牛津高中英语模块11Unit4知识点

1、 Unit 4 Module 10 Law and orderNew words and expressions:1. theoretical:(1) adj. “理论的; 理论上的”e.g. a theoretical physicist 理论物理学家 This book is too theoretical; I need a practical guide. 这本书理论性太强,我需要一本实用手册。(2) theory: n. “理论；学说”in theory 在从理论上; 按理论e.g. Not everyone can understand Einstein's Theory

2、of Relativity.不是每个人都能读懂爱因斯坦的相对论的。In this way they can better apply theory to practice.这样他们就能更好地把理论运用到实践中去。His theory is founded on facts. 他的理论建立在事实的基础上。In sum, theory should be combined with practice.总之，理论必须同实践相结合。In theory, there are three possibilities. 推测起来, 有三种可能性。Your plan sounds fine in theory

3、, but will it work? 你的计划在理论上听起来不错，但行得通吗？2. involve:(1) vt. “(常与in连用）牵涉；拖累”/ “包括，涉及”involve sth/sb. in (doing) sth 使某人/物参与某活动或陷入某情况e.g. This lesson involves a lot of work. 这一课需要做的工作有很多。Don't involve other people in your trouble. 别把别人牵涉进你的麻烦中去。Don't involve me in your quarrel! 不要把我牵扯进你们的争吵中! D

4、on't involve me in solving your problems! 你解决你的问题, 不要把我拉进去! (2) involved ：adj. “涉及的；卷入的”be involved in “包含在.; 与.有关; 被卷入”/ “专心地(做)”e.g. be/become/get involved in politics/criminal activities与政治/犯罪活动等有关联He was involved in working out a plan. 他专心致志地制订计划。I don't want to be involved in anything y

5、ou're talking about, okay? 我不想涉入你所说的任何事，好吗？3. delete: vt. “删除;划掉(文字等);擦去”e.g. The editor deleted the last paragraph from the article. 编辑删除了文章的最后一段。delete one's name from the list 从名册上除掉某人的名delete some unnecessary words in the first draft 删去初稿中不必要的词4. offensive:(1) adj. “烦扰人的; 使人恼怒的; 冒犯的; 得罪人

6、的”e.g. offensive remarks/behavior 无礼的言语/行为 I find your attitude most offensive. 我觉得你十分失态.offensive manner 无礼的态度(2) offend: v. “犯罪, 冒犯, 违反, 得罪, 使.不愉快”be offended at/by 被.触怒, 因.生气offend against 违反犯; 不合e.g. Her words offended me. 她的话伤了我的感情。He was offended at/by my remarks. 他被我的话激怒了。She may be offended

7、if you don't reply to her invitation. 她请你, 你要是不回个信儿就可能把她得罪了。(3) offence(BE)/offense (AE): n. “过错；犯罪”/ “令人不快的事物”/ “触怒；不悦；冒犯”e.g. criminal offence 刑事犯罪an offence against law 犯法give offense to sb. 得罪某人；使某人不悦I meant no offense. 我没有冒犯你的意思。5. intellectual:(1) adj. “智力的, 有智力的, 显示智力的”/ n. “知识分子”e.g. int

8、ellectual education 智育intellectual faculties 智力, 智能intellectual work 脑力工作an intellectual person 聪明人an intellectual problem 需要动脑子解决的问题(2) intellect : n. 智力；才智；理解力Intelligence: n. 智力; 智能; 聪明6. property:(1) n. “财产, 所有物, 所有权”e.g. personal property 私人财产intellectual property 知识财产(2) n. “性质, 特性”e.g. Many p

9、lants have medicinal properties. 许多植物具有药性。the metal properties 金属性能7. assess:(1) vt. “估定, 评定”e.g. assess one's taxes/income 评定某人的税额总收入 assess the damage at 350 评定损害赔偿金为350英镑It's difficult to assess the impact of the President's speech. 总统讲话的巨大影响很难估计。I'd assess your chances as extreme

10、ly low. 我估计你成功的机会极微。(2) assessment: n. U “确定; 评定”/ n. C “评价; 看法”e.g. loss assessment 估计损失What is your assessment of the situation? 你对这一情况有什么看法?8. ripe: adj. “熟的, 成熟的, 时机成熟的”e.g. ripe judgment/experience 成熟的判断/经验Are the apples ripe enough to eat yet? 这些苹果已经熟了吗?harvest the ripe corn 收割已成熟的谷物The time i

11、s ripe for great societal changes. 社会大变革的时机已经成熟了。9. firm:(1) n. “公司, (合伙)商号”(2) adj. “结实的, 坚硬的, 坚定的, 坚固的, 牢固的, 稳固的, 严格的”e.g. firm friendship 牢不可破的友谊a firm faith 坚定的信仰a firm foundation 牢固的基础take firm measures 采取坚决措施be firm with children 严格对待孩子as firm as a rock 坚如磐石be firm on one's legs 站稳立场be on

12、firm ground 脚踏实地; 在稳固的基础上(3) adv. “稳固地; 坚定地”e.g. hold firm 固守stand firm 站稳立场10. leak:(1) n. “漏洞”/ “泄漏”e.g. There's a leak in the roof the rain's coming in.房顶有漏洞，雨往里进。(2) vi./vt. “漏，渗漏”/ 泄漏”e.g. The roof leaks; it lets the rain comes in.房顶漏了，雨漏进来了。Air leaked out of the balloon. 空气自气球中逸出。Who l

13、eaked this to the press? 这件事是谁泄露给新闻界的?11. suspect :(1) vt. “怀疑,不信任”/ “猜想;料想”e.g. The tiger suspected danger and ran away. 老虎意识到危险便逃跑了。 suspect one's motives 怀疑某人的动机 We suspected their honesty. 我们不相信他们是诚实的。 The police suspected that Bill did it. 警察怀疑那件事是比尔干的。 He seems poor, but I suspect that he

14、has quite a lot of money.他看上去很穷，可是我怀疑他很有钱。(2) suspect sb of (doing) sth “怀疑某人有某罪”e.g. suspect sb. of giving false information 怀疑某人提供假情报suspect sb. of a crime 怀疑某人犯罪 What made you suspect her of having taken the money? 你凭什么怀疑钱是她偷的?(3) n. C “嫌疑犯; 可疑分子”e.g. The police have taken the suspect to the poli

15、ce station.警察把这个嫌疑犯送到了警察局。12. cooperation:(1) n. “合作, 协作”e.g. Thank you for your cooperation. 感谢你们的合作。Your cooperation means much / a great deal to us.你们的协作对我们帮助极大/有很大的意义。in perfect cooperation with . 与.十分协调win cooperation of 取得.的合作(2) cooperate : vi. “合作，合力；协力；协同” cooperate with sb in (doing) sth.c

16、ooperate to do sth 合作, 协作e.g. Let's all cooperate to get the work done quickly.让我们一起同心协力把这工作快点做完。They would not cooperate with him. 他们不愿与他合作。The British cooperated with the French in building the new craft.英法两国合作制造这种新式飞船。(3) cooperator: n. “合整理”13. draft:(1) n. “草稿,草图”/ “征兵,征集”e.g. a rough draft

17、 草稿the first draft 初稿(2) vt. “起草;设计”/ “选派, 选拔; 美征(兵)”be drafted into 征召入伍e.g. draft a contract/bill/treaty 起草一份合同/法案/条约draft a doctor for a special task 选拔医生去执行一项特殊任务be drafted into the Army/Navy 被征召加入陆军/海军14. negotiate:(1) vt./ “商定；达成协议”e.g. They negotiated a peace treaty. 他们通过谈判达成和平协议。(2) vi. “（常与

18、with连用）谈判；协商；商谈” negotiate with sb. about/over sth. e.g. We've decided to negotiate with the employers about our wage. 我们决定就工资问题与雇主谈判.(3) negotiator : n. “商议者; 谈判者”negotiation : n. “谈判；协商；商谈”e.g. be in negotiations with sb. over sth. 与某人协商某事break off negotiations 中断谈判carry on negotiations 继续交涉(4

19、) the negotiating table： 谈判桌（商讨工资、条件等的会议）e.g. Both sides still refuse to come to the negotiating table. 双方仍拒绝谈判。15. applicant:(1) n. “请求者; 申请者”(2) apply : “申请,请求”/ “应用;实施”/ “使适用”e.g. He has applied for a post in England.他已申请在英国供职。In this way they can better apply theory to practice.这样他们就能更好地把理论运用到实践

20、中去。This rule can not be applied to every case.这条规则并不是在每种情况下都能适用的。(3) application : n. “申请”/ “运用;适用”e.g. written application 书面申请,委托书an application for a job 求职书This has no application to the case. 这不适用于那个案子。the application of a discovery to industry 新发现在工业中的应用16. request:(1) n. “要求；请求”e.g. She made

21、a request for some water. 她请求给点水。We shall give your request our careful consideration.我们将仔细考虑你的要求。(2) 习惯用语: on request 应要求at one's request/at the request of sb : “应某人之请求; 鉴于某人之请求”e.g. The band will play on request. 乐队会按点播节目演奏。 I bought it at the request of my father. 我应父亲的要求买了这个。 (3) vt. “（常与to连

22、用）要求；请求”request sth from/of sb 要求/请求某人某事request (sb.) to do sth. 要求(某人)做某事e.g. She requested nothing of me. 她并没有向我要什么。I requested of him that he should go away. 我请求他离开。All I request of you that you should be punctual. 我只要求你准时。I requested him to help. 我请求他帮忙。You are requested not to smoke. 请不要吸烟。17.

23、considerate:(1) adj. “体贴的；体谅他人的；考虑周到的”e.g. a considerate person/act/attitude 体贴别人的人/行为/态度be considerate towards her employees 能体谅她那些雇员 It was considerate of you not to play the piano while I was asleep. 在我睡觉时你不弹钢琴, 真是体贴入微。(2) consider : A. vt./vi. “考虑；思考” consider (doing) sth.e.g. I am considering g

24、oing abroad. 我正在考虑出国。We must consider the feelings of other people. 我们必须顾及他人的感情。You should consider his youth. 你应当体谅他年轻。B. vt. “认为；以为”e.g. I consider it a great honor. 我认为这是极大的荣幸。 We consider it (to be) true.= We consider that it is true. 我们认为这是真实的。We consider that the driver is not to blame. 我们认为这不

25、是司机的过错。(3) consideration: n. “体谅, 考虑, 需要考虑的事项”in consideration of 报答；由于take into consideration 顾及，考虑到under consideration 在考虑中，在研究中e.g. Please give the problem your careful consideration.请你仔细考虑这个问题。The most important consideration in this case is time.在这件事中，最重要的因素是时间。I always take fuel consumption in

26、to consideration when buying a car. 我买汽车时总要把燃油消耗量考虑在内。 Your proposal is under consideration. 你的提议正在考虑中。18. conscience: (1) n. “良心, 道德心”e.g. have a clear/guilty conscience 问心无/有愧 After she had committed the crime, her conscience was troubled. 她犯罪后, 良心上感到很不安。(2) conscious: adj. “有意识的”/ “觉察的, 知觉的”be co

27、nscious of e.g. He is hurt but still conscious. 他受了伤，不过神志还清醒。I was conscious of her presence. 我知道她在场。be conscious of being watched 察觉有人在监视自己19. lame:(1) adj. “跛的，瘸的”e.g. My horse is lame I can't ride him. 我的马瘸了，我不能骑马了。(2) adj. “站不住脚的（论据等）”e.g. a lame excuse 不充分的理由He gave a lame excuse for being

28、absent. 他找了个站不住脚的借口来解释缺席的原因。20. suspension:(1) n. “悬挂”/ “暂停, 中止”e.g. suspension bridge 悬桥, 吊桥suspension of arms 停战suspension from school/office 暂时停学/职(2) suspend : vt./vi. “吊，悬”/ “暂停；暂缓”e.g. The lamp was suspended from the ceiling. 灯吊在天花板上。We saw smoke suspended in the still air. 我们看见烟悬浮在静止的空气中。We s

29、uspended the building work during the rain.下雨天我们中断了建筑工作。suspend a rule 暂不实行一项规定21. pirate:(1) n. “海盗”/ “盗印者, 盗版者, 侵犯专利权者”e.g. a pirate edition/video/tape 盗印版/盗制的录像带/盗制的录音带(2) vt. “盗印, 盗版, 掠夺, 翻印”vi. “做海盗”e.g. pirate computer games 做盗版计算机游戏。22. smooth:(1) adj. “光滑的; 平坦的; 平静的”e.g. a smooth skin/road/s

30、ea 光滑的皮肤/平坦的路面/平静的海面Our path in life will not always be smooth.我们的人生之路不会永远平坦。(2) adj. “顺利的; 无困难的; 无问题的”e.g. as smooth a journey as possible 极为顺利的旅途 They made things very smooth for me. 他们为我排除了困难。(3) vt./vi. “使光滑, 烫平, 使优雅, 消除”/ “变平滑, 变平静”smooth away/over 使容易, 排除, 解决(困难等)e.g. smooth the anger 平息怒气smoo

31、th away differences 消除分歧 (4) smoothly: adv. “平滑地; 平稳地; 流畅地; 顺利地”e.g. The workmen are very cooperative, so the work goes on smoothly. 工人们十分合作, 所以工作进展顺利。Don't always try to start something when everything is running smoothly. 当一切都进行得很顺利时,不要总想惹是生非。23. put into effect/practice : “实行, 实施, 使生效, 实现”e.g

32、. The bill was put into effect last month. 那法规于上个月生效。They have put into effect many new measures for health protection. 他们实行了好些新的保健措施。24. luggage: n.U “行李” (= baggage)e.g. six pieces of luggage 六件行李 I've just been informed that my luggage had already arrived.我刚接到通知说我的行李已经运到了。25. inspect:(1) v. “

33、检查; 检阅; 审查; 视察”e.g. He inspected the car before he bought it.他买这辆车之前仔细检查了一下。The government sent somebody to inspect our school.政府派人来视察我们学校。(2) inspection: n. “检查; 视察”e.g. safety inspection 安全检查make an inspection of a school 视察学校 26. import: (1) vt. “输入；进口；引进”e.g. import wool from Australia 从澳大利亚进口羊毛

34、import raw materials 进口原材料(2) n. “输入品；进口货”/ “输入；进口”e.g. Machinery is one of our import. 机械是我们的进口货物之一。Imports of household appliances rose last month.上个月我们的家用电器进口增加了。(3) export: vt. “输出；出口”/ n. “输出；出口”; “出口商品；输出品”e.g. This country export fruit. 这个国家出口水果。China exports to many other countries regions.

35、中国向许多其它国家和地区出口货物。The export / exportation of gold is forbidden. 黄金出口是禁止的。the chief exports of China 中国的主要出口商品27. authentic:(1) adj. “真实的; 真正的”e.g. an authentic document/signature/painting 正式文件/亲笔签字/原作绘画(2) adj. “可信的; 可靠的” (= trustworthy; reliable) e.g. an authentic statement 可靠的陈述28. compensate: (1)

36、 vt. “补偿， 偿还; 酬报（for）”compensate sb for sth 补偿; 赔偿; 报偿; 报酬e.g. compensate sb. for loss 赔偿某人损失The company compensates her for extra work.公司因她的额外工作而给她报酬。(2) vi. “补偿， 抵补（for）”e.g. Nothing can compensate for the loss of time.虚度光阴是无法补偿的（光阴一去不复还）。(3) compensation : n. “补偿，赔偿”/ “补偿物，赔偿费”Welcome to the unit

37、 1. In the past, criminals committed obvious crimes like robbing someone, injuring someone or destroying things.In some cases, the criminals steal money from the companies. (P51, Line32)(1) commit a crime (2) rob sth/sb. of sth.steal sth. from sb.e.g. They knocked me down and robbed me of my wallet.

38、他们将我击倒并抢走了我的钱包。You have robbed me of my happiness. 你剥夺了我的幸福。Would you steal from your own family? 你会从自己家里偷东西吗？2. Now, many crimes are hard to spot and occur over the Interment.(1) spot: vt. (spotted; spotting) “认出, 发现, 预先认准(比赛中的优胜者等); 记认(惯犯等)“准确地定出.的位置, 使准确地击中目标”e.g. He finally spotted just the shir

39、t he wanted. 他最后找到了他想要的衬衫。She spotted her friend in the crowd. 她在人群中认出了她的朋友。I can't spot the difference between them. 我看不出两者的区别。spot sb. as the winner 在竞赛开始前认准某人会得胜He was spotted by police boarding a plane for Paris. 他登上飞往巴黎的飞机时被警方认出。She has been spotted as a likely tennis star of the future. 她很

40、有希望成为网球明星。3. The police help keep order and protect us from crime.The companies must pay the thieves money to keep them from leaking the contents. (P51, Line34)(1) protect sb. from (doing) sth.e.g. An umbrella will protect you from the rain. 雨伞可以保护你不至于淋雨。 Most people protect themselves from injury t

41、o their self-esteem. 大多数人保护自己使自尊心不受伤害。Woolen clothes protect you from cold. 羊毛衣服可以御寒。(2) prevent sb. (from) (doing) sth.e.g. Nothing could prevent him from doing that. 什么也阻止不了他做那件事。We can do nothing to prevent this from happening. 我们没有什么办法阻止这件事发生。Further treatment will prevent cancer from developing

42、. 进一步的治疗将阻止癌症恶化。Reading: Fight against cybercrimeLanguage points:1. An IT expert from the Council of Europe is addressing a group of business people and politicians on the subject.(1) address: vt. “致词；演说”/ “称呼，尊称”/ “写收件人的姓名位置”e.g. address a meeting 向大会发表演说The football captain addressed him team. 足球队

43、长向队员讲话。How shall I address you? 我应当怎样称呼您呢?Don't address me as boss. 不要叫我“老板”。address the letter 在信上写位置(2) address oneself to : “致力于，专心于（工作等）”e.g. He addressed himself to the task of doing his homework.他专心致志地做他的家庭作业。 It is time we addressed ourselves to the main item on the agenda. 现在我们该把注意力集中到议事

44、日程上的主要项目上来了。(3) Other phrases:apply oneself to 致力于devote oneself to 献身于, 专心于be addicted to 耽溺于., 热爱.be drunk with 陶醉于 (be drunk with success /joy)bury oneself in 埋头于; 专心于be involved in 涉及, 专心be hooked on 沉迷于，沉溺于2. As the Internet has expanded in recent years, the opportunities for crime have expande

45、d as well.(1) expand: v. “扩大, 扩展,张开”/ “使发展; 使膨胀”e.g. The bird expanded its wings and flew off. 鸟展开翅膀飞走了。expand one's knowledge 扩大个人的知识The writer expanded his short novel into a long one.那位整理把他的短篇小说扩展为长篇。The business has expanded from having one office to having twelve.这个公司已从一个分公司发展到拥有12个分公司了。3.

46、Cybercrime refers to any criminal offence related to the Internet.(1) refer to: “提到, 谈论”/ “参考, 参照”/ “与.关连”e.g. When I said some people are stupid, I wasn't referring to you. 我说有些人很愚蠢, 并不是指你。Don't refer to this matter again, please. 请不要再提这件事了。 refer to a dictionary 参考字典refer to the original 参

47、照原文We often refer to these books in our work. 我们工作中经常参考这些书。You can refer to your notes when you are speaking. 你发言时可以看稿子。What I have to say refers to all of you. 我要说的事和你们大家都有关。The invention of the compass is referred to China.指南针是中国发明的。(2) refer to as ： “称为，认为”e.g. The people we refer to as Net Worms

48、 are addicted to the Internet. 所谓网虫，就是上网上瘾的人。 People who work in offices are usually refer to as white collar workers. 那些在办公室工作的人被称为“白领工人”。(3)be related to: “和相关；和有了解”e.g. These two events were related to each other. 这两个事件相互有了解。All things were related to all other things. 所有事物都是和所有其他事物相了解的。4. The Co

49、uncil of Europe has classified Internet crimes into four categories.(1) classify: v. “把分类；把分级”classify as 将某人某事物归类classify into 分类为e.g. Films are usually classified according to their content.电影经常根据内容分级。We usually classify types of character as good or bad. 我们通常把(人的)性格之类型分为善与恶。Would you classify this book as sociology or politics? 你会把这本书归入社会学类还是政治学类?Biologists classify animals and plants into groups. 生物学家把动植物归入不同的群体。For convenience, we may classify the students into four groups. 为了方便起见, 我们可把学生分为四个组。(2) classified: adj. “分类级的”/ “保密类的， 机密性的” cla