导向块零件加工工艺及专用夹具设计【含10张CAD图纸】
收藏
资源目录
压缩包内文档预览：(预览前20页/共25页)
编号：210146445
类型：共享资源
大小：15.91MB
格式：ZIP
上传时间：2022-04-29
上传人：机****料
认证信息
个人认证
高**（实名认证）
河南
IP属地：河南
50
积分
- 关 键 词：
-
含10张CAD图纸
导向
零件
加工
工艺
专用
夹具
设计
10
CAD
图纸
- 资源描述：
-
资源目录里展示的全都有，所见即所得。下载后全都有,请放心下载。原稿可自行编辑修改=【QQ：401339828 或11970985 有疑问可加】
- 内容简介：
-
教学单位 机电工程学院 学生学号 编 号 英文翻译题目 并条机 学生姓名 专业名称 机械设计制造及其自动化 指导教师 2015 年 5月 4日 并并条机作者：约翰. 恩斯特单位：赫特福徳大学1. 操作装置1.1 操作原理 四到八个粗疏机或并条机（见图5-4）纱条被供给牵伸装置(3)，一对给棉罗拉(2)位于每一个条筒(1)之上以确保进料步骤在控制者没有错误牵伸时被执行。这对进料辊在一个粗纱架或工作台上进行，而且每一个都积极推动。纱条进入牵伸装置离开它，在四到八的牵伸之后，作为一个经纱它缺乏重要的凝聚力。为了避免经纱的瓦解，即哪一个将是其他系统间交接在当前的高运营速度之下不可避免的，它将纱条快速凝聚在牵伸装置之后。这个纱条然后引导管(4)通过一个通道管(6)装置进入一个条筒(7)，它必须被放置在这个条筒里空间最优利用的清洁圈里。来使条筒携带尽可能多的原料，通过使用轧光或槽辊纱条被压缩(5)。 图 5-41.2 粗纱架（纱条喂给） 特别的，粗纱架必须是这样设计的避免错误的牵伸；在发生纱条断裂时机器停止；纱条断裂可以被简单、舒适和安全的处理。为此，它必须提供一个可旋转的辊或辊副在任一个条筒上，一个纱条一个。一个引导纱条进入牵伸装置的引导装置也是必需的，一个有滚轴的工作台或只是一个滚轴，可以提高必须的指导。在高速操作大牵伸并条机时首选滚轴单独，当运输是被滚动方式影响时摩擦较它依赖滑动时低。横向进给滚轴副也起电接触轴的作用来监视纱条，如果一个纱条断裂，这个金属轴将接触。当绝缘片不在存在于它们之间时，机器停止。几乎所有的牵伸机都有在线纱条喂给，也就是喂给条筒在向机器运动的方向上被排列成一长行。立达公司提供横向的进给作为一个选项，这里纱条最初的横向运动，在一个90角相对于材料的流动方向通过机器。在进入牵伸装置之前，它们被转移到物料流动方向，对于一个工厂有相应的机器布局，在使用空间上，这可以给出经济上的优势。通常的，纱条或许被输入多达八条筒每牵伸头，而且这些条筒或许会有多达1000mm的直径。纱条位置紧密相连是很重要的，但不是在另一个之上，即当它们遇到牵伸装置时。1.3 牵伸装置要求牵伸装置是并条机的核心，因此运用的部分对质量有最决定性的影响，通常放在牵伸装置上的要求相当的高：简单、不复杂的结构；平稳运行的滚轴的坚固设计（中心）；一个操作模式提供一个高质量的产品，甚至在高速运行下；高度的灵活性，也就是，适合所有的纱条，纤维的长度、纤条的把数等，在短绒的纺织下这可以被处理；在牵伸装置之间对纤维运动的最优控制；高精度的操作和调整；对辊的间距和牵伸水平的快速简单的适应性；易于维护和清洁；最优人体工程学设计。对于牵伸机构的影响在所有类型的牵伸装置，影响牵伸的因素如下依赖于纤维原料的因素：大量纤维在须条横截面；纤维的有序度(并行处理）；纤维束的横截面形状；纤维束的紧密度；纤维之间的附着力取决于表面结构，须条的卷曲，润滑，压缩；纤维长度；均匀分布的纤维长度（主要形式）；现为树立的扭转。1.4 取决于牵伸装置的影响：辊轴的直径；上罗拉的硬度；上罗拉施加的压力；上罗拉的表面特性；下罗拉上的槽；纤维引导设备的类型和形式，例如压力棒、销键、皮圈、冷凝器等；加紧的距离（罗拉设置）；牵伸水平；各种牵伸阶段之间的牵伸分布。1.5 下罗拉下罗拉由钢制成，安装在罗拉支架或在框架中来作为梳针、辊子、滚珠轴承，它们从主传动齿轮积极传动，为了提高它们携带纤维的能力，它们形成了以下类型之一的出局槽（见图5-5）横槽；斜槽（螺旋槽）；滚花槽。滚花槽是用于罗拉接收皮圈，来提高皮圈驱动的转换，其他的辊子有轴向的，或者，渐增的、螺旋的槽，后者使其安静的运行，而且与轴向槽相比它更能加紧纤维。在螺旋槽上滚动的上罗拉发生在多种方式上并用更少的冲击。下罗拉的直径可处于2090mm范围，但是通常使用的直径在2550mm之间，一个牵伸装置包括36个这样的罗拉，在长的机器中（总监环锭纺纱机），下罗拉由用螺钉固定在一起的短的长度所组成的。牵伸装置中罗拉之间的距离通常可调，然后就可适应纤维的长度。1.6 上罗拉上罗拉不是主驱动，它们可以是整体辊中的任一（纺纱设备机器）或者双辊（粗纱帧、环锭纺纱机器）（见图5-6）。滚珠轴承通常只在辊配置中使用，厚图层成型的辊表面是由合成橡胶组成的，这种涂料的一个重要特点是它的硬度。软图层周围纤维束在更大程度上比硬的更好的指导纤维。另一方面，它们磨损更快，因此可以更好指导的软涂层的使用是必要的。也就是很少有纤维可以用高的牵伸水平被移动（例如在前面的环锭纺纱机器的罗拉），这不是必须的，硬涂层用得更多。根据度条款中指定的硬度，以下范围是有区别的：软 6070 中等 7090硬超过901.7 上罗拉的保养说明由于在纺纱中涂层的磨损，它们必须得不时的被重新打磨，这要定期的按照预定的时间表去做，使用研磨盘或辊子去除材料的涂层。如果涂层的厚度也减少到定义的最小值，也就是如果它变得太薄而不能在压力下提供足够的弹性，然后老的涂层就必须被移除，一个替代品必须被移到核心。磨削操作有一个罗拉表面的粗化效果，即使没有光学放大这不是很明显，在处理敏感纤维时，粗糙的罗拉表面会导致拉普光圈的形成。在这种情况下，罗拉涂层可被视为磨削后表面光滑是用了：应用化学膜例如漆或者另一种平滑介质；酸处理；用紫外光照（Berkolising，出自Berchtold公司，瑞士）。1.8上罗拉压力要控制纤维，上罗拉必须被迫在高压下对下罗拉，这些压力可以由以下产生：静负载的方式装载（目前已被淘汰）；弹性加载（最常用的形式）；液压系统（几乎没有用过）；气动加载（立达公司）；磁加载（中美合作所的洛威尔公司）。2. 基础早期的并条机几乎都是4上4下罗拉牵伸系统，3上4下罗拉系统是早期版本的发展。之后众多的新形式出现，在纺织厂所展示的相同品种中没有机器像这样，几乎只在两个牵伸区进行处理。在极端情况下，断裂牵伸位于1.052.5之间，但是通常情况下它们都在1.251.8之间，极端总牵伸位于3.512之间，但是正常的总牵伸位于48之间。在很多现代的牵伸机中，牵伸不再是通过交换齿轮来调整的，而是通过简单设置变速器或步进驱动器，调整步骤可以是连续的或是离散的。现代的牵伸机在它们可以处理的原材料方面更加灵活，而且设置操作已经被简化。3. 上、下罗拉牵伸装置这种装置的特征是中压滚轴和两个下罗拉的约束，这两个下罗拉在同一个支架上进行，而且相对于彼此不可调。概念可以由主牵伸区域压力棒所包含的东西来提高，这种类型的装置现在主要在梳理室，也在某些程度的牵伸机上，例如，在Marzoli和Vouk机器（见图5-7）。3.1 上、下有压力棒罗拉牵伸装置这种形式首次被发展是Platt在1960s而且一直被使用至今。事实上，压力棒装置可能是牵伸机中使用最广泛的牵伸装置形式了。这个设计的发展起点是实现牵伸装置的运转更平稳，辊子更大，这尤其适用于前辊，不仅仅是由于稳定性的影响。对于一个给定的圆圈速度，较大的辊子可以在较低的旋转速度下被操作。然而，扩大辊子同时增加了夹间距，因此，在主牵伸区，一个特殊的引导流是必须的，至少对于短纤维来说，这是一个导轨或压力棒，它可以从下边或上边开始操作（如普拉的设计）。除了普拉的装置，类似的装置曾经或正在建立的有 Rieter，Schubert & Salzer 和 Toyoda （见图5-8）。3.2 上、下有压力棒罗拉牵伸装置（Zinser) 严格来说，这也是一个3罗拉、压力棒牵伸装置，但是第4个罗拉有一些低的加载被添加到输送辊作为一个指导去演示。这指导曲线中的网绕着槽辊直接进入输送中心周，从而促使成条状。上罗拉有统一的直径，加大是为了在压力水平较低时保持压力（见图5-9）。3.3 上、下罗拉牵伸装置（Rieter，见图5-10)在这个装置中，有5个气动加载压力辊安装在两个大的（90mm)和两个小的（28mm）的不可调的下罗拉上，压力辊停放在两头。它们的直径有39mm，尽管这3个中间辊可能被直径为28mm的辊取代，这取决于环境。实施牵伸在场B（初始牵伸）和场A（主牵伸），这个夹间距可以被读取，也可以通过简单的径向移动辊2和4的调整来适应纤维长度。在主牵伸区域，一个压力棒来确保稳定的指引，尤其是对短的纤维。牵伸装置排列在一条曲线上，这允许网络物质流的适当指引，这弯曲倾向使得系统容易去服务。4. 牵伸装置的抽吸系统 并条机的任务之一就是除尘 ，释放的尘埃几乎完全发生在牵伸装置，而且这应该是全封闭的，所以尘埃不能进入到周围的大气中。这充满灰尘的空气就被吸入提取（如图5-11所示Schubert & Salzer 机器 ）。装置的每一个辊都有相应的清洁装置，所以飞毛和纤维倾向于坚持辊也可以被带走。它吸入空气是通过管道直接进入空调系统的排气管道，或是过机器里的过滤器。过滤空气最好应该返回到排气管道，但也可以吹到房间的空气中。5.成卷纱条放样纱条的摆线沉积已被证明是最有利的方法来填充一个条筒，在这个过程中，两个转移动作的沉积点同时进行，旋转板R，引导通过L，吸引纱条远离传送气缸D ，然后连续沉积一圈，然而，因为转盘C这个条筒不断的旋转，它圆的沉积点也是不断变化的，在条筒里一个关于圈的螺旋装置被生产出来（见图5-12）。 在许多圈条器中条筒不在转动，在这种情况下，这两个动作都必须从上边感应，这个板在第二个大板上高速旋转，第二个也旋转，但是在较低的速度上。这也导致了圆圈的改变，因此摆线沉积。就一切情况而论，纱条必须被沉积以在条筒的中间从上到下创建一个中空的空间，确保空间使棉层不会在条筒的中间完全重叠。这可以避免材料形成中央金字塔形，离开条筒半空的部分。中空空间的直径应该是条筒的直径的四分之一到三分之一（见图5-13）。6. 大的和小的纱圈中空的空间可以用小纱圈（见图5-15）或者用大纱圈（见图5-14），小纱圈的直径即是纱条直径要小于条筒的半径。对于大的纱圈，纱条线圈直径较大于条筒的半径。大纱圈通常使用于中小型的条筒，小纱圈通常使用于大的条筒。大约的直径关系应是： dC/dB = 145 或 dC/dB = 25 对于直径是中型的条筒来说，大的纱圈比小的纱圈好，因为下盘速度可以用于同一的圆周速度（减少力度、噪音和磨损）。而且，条筒的容量在5%10%以上。然而，对于大条筒，它会是更有利的如果板保持尽可能小，这样少量的就不得不旋转。- 12 - The DrawframAuthor: John ErnstInstitution: University of hertfordshire1. Operating Devices1.1 Operating Principle Four to eight card or drawframe（see Fig.5-4） slivers are fed to the drafting arrangement (3)A feed roller pair（2）is located above each can（1）to enable the feed step to be performed in a controlled maner without false draftsThe feed roller pairs are carried in a creel frame or table and each is positively drivenThe slivers running into the drafting arrangement leave it，after a draft of 4 to 8，as a web lacking significant cohesionIn order to avoid disintegration of the web，which would other wise be unavoidable at the high operating speeds currently in use，it is condensed into a sliver immediately after the drafting arrangementThis sliver is then guided through a tube（4）via a passage（6）of the tube gear into a can（7），in which it must be laid in clean coils with optimal utilization of the space in the canTo enable the can to take up as much material as possible，the sliver is compressed by passing it through calendering or grooved rollers（5） Fig5-4 Modern drawframe1.2 Creel（sliver feed）In particular，the creel must be designed so that：false drafts are avoided；the machine stops upon occurrence of a sliver break；sliver breaks can be dealt with easily，comfortably and safelyFor this purpose，it is necessary to provide a rotatable roller or roller pair（2）above each can，one for each sliverA guiding device for leading the slivers into the drafting arrangement is also requiredA table with rollers，or simply a line of rollers，can provide the required guidanceRollers alone are preferred in rapidly operating high-draft drawframes，since friction is lower when transport is effected by means of rolling than when it relies upon slidingThe infeed roller pairs（2）also serve as electrical contact rollers for monitoring the sliverIf a sliver breaks，the metal rollers come into contact when the insulating sliver is no longer present between them，and the machine is stoppedAlmost all drawframes have in-line sliver feed，ie the feed cans are arranged in a row in the direction of movement into the machineRieter offers lateral infeed as an optionHere，the slivers initially move laterally，at an angle of 90relative to the direction of flow of material through the machineThey are diverted into the material flow direction prior to entering the drafting arrangementThis can give advantages of economy in the use of space for a mill having a corresponding machine layoutNormally，slivers may be fed in from up to eight cans per drawing head，and the cans may have diameters up to 1000（40 inches）It is important that the slivers lie closely adjacent，but not on top of one other，as they run into the drafting arrangement1.3 The drafting arrangementRequirementsThe drafting arrangement is the heart of the drawframe and thus the part which exerts the most decisive influence on qualityThe requirements placed on the drafting arrangement in general are correspondingly high：simple，uncomplicated construction；stable design with smooth running of the roller（centricity）；a mode of operation giving a high-quality product even at high running speeds；high degree of flexibility，ie suitability for all raw materials，fibre lengths，sliver hanks，etc，that might be processed in the short-staple spinning mill；optimal control over the movement of the fibres during the drafting operation；high precision both of operation and adjustment；rapid and simple adjustability of roller spacings and draft levels；ease of maintenance and cleaning；optimal ergonomic designInfluences on the draftIn all types of drafting arrangement，the factors that affect the fraft are as followsFactors dependent upon the fibre material：mass of fibre in the strand cross-section；degree of order of the fibres（parallel disposition）；shape of the cross section of the fiber strand；compactness of the fibre strand；adhesion between the fibres dependent upon surface structure，crimp，lubrication，compression of the strand；fibre length；evenness of distribution of fibre lengths（staple form）；twist in the fibre strand1.4 Factors dependent upon the drafting arrangement：diameter of the rollers；hardness of the top rollers；pressure exerted by the top rollers；surface characteristics of the top rollers；fluting of the bottom rollers；type and form of fibre guiding devices，such as pressure rods，pin bars，aprons，condenser etc；clamping distances（roller settings）；level of draft；distribution of draft between the various drafting stages1.5 Bottom rollerBottom rollers are made of steel and are mounted in roller stands or in the frame by means of needle, roller or ball bearingsThey are positively transmissionIn order to improve their ability to carry the fibres along，they are formed with flutes of one of the following types（see Fig.5-5）：axial flutes（a），inclined flutes（spiral flutes）（b），knurled fluting（c）knurled fluting is used on rollers receiving aprons，to improve transfer of drive to the apronsOther rollers have axial or，increasingly，spiral flutingThe latter gives quieter running and more even clamping of the fibres compared with axial flutingRolling of the top rollers on spiral flutes takes place in a more even manner and with less jerkingThe diameter of the bottom rollers can lie in the range 20 - 90，but normally diameters between 25 and 50 are usedA drafting arrangement includes three to six such rollersIn long machines（i.g. ring spinning machines ）the bottom rollers are made up by screwing together short lengthsDistances between the rollers of the drafting arrangement are usually adjustable and can then be adapted to the fibre lengths1.6 Top rollersThe top rollers are not positively drivenThey can be either one-piece rollers（spinning preparation machines）or twin rollers（roving frames，ring spinning machines）（see Fig.5-6）Ball bearings are used almost exclusively in the roller mountingsThe thick coating forming the roller surface is made of synthetic rubberAn important characteristic of this coating is its hardnessSoft coats surround the fibre strand to a greater extent than harder ones and thus guide the fibres betterIn the other hand，they wear out more quicklyA soft coating is therefore used where good guidance is necessary，i.e. where few fibres have to be moved with high draft levels（e.g. at the front rollers of the ring spinning machine）Where this is not required，harder coatings are mostly usedHardness is specified in terms of degrees ShoreThe following ranges are distinguished： soft 60- 70Shore medium 70- 90Shore hard above 90Shore1.7 Maintenance of the top rollersSince the coatings wear out during spinning，they must be reground from time to time，This is done periodically in accordance with a predetermined schedule，using grinding discs or rollers that remove material from the coatingIf the thickness of the coat has been reduced to a defined minimum，i.e. if it has become toothin to provide adequate elasticity under presure，then the old coat must be removed and a replacement must be glued onto the coreThe grinding operation has a roughening effect on the roller surface，even if this is not apparent without optical enlargement，in processing of seseitive fibres，rough roller surfaces can lead to formation of lapsIn such cases，roller coatings can be treated after grinding to smooth the surface by：applying a chemical film such as lacquer or another smoothing medium；acid treatment；irradiation by UV-light（Berkolising，by the Berchtold company，Switzerland）1.8 Top roller pressureTo clamp the fibers，the top rollers must be forced at high pressure towards the bottom rollersThis pressure can be generated by：loading by means of dead weights（now obsolete）spring weighting（the most usual form）hydraulic systems（hardly used）pneumatic weighting（the Rieter company）magnetic weighting（the Saco Lowell company）2. BasicsEarly drawframes had almost exclusively 4-over-4 roller drafting systemsThe 3-over-4 roller system was developed out of this earlier version，and thereafter a multitude of new forms emergedNo other machine in the spinning mill exhibits the same variety of drafting arrange -ments as does thisProcessing is carried out almost exclusively in two drafting zonesIn extreme cases the break drafts lie between 1.05 and 2.5，but usually they are between 1.25 and 1.8. Extreme total drafts lie between 3.5 and 12，but the normal total draft lies between 4 and 8In many modern drawframes the draft is no longer adjusted by exchanging gear wheels but by simple setting of variator or stepping drivesThe adjustment may be continuous or discrete stepsModern drawframes are more flexible in terms of the raw material they can process，and setting operations have been simplified3. 3-over-4 roller drafting arrangementsThe characteristic feature of this arrangement is engagement of the middle pressure roller with two bottom rollersThe two bottom rollers are carried in a common cradle and are not adjustable relative to each otherThe basic concept can be improved by the inclusion of a pressure bar in the main drafting fieldThis type of arrangement is now found mainly in the combing room，but also still to some extent on drawframesFor example in the Marzoli（Fig.5-7）and Vouk machines3.1 3-over-3 roller drafting arrangements with pressure barsThis form was first developed by Platt in the 1960s and is still in use today in fact，the pressure bar arrangement is probably the most widely used form of drafting arrangement for drawframesThe starting point in the development of this design is the realization that the drafting arrangement runs more smoothly the larger its rollersThis applies especially to the front rollersThe effect is due not simply to stability；for a given circumferential speed，larger rollers can be operated at lower speeds of revolutionHowever，enlarging the rollers simultaneously increases the nip spacingsAccordingly，in the main drafting zone，a special guide system is needed，at least for short fibres；this is the guide rail or pressure barIt can operate from below or from above（as illustrated in Fig.5-8 for the Platt design）In addition to the Platt arrangement，similar arrangements have been or are built by Rieter，Schubert & Salzer and ToyodaFig.5-10 5-over-4 roller drafting arrangement3.2 4-over-3 roller drafting arrangements with pressure bars（Zinser，see Fig.5-9）Strictly speaking，this is also a 3-roller，pressure bar drafting arrangement，but a fourth roller with somewhat lower loading is added to the delivery roller to act as a guideThis leads the web in a curve round the grooved roller directly into the delivery trumpet，thereby facilitating the formation of the sliverThe top rollers are uniform in diameter and are large in order to keep the strain imposed on them low3.3 5-over-4 roller drafting arrangements（Rieter，see Fig.5-10）In this arrangement five pneumatically loaded pressure rollers rest on two large（90）and two small（28），non-adjustable bottom rollersThe pressure rollers are suspended from two yokesThey have diameters of 39，although the three middle rollers may be replaced by rollers of 28 diameter depending upon the circumstancesFig.5-11 Suction clearer for drafting arrangementDrafting is carried out in Field B (break draft) and in Field A（main draft）The nip spacings can be read from a scale and can be adjusted to suit the fibre length by simple radial shifting of rollers 2 and 4In the main drafting field，a pressure bar ensures firm guidance，especially for short fibresThe drafting arrangement is aligned on a curve；this permits proper guidance of the web material flow from the vertical into the horizontalThe curved disposition makes the system easy to service4. Suction systems for the drafting arrangementOne of the tasks of the drawframe is dust removalRelease of dust occurs almost exclusively in the drafting arrangement and this should be totally enclosed so that dust does not pass into the surrounding atmosphereThe dust-laden air must be extracted by suction（as shown in Fig.5-11 for the Schubert & Salzer machine）Each roller of the arrangement has an associated cleaning device so that fly and fibres tending to adhere to the rollers can also be carried awayThe air drawn away is passed via tubes directly into the exhaust ducts of the air-condition system，or to filters within the machineThe filtered air should preferably be returned to the exhaust ducting，but can also be blown out into the atmosphere of the rooms5. CoilingLaying down of sliverCycloidal deposition of sliver has proved to be the most advantageous method of filling a canIn this process， two shifting movements of the deposition point ar
- 温馨提示:
1: 本站所有资源如无特殊说明，都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
2: 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等，如果需要附件，请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
3.本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸，网页内容里面会有图纸预览，若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间，仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理，对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑，并不能对任何下载内容负责。
6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容，请与我们联系，我们立即纠正。
7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
人人文库网所有资源均是用户自行上传分享，仅供网友学习交流，未经上传用户书面授权，请勿作他用。
川公网安备: 51019002004831号