第四讲 如何展开论点

1、 PETS5 WRITINGPETS5 WRITING写作第四讲写作第四讲 段落连接关系段落连接关系 如何写论据如何写论据 论据综合实例论据综合实例 中间段落由中间段落由关联词关联词+ +分论点分论点+ +分论点的论证分论点的论证构成构成 分论点和分论点的论证之间可能有关联词。分论点和分论点的论证之间可能有关联词。1 顺接顺接(一边倒的内部一边倒的内部)议论类：议论类：并列并列 For one thing For another On one hand On the other hand递进：递进： Moreover Besides Furthermore More importantly I

2、n addition to Additionally 原因建议类：原因建议类： The most important reason (factor/element) An equally important reason An additional reason2. 逆接（两边倒）逆接（两边倒） 1. While there is great deal of enthusiasm nowadays over the advantages of the Internet, its drawbacks should not be neglected. 2. While it is undeniab

3、le that studying abroad is beneficial, it inevitably carries some intrinsic defects. 3. Proponents of such a change hold /maintain/argue that opponents of such a practice 4. An argument used by opponents of is /an argument advanced on behalf of is 5. For the people who lend their support tofor the p

4、eople who wish to see the legal prohibition of 转折与让步转折与让步转折： However Nevertheless Nonetheless In spite of 让步： Admittedly 论证方法：论证方法： 同一段可以使用多个论证手段同一段可以使用多个论证手段但是：但是： 不是说每一段都得使用几种，将论不是说每一段都得使用几种，将论证方法分散到你的论据中。证方法分散到你的论据中。1.1.扩展主题句扩展主题句 （基本句型）（基本句型）2. 2. 假设论证假设论证 （状语从句）（状语从句）3. 3. 延长因果链延长因果链 （状语从句）（状语从

5、句）4. 4. 举例论证举例论证 ( (单个例子，例子排单个例子，例子排比）比） 5. 5. 对比论证对比论证 （具体情况，时间对比）（具体情况，时间对比）6. 6. 驳论驳论 1. 1. 扩展主题句：扩展主题句：A: A: 同义替换同义替换1. in other words换言之2. that is to say也就是说3. to be more precise说的具体一些4. by I mean 我的意思是5. this means这意味着6. namely 1. 扩展主题句：B: 主题句中的名词讲清楚-抽象名词具体化 The cost of living has been steadil

6、y rising in the past decades. Food prices, clothing costs, housing expenses, and tuition fees annually increased by 5.59% over the period of 1995 to 2008. Initially, one issue makes me support this is that (1 topic sentence) the development of science and technology has always accompanied the progre

7、ss of society. The invention of the steam engine led to the industrial revolution and brought about a new era of thrift of world economy. The employment of electricity has multiplied the productivity and reproduced the limited energy on earth. The innovation of computer technology resulted in the in

8、formation age and connected the distant countries as a single market.(3 details). try: Some people think that teachers should be responsible for teaching students how to judge right and wrong and how to behave well. Some say that teachers should only teach students about academic subjects. Discuss b

9、oth views and give your opinion.1. For one thing, offering academic knowledge can contribute to students achievement.2. For another, at the community level, education institutions, obviously, should shoulder the responsibility to cultivate qualified citizens.TS: For one thing, offering academic know

10、ledge can contribute to students achievement.使用拓展主题句方法展开： That is to say, in primary school, children should be instilled(逐渐灌输) the ability of spelling Chinese characters and basic mathematical knowledge which ensure them mastering the common sense in daily life and offering the first step of furthe

11、r education. 2. 2. 假设说明假设说明思路：条件状语从句 目的状语从句3. 延长因果链延长因果链 The most immediate factor that has given rose to this phenomenon is the extensive use of farming machinery. Such as seeding, harvesting and grain-dying machines, in the process of the modernization of agricultural production, which has, in tur

12、n freed more farmers form the land to seek better opportunities in cities. With more immigrant workers swarming into them, many cities have been forced to expand into the neighboring countryside, as to accommodate the swelling population. TS: For one thing, offering academic knowledge can contribute

13、 to students achievement.使用拓展主题句方法展开： That is to say, in primary school, children should be instilled the ability of spelling Chinese characters and basic mathematical knowledge which ensure them mastering the common sense in daily life and offering the first step of further education. When students

14、 have a good command of academic subjects, such as, they can obtain the priority to further education. If they fail to master those knowledge, it is difficult to seek a bright future. 4. 举例论证举例论证1)分论点体现在具体的人、事物和场合上分论点体现在具体的人、事物和场合上（注意内部逻辑）（注意内部逻辑） Rather than limiting mans imagination, the general a

15、pplication of modern technologies actually enables man to be more and more creative. For instance, Dream Works, the famous American film company, has been designing and producing cartoons using computer technology. (3D technology) For example, Michelangelo would not have become distinguished painter

16、 if he had spent his days doodling. Another illustration is that Mozart would not have grown up to be a accomplished musician at the age of 8 if he had stayed in front of television. Like Marie Curie and Helen Keller, they responded to the challenges of lives actively by disciplined trainings, and t

17、hen they gained a new freedom of their lives. (3 examples). 举例子举例子1. I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the fact that more and more young people are finding it easier to get jobs.2. A good case in point is Wuhan, which has a pedestrian shopping street.3. Take my father as an exa

18、mple.4. to illustrate/as an illustrationTS: It is the essential responsibility for teachers to convey academic subjects to learners. 使用拓展主题句方法展开： In primary school, children should be instilled the ability of spelling If they fail to master those knowledge, it is difficult to seek a bright future. F

19、or instance, if a student fail to perform well in passing math, English, physics, and literature, he or she will be doomed to gain a failure in entering into university which can offer a diploma, thus, students will be handicapped by lack of required academic knowledge. 5、对比论证、对比论证 Comparison and co

20、ntrast A： 具体情况正反对比 B: 过去和现在的对比 Should young adults want independence from their parents as soon as possible? TS: At the contemporary society, moral guidance should be offered by parents to ensure those young fellows to refrain from misleading by inappropriate materials. 第一句：如果年轻人没有适当的保护没有适当的保护直接面对面对

21、社会上所有的诱惑诱惑，他们就会比和父母生活在一起和父母生活在一起的同龄人的同龄人更有可能走上犯罪道路走上犯罪道路。If young adults are exposed without properprotection from their parents to all the temptationsand evils of society, they are more likely to fall into a life of crime than people of the same age who still livewith their parents. 第二句：转折 相反，对于那些依

22、然和父母生活的年轻人来说，他们会知道当他们有困难的时候该怎么做。 Conversely, for those who still stay with their families, they might be informed of correct ways when they are in trouble. In primary school, children should be instilled the ability of spelling Chinese letters and basic mathematical knowledge which ensure them maste

23、ring the common sense in daily life. When students have a good command of academic subjects, such as, they can obtain the priority to further education. If they fail to master those knowledge, it is difficult to seek a bright future. For instance, if a student fail to perform well in passing math, E

24、nglish, physics, and literature, he or she will be doomed to gain a failure in entering into university which can offer a diploma, thus, students will be handicapped by lack of required academic knowledge. In the past, the development of society was not as rapid as now, it is unnecessary to be equip

25、ped with a large quantity of knowledge, however, nowadays, driven by scientific and technological breakthroughs, only when students own as much knowledge as others domestic and abroad, can they become more competitive, which is the basic obligation of teachers in current situation in China.6. 驳论 Som

26、e people hold that(反方观点)，because(反方的简单论据). However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact(反驳反方观点或者建立自己的观点） What is your opinion about nuclear technologies? In fact, the nuclear technology is more a curse than a blessing for society. As an energy provider, the nuclear technology would threa

27、ten or even destroy the environment if there were a technical accident, which is more often than not the case. Some people hold that(反方观点)，because(反方的简单论据). However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact(反驳反方观点或者建立自己的观点） Some people assert that the nuclear technology, as an energy provider

28、, is beneficial for society, because it can create cheap and clean energy. However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact, if there were a technical accident, which is more often than not the case, the outcome would be disastrous Some people may think/argue/insist that(反方观点）, because(反方观点的

29、论据). However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact/As a matter of fact/in actuality, (反驳反方观点或建立自己的观点） Some people think that the nuclear technology, as an energy provider, is beneficial for society, because it can create cheap and clean energy. However, they are oversimplifying the situat

30、ion. In fact, if there were a technical accident, which is more often than not the case, the outcome would be disastrous. Those who argue that often build their reasoning on such an assumption that. This assumption, nevertheless, is absurd/misleading. Those who argue that the nuclear technology, as

31、an energy provider, is beneficial for society often build their reasoning on such an assumption that it can create cheap and clean energy. This assumption, nevertheless, is absurd. In fact, if there were a technical accident, which is more often than not the case, the outcome would be disastrous. Th

32、ose who argue that governments should not take the responsibility to fund the development of arts often build their reasoning on such an assumption that arts contribute little to the improvement of human life. This assumption/supposition/ statement/assertion, nevertheless, is absurd. As a matter of

33、fact, the quality of human life is not only measured by material gains but also by spiritual satisfaction. Admittedly, the presence of buildings, highways, banks, or cargo ships, airplanes, and the GDP increases do contribute to human comforts and convenience. Yet, it cannot be denied that the quali

34、ty of human life involves broader aspects in addition to material things. It includes, inevitably, the spiritual life, which can never be improved merely by material gains. The spiritual problems, or in other words, problems inherent in human soul, perhaps can only be unlocked by arts. In this sense

35、, governments is certainly responsible for funding the art development for the sake of the peace and tranquility in soul.论据综合实例论据综合实例 1. People are optimistic about 21st century. Many people think it is a good opportunities to find positive change in future. How do you think the optimism? What would

36、 you like to change in 21st century? 对整个系统（世界经济）的影响：世界经济通过高效通对整个系统（世界经济）的影响：世界经济通过高效通讯提高效率讯提高效率 Information technologies has greatly improved the efficiency of communication and therefore stimulated the world economy. Examples can be easily found to support this viewpoint. Before the internet has be

37、en widely established, a businessman in Beijing had to fly to London to make a bargain with his partners, which would take him more than three days to settle down and begin to negotiate. On the other hand, via internet, he only needs to open Net meeting system now, which allows him to exchange ideas

38、 with his partners virtually simultaneously through not only audio but also video information)对整个系统（世界经济）的影响：男女平等对整个系统（世界经济）的影响：男女平等 In addition, an information society fathers more profound influence on social structure. In fact, the advent of new technologies has made it possible for women to shar

39、e equal status with men. In the past, namely the industrial or agricultural ear, physical power was the most essential element of productivity, and obviously females were not as strong as males. However, the information era now attaches more importance to intelligence rather than physical power, and there is no evidence indicating that women are not as intelligent as men. As a result, increasingly more females have occupied significant social positions, such as the CEO, the Prime Minister and the Pr