电池在电动车中的应用2008-4-1

1、电池在电动车中的应用电池在电动车中的应用 1、电动车概念、电动车概念 最早的电动车特点：电路原理型车辆。最早的电动车特点：电路原理型车辆。 现代电动车的特点：集能源、管理、新材料、控制、力学现代电动车的特点：集能源、管理、新材料、控制、力学 等于一体的综合技术体等于一体的综合技术体电力机车 有轨无轨电车 电动汽车 电动船 电动摩托 电动自行车 电动三轮车 有线型 无线型 。 最早的电动车最早的电动车SUZUKI: Every EVTOYOTA: RAV4 EVNISSAN: Altra EVNISSAN: Hypermini EVTOYOTA: e-com EVHANDA: City Pal

2、EVTOYOTA: Prius HEVHONDA: Insight HEVNISSAN: Tino HEVHINOTOYOTATOYOTAHINOGM: Hydrogen 1 FCEV2、各类电动车结构及对电池的要求、各类电动车结构及对电池的要求 纯电动车电 机BEV动力结构图蓄电池管理控制单元HEV结构结构燃 油发动机发电机电机DC/AC转换蓄电池多能源管理电池管理电机管理发电机管理 A 串联结构特点： 以电池为主、发动机为辅，电池需较大容量和输出功率。 燃油发动机变速传动机构电机/发电机电机管理DC/AC转换蓄电池多能源管理系统电池管理系统B 并联式结构并联式结构特点：发动机动力为主，电池

3、/电机动力为辅， 电池以输出功率为第一要求。 发动机电机电机管理发电机DC/AC转换蓄电池多能源管理电池管理C THS结构结构减速齿轮燃料重整器燃料电池堆DC/AC转换控 制 单 元DC/DC转换电池电池管理D FCEV结构结构 电机二、电动车用动力电池二、电动车用动力电池 1、BEV电池要求电池要求 电池比能量要求尽可能高； 电池输出比功率达到200W/kg以上； 能适应快速充电； 适应温度范围广（-30 - 65） 电池组寿命长； 电池单体性能一致性好； 安全可靠性高。2、HEV电池要求电池要求 电池的输入比功率高； 电池输出比功率高（大于500W/kg）； 电池具有适中的比能量； 电池动

4、态充放电特性好； 电池单体性能一致性好； 电池组寿命长； 电池适应温度范围广； 电池的安全可靠性高。 ZEBRANI-MH3、主要的动力电池种类、主要的动力电池种类 铅酸电池 金属氢化物镍电池 锂离子电池 镉镍电池 钠-氯化镍电池 锌-空气电池 燃料电池 二、当前动力电池发展的几个关键技术问题二、当前动力电池发展的几个关键技术问题 1、提高电池的比能量特性；2、提高电池输出比功率特性；3、提高电池输入比功率特性；4、提高电池低温性能；5、提高电池高温充电性能；6、开发电池寿命快速预测技术；7、电池性能一致性标准及判断方法；8、电池管理技术；9、电池设计技术；10、电池制造新工艺；11、动力电池

5、专用材料的开发。 GM and A123Systems to Co-Develop Lithium-Ion Battery Cell for Chevrolet VoltGeneral Motors and A123Systems will co-develop cells with A123Systems nanophosphate battery chemistry for use in GMs electric drive E-Flex system. (Earlier post.) The agreement is expected to expedite the developmen

6、t of the batteries for both electric plug-in vehicles and fuel cell variants of the E-Flex architecture. A123Systems currently manufactures more than ten million cells annually, making it the worlds largest producer of batteries with nanophosphate chemistry. Most of these cells are used in rechargea

7、ble power tools.In May, A123Systems introduced its automotive-class, large-format 32-series Li-Ion cells specifically designed for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) use. The 32-series lineup initially consists of two cells with custom nanophosphate electrode de

8、signs, based on the same proven chemistry as the mass-produced ANR26650M1 cell: the 32113 M1Ultra and 32157 M1HD. Breakthrough battery technology will drive future automotive propulsion, and the company that aligns with the best strategic partners will win. Thats what is so important about this deal

9、. Whether youre talking about the Chevy Volt, a fuel cell or even a plug-in hybrid such as our planned Saturn Vue, we need to understand the fundamental battery cell performance.Bob Lutz, GM vice chairman of Global Product DevelopmentGMs View on Battery Technologies for Hybrids, Plug-Ins and E-FlexE

10、nergy and Power requirements for full hybrids (two-mode), plug-in hybrids, and E-Flex range-extended EVs. GMs View of Hybrid and Plug-in Hybrid Battery RequirementsAttributeTwo-modeHybridTwo-modePlug-in HybridE-FlexRange-Extended EVEV RangeOnly at low speeds and loads10+ miles all-electric in city40

11、+ miles all-electric in cityRechargeOnly while drivingWhile driving and with plug-inWhile driving and with plug-inPowerEV driving in low-speed city onlyEV driving in cityEV driving full vehicle performanceLife10 years150,000 miles10 years150,000 miles10 years150,000 milesBattery technology and vehic

12、le requirements. Electrovaya Delivers Plug-in Escape Hybrid to NYSERDA; Application of New MN-Series Li-Ion CellsElectrovayas subsidiary Electrovaya Company, located in Ballston Spa, New York, has delivered a converted Ford Escape SUV Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) to the New York State Ener

13、gy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA).Electrovaya is using its new MN Series Lithium Ion SuperPolymer cellsa lithiated manganese oxide-based systemto build a 12 kWh pack that augments the original NiMH pack in the Escape. Electrovayas testing indicates 130 mpg equivalency from the converte

14、d PHEV.The MN cells offer up to 50% higher energy density with comparable safety characteristics to Electrovayas Phosphate Series, according to Gitanjali DasGupta, Electrovayas Project Manager, Electric Vehicle Program.The MN-Series has an energy density of up to 210 Wh/kg versus the Phosphate wSeri

15、es, which offers up to 140 Wh/kg. On a cell-level, the MN-Series offers a volumetric energy density of up to 425 Wh/L. On a system-level, the prismatic large-format construction enables a volumetric saving of up to 22% as compared to cylindrically constructed cellsa volumetric saving common to prism

16、atic cells. The battery pack will recharge from 0% to 80% in less than 2 hours at 220V; a complete recharge (0% to 100%) is approximately 4 hours. A full charge at 120V is overnight.This is the first Ford Escape to be converted to a PHEV by Electrovaya and to be operated and tested by NYSERDA as par

17、t of the $10-million New York State Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Technology Initiative aimed at converting the States 500-plus standard hybrids to plug-in capability.Lithium Technology Corporation Showcases New Battery Pack for Plug-in RetrofitThe LTC PHEV pack for the Prius. Click to enla

18、rge. The LTC Prius PHEV Lithium Technology Corporation (LTC) has retrofit a Toyota Prius to a plug-in hybrid using a battery pack based on LTCs new product line of large-format lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) cells, the largest cells of their kind in the world. The 7 kWh battery pack, comprising 63

19、 of LTCs 3.2V, 35Ah iron phosphate cells, could support fuel economy of up to 125 miles per gallon, the company extrapolated, based on the performance of a smaller 2.2 kWh li-ion pack used in the Zytek smart for four conversion in the UK. LTC cells use LiFePO4 licensed technology, developed by Prof.

20、 John Goodenough with the University of Texas and supplied by Phostech.Mitsubishi and GS Yuasa to Establish Joint Venture to Manufacture Lithium-ion Batteries for EVs and PHEVsThe new 3.7 V, 50 Ah LEV-50 cells.Mitsubishi Motors i MIEV. Mitsubishi Corporation (MC), Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC)

21、 and GS Yuasa Corporation are establishing a joint venture (JV) company to manufacture large-capacity, high-performance Lithium-ion batteries that can be used in electric vehicles (EV). The three partners aim to complete the details of the deal and set up the new company sometime within the next 6 m

22、onths.Mitsubishi Motors will use the batteries in its next-generation EV i MiEV (i Mitsubishi innovative Electric Vehicle), which it plans to introduce to the market by 2010. The new JV company will also supply the batteries to other automakers for EV and plug-in hybrid (PHEV) applications and for e

23、nergy storage use in industrial applications. The 3.7 V, 50 Ah LEV-50 cells from the new company are based on the LIM series of large-format Lithium-ion batteries manufactured by GS Yuasa (currently the only mass producer of large-format Lithium-ion batteries in Japan). The partners will work to enh

24、ance the cell-structure and electrode materials to deliver improved energy and power densities.EnerDel Cell Specifications Lithium Titanate CellsHard Carbon Cells CD sizeA5 sizeCD sizeA5 sizeNominal capacity1.8 Ah5 Ah2 Ah5 AhNominal voltage2.5 V2.5 V3.6 V3.6 VDimensions mm145 x 130 x 5200 x 111 x 5.

25、8145 x 130 x 5200 x 111 x 5.8Target applicationSmall HEVHEVSmall HEVPHEV/BEVEnerDel has developed its own lithium titanate (titanium oxide) anode material in collaboration with Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) for HEV applications. The company has also developed a hard carbon anode lithium-ion batt

26、ery that it will target at plug-in hybrid (PHEV) and battery electric vehicle (BEV) applications. For the cathode, EnerDel uses manganese spinel (LiMn2O4). EnerDel uses a flat prismatic cell design.EnerDel to Deliver Lithium-Ion Battery Samples for HEVs in June 2007Nissan and NEC To Form Joint Ventu

27、re To Develop Automotive Li-Ion BatteriesPrototype laminated cells (left) and vehicle battery pack (right). Nissan Motor, NEC Corporation, and NEC TOKIN Corporation, have signed an agreement to establish a joint-venture companyAutomotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC)to develop and market lithium-

28、ion batteries for wide-scale automotive application by 2009, including applications such as hybrids, plug-in hybrids, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles. The new company will focus on the development and marketing of advanced lithium-ion batteries, designed to power future generations

29、 of electric-powered vehicles. After one year, the partnership will be expanded to include mass production and sales. The new joint venture will market its lithium-ion batteries to other potential customers in the auto industry.NEC and NEC TOKIN bring expertise in cell technology and battery manufac

30、turing while Nissan will focus on the battery pack for real-world application in electric-powered vehicles. LIB-HEV is almost readyDOE Makes Draft Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle R&D Roadmap Available for CommentPreliminary schedule for PHEV work. Battery performance requirements versus vehicle

31、application. A PHEV battery will experience both deep discharges like an EV (i.e., the large swings in SOC shown in green) and shallow cycling necessary to maintain the battery for power-assist in charge sustaining HEV mode (in yellow). DOE Makes Draft Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle R&D Roadmap

32、 Available for Commentpider chart comparing Li-ion and NiMH to DOE targets. DOE Makes Draft Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle R&D Roadmap Available for CommentBattery R&D schedule DOE Makes Draft Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle R&D Roadmap Available for CommentAdvanced Battery R&D Proc

33、ess DOE Makes Draft Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle R&D Roadmap Available for CommentPhase 1: Materials development (national laboratories and universities) The tasks are exploratory research with long-term potential to improve Li-ion technology: Develop Improved Positive Electrode Materials Tra

34、nsition metal oxide (TMO)-based cathodes: for high capacity (250 mAh/g) leading to improved energy density and lower system cost Organic redox cathodes (and anodes): for high energy and rate, low cost Develop Improved Negative Electrode Materials Novel inter-metallic alloys and new binders: for impr

35、oved energy density ( 2 times graphite) and lower system cost Nanophase metal oxides (e.g., Li4Ti5O12) with voltage higher than graphite: to avoid Lideposition on charge and result in lower cost than graphite Develop Associated Electrolytes High voltage electrolytes (4.5 5 Volts): to take advantage

36、of cathodes that operate above 4.3 Volts Solid polymer electrolytes (with improved conductivity & mechanical strength): to inhibit dendrite growth and to enable Li-metal batteries Ionic liquids: for improved stability against high voltage electrode materials, enabling the use of higher energy ma

37、terials Electrolyte additives including redox shuttle overcharge protection additives: for improved safety and interfacial stability for longer life Conduct Inter-phase Studies Continue search for better membranes or glasses: to stabilize the surface of the metallic lithium anode, leading to Li-metal batteries New stabilized surface coatings: to inhibit cathode degradation, leading to more stable and longe