希腊罗马神话期末考试复习进程

1、学习-好资料Sectionl：TorFSection2:ChoiceSections:Explainidioms 1.Pandora'sBox灾难之盒含义：toopenPandora'sboxmeanstocreateevilthatcannotbeundone.来源：Pandora'sboxinvolvesamythologicalstoryinwhichtheaboxwasgiventoahumanwhowaswarnednevertoopenthebox,buthiscuriositymadehimopenitresultinginadisaster. 2.The

2、HornofAmalthea丰饶角含义：Asymbolofabundanceandnourishment,commonlyalargehorn-shapedcontaineroverflowingwithproduce,flowers,nuts,otheredibles,orwealthinsomeform.来源：Oneday,asAmaltheaplayedwithlittleZeus,sheaccidentallybrokeoffherhorn.Tomakeupforitandasasignofgratitude,Zeusmadethebrokenhornalwaysbefullofwha

3、teveritsownerdesired. 3.TheMidas/GoldenTouch点石成金含义：Abilitytoturneverythinghetouchedintogold.ifsomeonehastheMidastouch,everythingtheydoissuccessfulandmakesmoneyforthem来源：Midas'sjobknewnoboundsandassoonashegothome,heorderedtheservantstosetasplendidrepastonthetable. 4.AProcrusteanBed强迫一致含义：Whensome

4、thingisProcrustean,differentlengthsorsizesorpropertiesarefittedtoanarbitrarystandard.来源：ProcrusteswasaroguesmithandbanditfromAtticawhophysicallyattackedpeoplebystretchingthemorcuttingofftheirlegs,soastoforcethemtofitthesizeofanironbed. 5.SowtheDragonTeeth挑起纠纷含义：Thedragon'steeth,onceplanted,would

5、growintofullyarmedwarriors.来源：InGreekmyth,dragon'steethfeatureprominentlyinthelegendsofthePhoenicianprinceCadmusandJason'squestfortheGoldenFleece. 6.AppleofDiscord祸根含义：Aeuphemismforasmallmatterthatcouldleadtoabiggerdispute.更多精品文档学习-好资料来源：TheGreekgoddessofdiscord,Eris,becamedisgruntledaftersh

6、ewasexcludedfromtheweddingofPeleusandThetis.Inretaliation,shetossedagoldenappleinscribedKallisti('forthemostbeautifulone'),intotheweddingparty.Threegoddessesclaimedtheapple:Hera,Athena,andAphrodite.ParisofTroywasappointedtoselecttherecipient.HeawardedtheappletoAphrodite,thusindirectlycausing

7、theTrojanWar. 7.TheHeelofAchilles唯一的弱点含义：Adeadlyweaknessinspiteofoverallstrength,thatcanactuallyorpotentiallyleadstodownfall来源：Themythologicaloriginreferstoaphysicalvulnerability,metaphoricalreferencestootherattributesorqualitiesthatcanleadtodownfallarecommon.ThetistreatedAchilleswithAmbrosia,making

8、himinvulnerable.Thetisburnedawayhismortalityinthehousefireexceptontheheel,withwhichhewasheld.ThetisdippedtheinfantAchillesintheriverStyx,holdingontohimbyhisheel. 8.Penelope'sWeb永远做不完的工作含义：Thetacticsofdelayingsthonpurpose;thetaskthatcanneverbefinished来源：PenelopeisthewifeofOdysseuswhowascalledtofi

9、ghtintheTrojanWar.Shewaitstwentyyearsforthefinalreturnofherhusband.Inordertoputoffremarriage,Shehasdevisedtrickstodelayhersuitors,oneofwhichistopretendtobeweavingaburialshroudforOdysseus'selderlyfatherLaertesandclaimingthatshewillchooseasuitorwhenshehasfinished.Everynightforthreeyears,sheundoesp

10、artoftheshroud,untilMelantho,oneoftwelveunfaithfulservingwomen,discoversherchicaneryandrevealsittothesuitors. 9.BetweenScyllaandCharybdis进退维谷含义：BeingbetweenScyllaandCharybdisisanidiomexpressesthemeaningof"havingtochoosebetweentwoevils".来源：Scyllawasrationalizedasarockshoal(describedasasix-h

11、eadedseamonster)ontheItaliansideofthestraitandCharybdiswasawhirlpooloffthecoastofSicily.Theywereregardedasaseahazardlocatedcloseenoughtoeachotherthattheyposedaninescapablethreattopassingsailors;avoidingCharybdismeantpassingtooclosetoScyllaandviceversa.AccordingtoHomer,Odysseuswasforcedtochoosewhichm

12、onstertoconfrontwhilepassingthroughthestrait;heoptedtopassbyScyllaandloseonlyafewsailors,ratherthanriskthelossofhisentireshipinthewhirlpool. 10.NecklaceofHarmonia不祥之物含义：NecklaceofHarmoniabroughtgreatmisfortunetoallofitswearersorowners.来源：Aphroditeboreadaughter,Harmonia,fromAres'seed.Harmoniamarr

13、iedCadmus,thefounderofThebes.Uponhearingoftheroyalengagement,HephaestuspresentedHarmoniawithanexquisite更多精品文档学习-好资料necklaceasaweddinggift.ThenecklacewasmadebyHephaestus'ownhandandwascursedtobringdisastertoanywhoworeit. 13.ASisypheanTask含义：Endlesslylaboriousorfutile来源：Sisyphuswasfamedasthecraftie

14、stofmen.HewascondemnedforevertorollahugestoneupahillinHadesonlytohaveitrolldownagainonnearingthetop. 15.GiveacaketoCerberus含义：bribe来源：CerberusisawatchdogatthegatesofTartarus.Hewouldletthesoulsinbutnotout.Howeverhecouldbebribedwithahoneycakeonoccasionorwithsweetmusic.Section4:ExplaininEnglishthemeani

15、ngoffollowingterms.15%(5) 1.Anthropomorphism神人同形同性InGreekmyth,thegodsandgoddessesarenotonlypersonificationsoftheforcesoftheuniverse,theyareseenasbeingsmuchlikecommonmenandwomen.Thetermforthisis“Anthropomorphismmeaning“intheformofahumanbeing.” 2.TheFiveAgesofMen五个时代TheGoldenAge;theSilverAge;theBronze

16、Age;theHeroicAge;theIronAge 3.Tartarus地狱Thedeeperregion,wheretheTitanshadbeenimprisoned(Tartarusitselfformedadismalpicture,ithadgatesofbronzeguardedbyCerberus,surroundedbyfire,encasedbytriplewall,andwithin,thewailingandcriesofthosebeingpunished.Itistheunderworldzoneofeternaltorment,wherethegreatests

17、innershavebeenpunishedfortheirwrongdoing.) 4.TheElysianField天堂领域TheparadisefortheGreeks 5.TheAsphodelField充满游魂的地方Afieldinhabitedbywanderingsouls 6.Styx冥河AriverinHadesacrosswhichCharonferriedthesoulsofthedead.更多精品文档学习-好资料 7.Hubris过分骄傲Overbearingprideorpresumption. 8.Satyr森林之神，好色的人Satyrsareatroopofmal

18、ecompanionsofPanandDionysus.Inmythstheyareoftenassociatedwithpipe-playing 9.Maenad酒神的女祭司，异常激动的女人Oftenthemaenadswereportrayedasinspiredbyhimintoastateofecstaticfrenzy,throughacombinationofdancinganddrunkenintoxication.Inthisstate,theywouldloseallself-control. 10.Narcissism自恋Narcissusisamanwhowasrenow

19、nedforhisbeauty.Hewasexceptionallyproud,inthathedisdainedthosewholovedhim.NemesissawthisandattractedNarcissustoapoolwherehesawhisownreflectioninthewaterandfellinlovewithit,notrealizingitwasmerelyanimage.Unabletoleavethebeautyofhisreflection,Narcissusdied. 11.Harpy鹰身女妖Halfwoman,halfbird；viciouswinged

20、monster;oftendepictedasabirdwiththeheadofawoman 12.Xenia好客XeniaistheGreekconceptofhospitality,orgenerosityandcourtesyshowntothosewhoarefarfromhome. 13.Dionysia酒神节(inancientGreece)festivalsofthegodDionysus,anorgiasticfestivalinancientGreeceinhonorofDionysus 14.Aegis羊皮盾(宙斯及其女儿雅典娜所持的帝盾)AshieldholdbyAth

21、ena.Underone'saegismeansdoingsomethingundertheprotectionofapowerful,knowledgeable,orbenevolentsource.15.Metamorphosis变形，变质Apersonorthingdevelopsandchangesintosomethingcompletelydifferent变形acompletechangeofphysicalformorsubstanceespeciallyasbymagicorwitchcraft.)更多精品文档学习-好资料 16.Demigod半人半神Alessimp

22、ortantgod,especiallyonewhoishalfgodandhalfhuman. 17.Centaur人首马身的动物，半人马Acreaturewiththehead,arms,andchestofaman,andthebodyandlegsofahorse.(Inclassicalmythology,acentaurisacreaturewiththehead,arms,andbodyofaman,andthebodyandlegsofahorse.) 18.TheDeucalionFloodAphrodite'smagicgirdlewasagoldengirdlet

23、hatcausedmenandgodstofallhopelesslyinlovewithher.(ZeusvisitedArcadiaandThessaly,anddislikedthedeadlywrongsofmen.Hedecidedtocleartheearthofthemall.WithouthesitationhereleasedtherainysouthwindandcalledupontheheartlessPoseidontohelp.Soonthewholeworldsankinavastocean,andtheentirehumanracedisappearedinth

24、eunheardofflood,allbuttwopoorThessalians.)Section5:Essayquestions15%(3)Unit1:Examplesofmythologicalaccountsexplainingtheexplainable.UranuslayuponGaiaandmadelovetoherwithoutstop.(Theinterplaybetweenrainandsoilthatmakesplantscometolifeandgrow.)HumanBeingsfashionedfromclayGodsandheroesdescendingintothe

25、UndergroundinthewestandemergingintheEast.(SunrisesintheEastandsetsintheWest.)PersephonelivedthreemonthsintheUndergroundwithherhusbandandreturnedtolivewithhermotherDemeterfortherestofyear.(Thereturnofspringafterwinter.)Eros,equippedwithhissharpandbluntarrows,bringsaboutmanytragediesofhumanlove.(Freud

26、'stheoryaboutloveorsexasthemostfundamentaldrivefromhumans.)Unit2:Similaritiesbetween“thefirstwoman"intheGreekPandora)andChristiancreationmyth(Eve)Evewastheinstigatoroftbewholeaffair,forthroughherbeautyandherwilessheseducedAdamtotasteoftheforbiddenfruit."Womanislikeanapple,lovelywithout

27、,rottenwithin."Evewasluredbythesnake.Pandorawasdrivenbyhercuriosity.Theirbehaviorscausedevilandplaguestohuman-beings.更多精品文档学习-好资料Unit3:ReasonsthatancientGreekstendtodepictZeusasapromiscuousman,anunfaithfulhusband?Zeus'fatalWeaknesses:anuncontrollablelustforsexualdriveThisshowstheanthropomor

28、phism.Theancientemperorsusuallyhadmanylovers,sotheGreeksdepictZeusasapromiscuousman.ThisalsoshowstheancientGreeks'imaginationforaman.Reproductionisblessing.uUnit4:SymbolicmeaningofOliveTreeintheGreekstoryandHolyBibleWhenPoseidonandAthenadisputedastowhichofthemshouldgivethenametothecapitalofAttic

29、a,thegodsdecided,thatitshouldreceiveitsnamefromhimwhoshouldbestowuponmanthemostusefulgift.Poseidonthencreatedthehorse,andAthenacalledforththeolivetree,forwhichthehonorwasconferredonher.TheolivebranchinBibleappearsinthestoryofNoah'sark.Whenthewaterrecededdovefliedwithanolivebranchinitsmouse.Inthe

30、Greekstory,OliveTreemeanspeaceandwealth.IntheHolyBible,OliveTreeappearedaftertheflood,soitrepresentspeace. Unit5: DifferencesbetweenAthenaandAresAres:thirstforthe“handtohandcombat"andthe“frenzyofbattleandbloodshed”Athena:"warforthepurposesofjustice”,apeacefulsettlements""waratadi

31、stance","strzofwar” WhatarethedistinctivefeaturesofDionysusasareligiousfestival?TheDionysiawasalargereligiousfestivalinancientAthensinhonorofDionysus.Thecentraleventwastheperformanceoftragediesandcomedies.Dionysuswasagod,mirroringtheinnatewildnessofhumanitywhichAtheniansabhorredandtriedtoc

32、ontrol.TheDionysiawasatimetoletouttheirinhibitionsthroughhighlyemotionaltragediesorirreverentcomedies.PeopledressedlikeSatyrsandMaenads.Somemendressedaswomenandwomenasmen.TheDionysiawasalsomarkedbyanelementofrole-reversalandboundary-crossing:lowerclasscitizenscouldmocktheupperclass;orwomencouldinsul

33、ttheirmalerelatives. WhataretheApollonianandDionysianelementsinmusicstyleandhumanpsyche?MusicHumanpsyche更多精品文档学习-好资料Apollo(rational)Goldenlyre,withclearmelodies,evokingfeelingsofharmonyandserenitySelf-control,moderation,mentalbalanceDionysus(irrational)Tambourine,withfuriousanderraticrhythms,express

34、ingpassionateandimpulsivenature.Spontaneousandinstinctiveemotions;self-indulgence,excessUnit6InterpretationoftheFuries',Apollo'sandAthena'sjudgmentonOrestes'matricide.(SeethescriptsinPPTforUnit6)OrestesisbeinghoundedandterrorizedbytheFuriesforthebloodcrimeofmatricide.Oresteskilledhis

35、motherClytemnestra,whomurderedhisfatherAgamemnon.(背景)Furies:holinessofmotherhood,reminiscentofmatriarchies;triballaws=aneyeforeyeApollo:lawsofmales-dominatedsocietyAthena:representingthevoiceofwomanhoodtodenymother'sroleasthecreator.InthetalesofCallistobeingtransformedintoabear,andActeonbeingtra

36、nsformedintoastag,whatcommonthemedoesthetransformation"reveal?AncientGreeksweresoberandcontemplative.Theyexplorethemysteryofhumanidentifyandhumandestiny.1) Transformationfromhumantonon-humanwhichindicatesthelossofhumanidentifies.2) Inescapabledestinyof“theHunterbeinghunted” Unit7 Howdoyouinterp

37、retthelandscapeimageryinthestoryofNarcissus?(SeePPTforsession7)Landscapeimagery:"Therewasaclearfountain,withwaterlikesilver,towhichtheshepherdsneverdrovetheirflocks.Nordidthemountaingoatsresorttoit,noranyofthebeastsoftheforest;neitherwasitdefacedwithfallenleavesorbranches;butthegrassgrewfreshar

38、oundit,andtherockssheltereditfromthesun.Histearsfellintothewateranddisturbedtheimage.The"stillness"ofclearfountainsuggestsNarcissus'insusceptibilitytothelustoftheworld.Whilehistearsdisturbedtheimage,hislustofeyeshad"deflowered"him,takingawayhisvirginity-apuresoulandapeacefulm

39、ind.更多精品文档学习-好资料 InterpretationofhowCupid(Eros)fallsinlovewithPsyche.(SeethescriptsinPPTforunit7)Theeroticlove(Eros)andthespirituallove(Psyche)belongtogetherinaninseparableunion.Thesymbolicmeaningof“theunionofCupid(Eros)andPsyche"is"animatingspirit".InVenus'sgardentherearetwofount

40、ains:onewithsweetwater,theotheronewithbitter.CupidfillstwovaseswitheachandthengoestoPsyche'sbedchamberwheresheissleeping.Cupidproceedstoletafewdropsfromthebitterfountainwaterfallonherlips,thentoucheshersidewithhispointedarrow.Feelingthetouchofthearrow,Psychewakesup,openshereyes,andseemstobegazin

41、gstraightatCupidwhoisinvisible.ThisstartlesCupidenoughthatheendsupwoundinghimself.CupidimmediatelysetsouttorepairthedamagehehasdonetoPsyche,andpoursafewdropsofthesweetwaterinherhair.InterpretationofancientGreeks'attitudestowardimmortalityinthelovestoryofTithonusandEosAncientGreeksagainstimmortal

42、youth.Theythoughtthatamanshouldn'tdesireinanywaytovaryfromthekindlyraceofmen,orpassbeyondthegoalofordinance. Unit8&9 1WhyisPerseusregardedasaperfecthero?PerseuswasthemostperfectGreekheroinmyths.HewastheonlyGreekherowhomaintainedsupportiverelationshipwithwomenthroughouthiscareer.Inhispursuito

43、fglory,heexhibitedbothcourageandwisdom.InkillingMedusa,heoutwittedthemonsterbyhisshrewdnessandtricksratherthanmerecourageandstrength.Hewasfavoredbygodswhenhewasaliveandafterhisdeath,hewastransformedintoaconstellation. 2WhatisGreeks'conceptionofHeroasthestoryofHeracles/Jasonreveals.HerculesisGree

44、ce'sgreatestheroesinmyth,istheembodimentofstrength,courageandwisdom.Jason:youthfulconfidenceandthespiritofadventurecouragetocomealonetocaptureakingdom更多精品文档学习-好资料leaderofagroupofheroesvaliancetofightenormousevilsandconquermonsterssuccessinaccomplishingtheimpossible 3WhatisGreeks'conceptionofdestinyasthestoryofOedipusreveals?Itreflectsthecontradictionbetweenhuma