在社会转型中促进大学生就业和创业

1、在社会转型中促进大学生就业和创业Advancing Employability and Entrepreneurship in Transition Society 李家华李家华 副院长、教授副院长、教授Professor Jiahua Li，Vice-President一、中国大学生就业创业的社会背景一、中国大学生就业创业的社会背景. The social background of employment and entrepreneurship of Chinese college studentspChinese society is undergoing rapid social tr

2、ansition. This transformation consists of three levels:pthe first level is the macro-social transformation , which transit from the traditional agricultural society to a modern industrial society (or the Information Society);pthe second level is the meso-social transformation , which transit from th

3、e political struggle-centered society to economic construction centered society;pThe third level is micro social transformation , which transit from the previous planned economy to market economy; from political centralization to political democracy; from single culture to multi cultural.p这些社会转型影响和导

4、致了大学生就业和创业环境的变化。这些社会转型影响和导致了大学生就业和创业环境的变化。 pThese social transition caused the change of employment and entrepreneurship environment.2 2、中国正在努力实现小康社会的发展目标中国正在努力实现小康社会的发展目标China is striving to achieve the goals of a well-off society. p2020年达到如下十项建设指标：年达到如下十项建设指标： p China is going to achieve the follo

5、wing 10 construction indicators by the year 2020: p一是年人均国内生产总值超过一是年人均国内生产总值超过3000美元。二是城镇居民人均可支配年美元。二是城镇居民人均可支配年收入收入1.8万元。三是农村居民家庭人均纯收入万元。三是农村居民家庭人均纯收入8000元。四是恩格尔系元。四是恩格尔系数低于数低于40%。五是城镇人均住房建筑面积。五是城镇人均住房建筑面积30平方米。平方米。pFirst, per capita GDP will be more than 3，000 U.S. dollars. pSecond, per capita disp

6、osable income of urban residents will be reached 18,000 Yuan. pThird, the per capita net income of rural families will be reached 8,000 Yuan. pFourth, the Engels coefficient will be lower than 40%. pFifth, the per capita housing room for city and town families will be 30 square meters. 2 2、中国正在努力实现小

7、康社会的发展目标中国正在努力实现小康社会的发展目标China is striving to achieve the goals of a well-off society.p六是城镇化率达到六是城镇化率达到50%。七是居民家庭计算机普及率。七是居民家庭计算机普及率20%。八是大学毛入。八是大学毛入学率学率20%。九是每千人医生数。九是每千人医生数2.8人。十是城镇居民最低生活保障率人。十是城镇居民最低生活保障率95%以上。以上。 pSixth, urbanization rate will be reached 50%p Seventh, computer penetration rate i

8、n residents families will be 20%. pEighth, gross enrollment rate of universities will be 20%. pNinth, there is going to be 2.8 doctors per thousand people. pTenth, the minimum living standard protection rate of city and town residents will be more than 95%.p以上目标能否实现与大学生的就业与创业情况互相关联。以上目标能否实现与大学生的就业与创

9、业情况互相关联。pThere is an interrelated relationship between employment and entrepreneurship of university students and the achievement of those objectives we mentioned above. 3、中国将面对严峻的就业形势、中国将面对严峻的就业形势China will face the severe employment situationp第一、处于劳动年龄人口第一、处于劳动年龄人口增长高峰期。每年进入劳增长高峰期。每年进入劳动年龄约动年龄约180

10、0万人；万人；pFirst, China is experiencing the peak period of working-age population growth. Every year, there are 18 million people who get into the working-age; 3、中国将面对严峻的就业形势、中国将面对严峻的就业形势China will face the severe employment situationp第二、农业劳力超第二、农业劳力超过需求，富余过需求，富余1.5亿，需向第二、三亿，需向第二、三产业转移。产业转移。 pSecond, a

11、gricultural labor is oversupplied of 150 million, it is necessary to be shifted to the second and tertiary industries. 3、中国将面对严峻的就业形势、中国将面对严峻的就业形势China will face the severe employment situationp问题：第一产业拒绝就业；第二产业负就业；第三产业难就业。问题：第一产业拒绝就业；第二产业负就业；第三产业难就业。Therefore, the pressure of all the three industrie

12、s is enormous. The problems existing at present are: pthe refuse employment of primary industry; pthe negative employment of secondary industry; pthe difficult employment of tertiary industry. 3、中国将面对严峻的就业形势、中国将面对严峻的就业形势China will face the severe employment situationp高校毕业生却逐年剧增，高校毕业生却逐年剧增，2001-2009年

13、高校毕业生人数增长了年高校毕业生人数增长了4.3倍。倍。pThe number of college graduates has increased year by year;phas increased by 4.3 times since2001 to 2009.2001年年115万万2002年年145万万2003年年212万万2004年年280万万2005年年338万万2006年年413万万2007年年495万万2008年年559万万2009年年611万万20011.150 million20021.450 million20032.120 million20042.800 millio

14、n20053.380 million20064.130 million20074.950 million20085.590 million20096.110 million3、中国将面对严峻的就业形势、中国将面对严峻的就业形势China will face the severe employment situationp第三、第三、GDP增长创造就业岗位减增长创造就业岗位减少。国家统计局的一个测算表明，少。国家统计局的一个测算表明，在在20世纪世纪80年代，年代，GDP每增长每增长1个百分点，可增加个百分点，可增加240万个就业万个就业岗位，而岗位，而90年代以来，只能增加年代以来，只能增加7

15、0万个。万个。pThird, the jobs which brings about by the GDP growth have reduced. A National Bureau of Statistics estimates show that in the 1980s, every 1GDP growth can brought 2.4 million jobs, while since the 1990s, the number of new job can only be 700,000.3、中国将面对严峻的就业形势、中国将面对严峻的就业形势China will face the

16、 severe employment situationp当前的就业面临着三个特殊情况：由传统企业改制、改革带来的工人当前的就业面临着三个特殊情况：由传统企业改制、改革带来的工人下岗、失业问题；由于农业劳动力向城市转移带来的农民工问题；由下岗、失业问题；由于农业劳动力向城市转移带来的农民工问题；由于高校扩招和教育质量带来的大学生就业难问题。于高校扩招和教育质量带来的大学生就业难问题。 pThe current employment faces three special circumstances: pthe laid-off workers and unemployment problem

17、which are brought about by the traditional enterprises reform; pthe migrant workers issue which caused by the transfer of the agricultural labor to the cities;pthe college students employment problem which is a result of the expansion and quality of colleges education. 5 . 25 wo ai wo (I love myself

18、). Employment is the theme of this years Mental Health Day, since the economic downturn has left graduates with bleak job prospects. 如何解决就业这个最棘手的社会问题？如何解决就业这个最棘手的社会问题？How to solve the most difficult social problememployment ? p显然，国家的政策显然，国家的政策具有重要的导向功具有重要的导向功能和扶持作用。能和扶持作用。pIt is obviously that the n

19、ational policy performs an important role in guiding function and support.pJanuary 19th, 2009, the State Council General Office issued a Circular on strengthening the work of colleges employment, which called for the first place of employment of college graduates in current employment. pThe followin

20、g eight effective measures are expected to be adopted: 1、国务院政策、国务院政策1. State Policies 年年1月月19日，国务院下发了日，国务院下发了通知通知采采取八条有效措施：取八条有效措施：1、国务院政策、国务院政策1. State Policiesp 鼓励和引导高校毕业生到城乡基层就业。鼓励和引导高校毕业生到城乡基层就业。 鼓励高校毕业生到中小企业和非公有制企业就业。鼓励高校毕业生到中小企业和非公有制企业就业。 鼓励骨干企业和科研项目单位积极吸纳和稳定高校毕业生就业。鼓励骨干企业和科研项目单位积极吸纳和稳定高校毕业生就业

21、。 鼓励和支持高校毕业生自主创业。鼓励和支持高校毕业生自主创业。 pEncouraging and guide college graduates to have their jobs in the basic level of urban and rural areas. pEncouraging college graduates to small and medium-sized enterprises, and non-public ownership enterprises.pEncouraging the backbone enterprises and research orga

22、nizations to absorb and stabilize the employment of college graduates actively. pEncouraging and support entrepreneurship for college graduates. 1、国务院政策、国务院政策1. State Policiesp 强化高校毕业生就业服务和就业指导。强化高校毕业生就业服务和就业指导。 提升高校毕业生就业能力。提升高校毕业生就业能力。 强化对困难高校毕业生的就业援助。强化对困难高校毕业生的就业援助。 加强领导，明确责任。加强领导，明确责任。 pStrength

23、ening the employment services and employment guidance of college graduates. pEnhancing the employability of college graduates. pStrengthening employment assistance for the college graduates who are in a vulnerable situation.pStrengthening leadership, clarify responsibility.2、教育部政策、教育部政策2, the Minist

24、ry of Education Policy p之后，教育部已推出六条举措：之后，教育部已推出六条举措：p 鼓励高校毕业生到基层、到中西部地区就业鼓励高校毕业生到基层、到中西部地区就业p 鼓励重大科研项目聘用高校毕业生鼓励重大科研项目聘用高校毕业生p 鼓励高校毕业生应征入伍服兵役鼓励高校毕业生应征入伍服兵役pAfter that, the Ministry of Education has launched six initiatives: p- Encouraging college graduates to the basic level, to the central and weste

25、rn regionsp-Encouraging major research projects to employ college graduates p- Encouraging college graduates to perform compulsory military service conscripts 2、教育部政策、教育部政策2. The Ministry of Education Policy p 优化人才培养结构，加强专业型、应用型人才培养优化人才培养结构，加强专业型、应用型人才培养 强化高校毕业生就业服务和就业指导强化高校毕业生就业服务和就业指导 大力提升高校毕业生就业能

26、力大力提升高校毕业生就业能力p pOptimizing the structure of personnel training, enhancing the training of professional, and application-oriented talent.p Strengthening the employment services and employment guidance of college graduates.p Enhancing the employability of college graduates3、地方政策、地方政策3. Local Policies

27、 p以北京为例：今年北京市有以北京为例：今年北京市有70余万人存在就业需求，其中大学生就有余万人存在就业需求，其中大学生就有21万人。万人。3月月11日北京市人事局公布了日北京市人事局公布了北京市人民政府办公厅关北京市人民政府办公厅关于做好于做好2009年普通高等学校毕业生就业工作的通知年普通高等学校毕业生就业工作的通知，出台了，出台了15项项促进大学生就业的措施：促进大学生就业的措施：pTake Beijing as an example: the demand for jobs in Beijing this year has reached more than 70 million pe

28、ople, of which 210,000 are college students. March 11th, Personnel Bureau announced the General Office of Beijing Municipal Peoples Government in doing well in employment of university graduates in 2009, which introduced 15 measures to promote employment of university students: p 应届毕业生升学扩大招生应届毕业生升学扩

29、大招生1万人万人 p 提供提供3000个中小学教师岗位供优秀毕业生个中小学教师岗位供优秀毕业生 p 当个体工商户免行政事业费当个体工商户免行政事业费 p 硕士毕业生可授聘搞科研并可落户硕士毕业生可授聘搞科研并可落户 p 小企业招毕业生小额贷款享优惠小企业招毕业生小额贷款享优惠 pThe further education expansion of this years graduates for 10,000 students pProviding 3000 jobs as primary and secondary school teachers for those outstanding

30、graduates pTo waive the administrative expenditure for those graduates who choose to do individual industrial and commercial.pMasters graduates may employed to engage in research and be settled pSmall businesses enjoy the benefits of micro-credit recruit by employing graduates3 3、地方政策、地方政策3. Local P

31、olicies3. Local Policies其它十项就业措施概要其它十项就业措施概要Summary of some other 10 employment measures p1.实施就业推荐制度，毕业生求职至少推荐一次。实施就业推荐制度，毕业生求职至少推荐一次。 p2.对困难毕业生实行一对一重点帮扶。对困难毕业生实行一对一重点帮扶。 p3.鼓励用人单位招收就业困难的毕业生，招收企业享岗位补贴等。鼓励用人单位招收就业困难的毕业生，招收企业享岗位补贴等。 p4.选聘选聘2000名毕业生到社区工作。名毕业生到社区工作。 p5.招聘大学生招聘大学生“村官村官”。 p1. The implemen

32、tation of the recommendation system of employment, recommend job for graduates at least once. p2. Providing one-on-one focus assistance to the college graduates who are in a vulnerable situation. p3. Encourage employers to employ graduates who have employment difficulties, the employ company can enj

33、oy job subsidies and other subsidies. p4. Selected 2000 graduates to work for communities. p5. Recruiting college students to be village official. 其它十项就业措施概要其它十项就业措施概要Summary of some other 10 employment measuresp6.各高校要开设就业指导课作为必修课程。各高校要开设就业指导课作为必修课程。 p7.政府部门做好毕业生就业政策，统筹安排资金用于高校就业。政府部门做好毕业生就业政策，统筹安排资

34、金用于高校就业。 p8.就业工作放首位，完善高校就业管理和服务体系。就业工作放首位，完善高校就业管理和服务体系。p9.组织开展毕业生就业服务系列活动。组织开展毕业生就业服务系列活动。 p10.组织促进就业的学习实践，拓展毕业生实习见习基地组织促进就业的学习实践，拓展毕业生实习见习基地。p6. All colleges and universities have to set career guidance as for a compulsory.p7. Government departments should do well in implementing employment policy

35、 for graduates and co-coordinately arrange funds for the graduates employment. p8. To put the graduates employment in the first place of work, to perfect management and service system of employment of colleges.p9. To organize a series of employment service activities for graduates. p10. To organize

36、the study and practice which can promote employment, expand graduate internship bases.三、中国大学生就业指导与创业教育的状况及案例三、中国大学生就业指导与创业教育的状况及案例. The situation and cases of employment guidance and entrepreneurship education of Chinese college studentsp1、就业指导状况、就业指导状况p1. The situation of employment guidance - 国家对高

37、校就业指导的政策国家对高校就业指导的政策State policy of University employment guidance1999年，高等教育的扩招，大学毕业生的人数成倍增长，对高校就业年，高等教育的扩招，大学毕业生的人数成倍增长，对高校就业指导工作提出了更高的要求。指导工作提出了更高的要求。In 1999, the expansion of higher education, and the doubled increase of colleges and universities graduates, which putting forward higher requiremen

38、ts on university employment guidance. - 国家对高校就业指导的政策国家对高校就业指导的政策State policies of college employment guidancep2002 年教育部要求：高校必须健全年教育部要求：高校必须健全“全程化、全员化、专业化、信全程化、全员化、专业化、信息化息化”四化标准的就业服务体系。要求提高就业指导专业化水平。要四化标准的就业服务体系。要求提高就业指导专业化水平。要求就业经费不低于学生学费的求就业经费不低于学生学费的1%，专职就业指导人员与毕业生的比，专职就业指导人员与毕业生的比例不低于例不低于1 500。p

39、In 2002, the Ministry of Education Required: pColleges must make the employment services system sound. The system is standardized by four standards: pfull journey-oriented, all member-centered, specialization, information-based.pThe professional level of employment guidance should be raised. pFundin

40、g of the employment will be no less than 1% of students tuition fees;p full-time employment guiders will be with the proportion of graduates of no less than 1:500.高校就业指导课程设置高校就业指导课程设置College employment guidance curriculump按教育部要求高校必须开设就业指导课，作为必修课。按教育部要求高校必须开设就业指导课，作为必修课。低年级为职业生涯规划；高年级为求职就业专题讲座和低年级为职业

41、生涯规划；高年级为求职就业专题讲座和辅导。辅导。 pColleges must be requested to set employment guidance lessons up as compulsory by the Ministry of Education. pFor the lower grades, the lessons are set as career planning; and for the senior or seminars, the lessons are set for job-seekers, employment and counseling.高校就业指导实

42、践活动高校就业指导实践活动 The practical activities of university employment guidancep组织学生职业生涯规划大赛。组织学生职业生涯规划大赛。p编印就业资料，举办毕业生经验介绍会。编印就业资料，举办毕业生经验介绍会。p建立就业服务网络。开通手机短信服务。建立就业服务网络。开通手机短信服务。p加强毕业生素质拓展和能力训练。加强毕业生素质拓展和能力训练。p组织招聘会。组织招聘会。porganizing Students career planning competition. ppublishing employment data, hold

43、ing experiences introduction sessions of graduates. p establishing the employment service network. SMS service Launching. penhancing the training of graduates quality development and capacity development. porganizations recruitment. 案例：以济南大学为例案例：以济南大学为例CASE: take Jinan University for examplep2000年成立

44、了年成立了“济南大学毕业生济南大学毕业生就业工作指导委员会就业工作指导委员会”，建立，建立“济济南大学就业指导中心南大学就业指导中心”。购买了就。购买了就业工作专用服务器，建起了学生机业工作专用服务器，建起了学生机房，供毕业生免费上网。房，供毕业生免费上网。pIn 2000,Jinan University Steering Committee on the work of graduate employment, and Jinan University employment guidance Center were established in Jinan University. A de

45、dicated server for employment was bought, a students computer room was built, which supply free Internet access for graduates.案例：以济南大学为例案例：以济南大学为例CASE: take Jinan University for examplep2003年引进了年引进了“高校毕业生就业管理系统高校毕业生就业管理系统”，实现了用人单位与毕业，实现了用人单位与毕业生网上双选、就业协议书网上备案、网上咨询、网上信息查询、网上毕生网上双选、就业协议书网上备案、网上咨询、网上信息

46、查询、网上毕业生档案查询等的电子化。为每位毕业生印制人手一册的业生档案查询等的电子化。为每位毕业生印制人手一册的济南大学就济南大学就业工作办法业工作办法，对当年的国家就业政策、就业形势、就业工作流程和一，对当年的国家就业政策、就业形势、就业工作流程和一些就业、择业技巧等等进行了详细的介绍；些就业、择业技巧等等进行了详细的介绍； pIn 2003, Jinan University introduced Management System for the employment of college graduates, which achieved the online dual electio

47、ns between employers and graduates, online employment agreement filing, online consultation, online information selection, online information inquiries, online electronic files of graduates.pThe university has printed a manual named approaches on employment of Jinan University” for each graduate sin

48、ce 2003, which detailed introduces the national employment policies, employment situation, employment work flow of the year, and some skills of employment etc. 案例：以济南大学为例案例：以济南大学为例CASE: take Jinan University for examplep2004年在校园学生生活区建设了就业信息公告栏，在就业中心设立就业年在校园学生生活区建设了就业信息公告栏，在就业中心设立就业书屋；书屋；p2005年开设了职业生

49、涯规划测评和职前教育学堂软件系统。投入专项经年开设了职业生涯规划测评和职前教育学堂软件系统。投入专项经费开展就业工作调研，了解企业对学生的评价。建立学士后流动站等多费开展就业工作调研，了解企业对学生的评价。建立学士后流动站等多种形式的实习基地。种形式的实习基地。pIn 2004, established employment information bulletin boards in campus student living area, set employment House in employment centers; pIn 2005, Career Planning evaluat

50、ion and pre-inauguration education software system was established. Input special funds to carry out research work, in order to understood the evaluation of enterprises on students. Established practice bases of varied forms such as post-degree programs and other forms.2、创业教育的状况、创业教育的状况The situation

51、 of Entrepreneurship Educationp中国的创业教育从中国的创业教育从2002 年初教育部在清华大学等年初教育部在清华大学等9 所所高校进行创业教育试点并举办了两届高校进行创业教育试点并举办了两届“创业教育骨干教创业教育骨干教师培训班师培训班”, 标志着中国大学生创业教育的正式开始。标志着中国大学生创业教育的正式开始。pIn early 2002, the Ministry of Education conducted “training for the backbone of entrepreneurship education teachers” for two p

52、hases in the nine colleges and universities such as Tsinghua University, which marks the official beginning of Entrepreneurship Education in China. 2、创业教育的状况、创业教育的状况The situation of Entrepreneurship Educationp全国许多大学经历了引全国许多大学经历了引进、吸收、设计、实施、进、吸收、设计、实施、完善、提高和推广的阶完善、提高和推广的阶段。段。pMany universities have e

53、xperienced the introducing, absorb, design, implement, improve, enhance and promote period.师资队伍师资队伍 Teaching staffp2003 年年10月，教育部委托北京航空航天大学举办第一期创业教育骨月，教育部委托北京航空航天大学举办第一期创业教育骨干教师培训班，来自全国干教师培训班，来自全国105 所高校的所高校的180 人参加了学习。人参加了学习。pIn October 2003, the Ministry of Education consigned Beijing University o

54、f Aeronautics and Astronautics to hold the first phase of training for the backbone of entrepreneurship education. 180 teachers from 105 universities all over the country attended this class. p2005 年年4 月、月、2006 年年 5 月和月和2007 年年10 月，该校承办了全国高月，该校承办了全国高校第三期、第四期和第五期创业教育骨干教师高级研修班，来自全国校第三期、第四期和第五期创业教育骨干教师

55、高级研修班，来自全国的的86 名、名、166 名、名、118 名教师参加了研修。名教师参加了研修。pIn April 2005, May 2006 and October 2007, the school hosted the third, fourth and fifth phase of training for the backbone of entrepreneurship education, 86, 116, and 118 teachers from all over the country attended the training.课课程程设设置置Curriculump目前尚

56、未形成统一的课程设置，学校大多是作为公选课。目前尚未形成统一的课程设置，学校大多是作为公选课。pThe curriculum has not yet formed a unified curriculum; all schools take it as public elective lessons for students. p如清华大学经济管理学院开设了如清华大学经济管理学院开设了科技创业理论与实践科技创业理论与实践的选修课。复的选修课。复旦大学开设旦大学开设创业管理课程；北京航空航天大学面向本科生开设必修课创业管理课程；北京航空航天大学面向本科生开设必修课创业管理入门创业管理入门，选修课

57、，选修课团队训练团队训练。面向研究生开设选修课。面向研究生开设选修课团团队训练队训练、创业者的企业家精神创业者的企业家精神等。等。pSuch as Tsinghua University, set up the theory and practice of technology entrepreneurship as elective courses.pFudan University opened entrepreneurial management courses”;pBeijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics opened Int

58、roduction to business management , entrepreneurial practice, for undergraduate courses as compulsory; opened team-work training “ as elective course. Set up Team-work Training, “entrepreneurs entrepreneurial spirit and so on for graduate students.培养模式培养模式Training Modep以武汉大学为代表的一些学校建立了以武汉大学为代表的一些学校建立

59、了“三创教育三创教育”为理念为理念的培养模式的培养模式 (创造教育、创新教育、创业教育创造教育、创新教育、创业教育)，实行讲，实行讲授与自学、讨论与交流、指导与研究、理论学习与实践学授与自学、讨论与交流、指导与研究、理论学习与实践学习、课堂教学与课外活动、创造创新与创业相结合。习、课堂教学与课外活动、创造创新与创业相结合。pA number of universities represented by Wuhan University established the “three creators of education as the training mode, which includi

60、ng creates education, innovation education and entrepreneurship education. The mode implement teaching and learning, discussion and exchange, guidance and research, theoretical study and practice learning, classroom teaching and extra-curricular activities, to create a combination of innovation and