator consuming 500 kW h canboth be rated as 3 stars despite such a significant difference in theirconsumption levels. This results in dilution of rating label. It issuggested to narrow the range of consumption levels for labels.The consumption level corresponding to the highest efficiencyrating is very high in India as compared to other countries. It is23% lower in China while in EU it is a significantly 54% lower thanIndia. Even, in USA, the single step rating is 9% more stringent thanIndia. India has proposed to aggressively tighten the ratings for FFrefrigerators in 2014 by 36% across all the bands. This will makeIndias highest energy efficiency rating better than those proposedfor China (21% less efficient) and USA (30% less efficient). It willstill lag behind EU which will have 28% more efficient refrigeratorsas their highest efficiency rating. However, India will still lagbehind on MEPS. USA will be 33% more efficient and China willbe 7% more efficient than India. One possible outcome of lowMEPS and high range of ratings is that as the ratings are tightened,the market may move to lower star rated models significantlyundermining the tightening effect.Appendix 1. Standard methodology to calculate energyefficiency of refrigeratorIn a typical method, the laboratory measured annual unitenergy consumption (UEC) is compared to comparative energyconsumption (CEC) to identify energy efficiency. Different com-partments in a refrigerator like freezer and fresh food operate atdifferent temperatures. In order to compute CEC, adjusting volumemethod is used to approximate individual volumes to equivalentvolumes of standard compartment operating at standard condi-tions. This is normally the fresh food compartment. The CEC isthen prescribed as a function of this adjusted volume.CEC A ? VadjBA and B are constants with units of kW h/l/year and kW h/year,respectively. The efficiency level can be identified by prescribingvalues for A and B. Alternatively, a base maximum CEC is computedusing a fixed set of A and B. The CEC corresponding to energyefficiency ratings are then given as a percentage of base CEC. Thisis called the energy efficiency index (EEI). For example, an EEIof 50% indicates the CEC of the rating is 50% of the base CEC.0100200300400500600 India China USA EU Normalized Maximum Allowed Annual consumption in 2014 (kWh/yr) 44% more efficient than India 33% more efficient 7% more efficient Fig. 2. Proposed normalized minimum energy performance standards (MEPS)in 2014.0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 star (low Eff.) 2 star3 star4 star 5 star (High Eff) Normalized allowable consumption in each band (kWh/yr) Energy Efficiency Bands India China USA EU Fig. 3. Range of energy efficiency ratings.050100150200250300350 India China USA EU Normalized Annual consumption