对外经贸英语合同写作第2,3

1、Linda 第二章 国际经贸合同的语言特色v国际经贸英语合同是法律性文件，合同用词必须严格、正规和确切；用语力求完整，全和合乎法律条文的规定。它和一般贸易往来书信使用自然、亲切的语言风格有所不同，与基础英语相比，合同的词语较复杂、繁冗、晦涩、难读。 一、用词方面v（一）多使用正式或法律上的用语v1. At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B install the equipment.v应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术员帮助乙方按照设备。v2. The personal shall

2、 not partake in any political activities in Iraq.v所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。v3. In processing transactions, the manufactures never have title either to the materials or to thefinished products.v在加工贸易中，厂方对原材料或成品都无所有权。4. The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed (被认为) to be construe

3、d (理解)as part of this Contract. 整个合同期间，本合同的附件应被视为合同的一部分予以解释。5. The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not bedeemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation orconstruction thereof or of the Contract. 本合同条件中的标题和旁注不应视为合同文本的一部分，在合同条件或合 同本身的理解或解释中也不应考虑这些标题和旁注。

4、（Construction 比explanation 要正式。）6. The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in considerationof the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price. 业主特此立约保证向承包人支付合同总价，以作为本工程施工、竣工及补程中缺陷的报酬。Covenants是法律用词，意为签订有法律约束力的正式合同。（二）多用成双成对的同义词v1. The Par

5、ties may, through consultation, make amendments to and revisions of the contract as and when the need arises.v对方可在必要时，通过协商，修改本合同。 2. This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 本协议由甲方和乙方签订。3. The Contractor shall, without limiting his or the Employees obligations and

6、responsibilities under Clause 20, insure the Works, together with materials and plant for incorporation therein, to the full replacement cost. 在不限制第20条中规定的承包人和业主的义务和责任的条件下，承包人应该以全部重置成本对工程、用于工程中的材料和工程配套设备进行保险。vand/orv 常用 and/or英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙”的内容，这样就可避免漏译其中的一部分。v 例 ：如果上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。v

7、The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on buard. v双介词双介词v 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。v 例 1: 自 9月 2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。v Party Ashall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.v例 2：我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于 5月 1日，支付现金。v

8、Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1. （三）多使用加前缀“here”,“there” ，“where”的古体词以及一些外来词v英文合约里包含大量古老的制式用语，成为初次接触者的困难之一 v英语中某些副词如“here”和 “where”在法律文件中往往当作前缀，与另外一个词构成一个正式法律词汇中的副词，在法律文件中用这些词，可以避免重复，使行文准确、简洁。v对外经济合同文件是法律文件，为了维护法律的权威性，在进行此类文件的英文写作时，常常使用那些我们平时不常用的、法律文件中专用的正式词汇。vhereaft

9、er=after this time, in the future 今后、此后vhereby=by means of this contract,etc.,by reason of this 特此vherein= in this contract,etc. 由此、于此、因此vhereinafter=later in this contract,etc.在下文vhereinbefore= in a preceding part of this contract,etc.在上文vhereof= of this contract, etc. 于此，在文体中vhereto= to this contr

10、act, etc. 对此，至此vheretofore= until now 迄今，到现在为止vhereunder= under this contract , etc. 在下面vhereupon=at this point; in consequence of this 关于这个，于是vherewith=with this contract , etc. 同时，与此；附此here介系词介系词v以here开头，后面再加上一个介系词的传统用字，在英文合约里经常可以看到，大概包括hereunder、hereto、hereby、hereof、herein等等这几个字。这是比较容易处理的一类，因为只要记

11、住一个简单的原则：here介系词介系词 = 介系词介系词this agreement，就几乎可以解读所有的第一类用语了。注意：hereinafter在定义条款中用来表示以在定义条款中用来表示以下简称下简称.的意思，的意思，虽然也用here为前缀，但与这里所说的传统用语无关 vHereby: by this agreement ，by means of ; by reason of this. 特此，因此，兹。v中文大概可以说是在此、依此的意中文大概可以说是在此、依此的意思，表示当事人借着这个合约，要宣示某种思，表示当事人借着这个合约，要宣示某种具有法律上效力的意思表示，例如保证、具有法律上效力

12、的意思表示，例如保证、同意、放弃权利等等同意、放弃权利等等 hereby 例一：The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time a

13、nd in the manner prescribed by the Contract. v(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such.as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in a

14、ccordance with 根据,按照(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款v业主特立此约保证在合同规定的期限内，按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价，或合同规定的其它应支付的款项，以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。v例二：We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information

15、and data have been supplied herein（在声明中）, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.v（1）hereby：特此（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中（5）documentary proof：证明文件v 特此证明，据我们

16、所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。hereofv英文释义: of this = of this agreement“v中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Works”。vto file a s

17、uit in the court agreed to herein vto file a suit in the court agreed to in this agreement v向当事人于本合约中合意管辖的法院提起诉讼 to follow the terms and conditions herein vto follow the terms and conditions in this agreement v遵守本合约所规定的条件 to take effect on the date hereof vto take effect on the date of this agreemen

18、t v于本合约之日期生效 the headings of the sections hereof vthe headings of the sections of this agreement v本合约各条款之标题 v例1Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays (if required by the ca

19、rrier), supply and take delivery of the goods. Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.v注释：（1） Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether or not：不论是否（

20、2） the owner of the goods：货方（3） without interruption：无间断地（4） carrier：承运人（5） in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of this Clausev参考译文：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。v例2This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article

21、 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.v注释：（1） the crimes committed：犯罪行为（2） against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定 hereof: of this Decisionv参考译文：有限责任公司、股份有限公司

22、以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。heretov英文释义: =“to this agreement”， to thisv中文译词:至此，在此上 v用法: 最常出现在英文合约里的状况，就是和当事人以及附件两个概念相结合：在表示上文已提及的“本合同的本文件的”时，使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”，可以说“the Parties hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。v语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后

23、面，与之紧邻。v举例： both parties hereto： both parties to this agreement 本合约之当事人双方 items specified in Attachment I hereto items specified in Attachment I to this agreement 本合约之附件I所列之各项 v例1“Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be

24、 acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified b

25、y the Parties hereto.v注释：（1） patented technology：专利技术（2） patent：专利（3） application for the patent：专利申请（4） may have the right to control：可能有权控制的（5） permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何国家许可转让（6） Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同双方规定的本合同产品 hereto: to

26、 this Contractv参考译文：“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。v例2“Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maint

27、enance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities. Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such

28、 information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.v注释：（1） technical documents：技术资v（2） the data and the information资料（3） engineering：工程 v（4） manufacturing：制造（5） original information：原始资料 v（6） blueprint：蓝本（7） design sheets：设计图表 v（8） ma

29、terial specifications：材料规格（9） photostats：影印资料 v（10） general data：一般资料（11） design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：v与制造设备、工具和装置有关的设计及其说明书v参考译文：“技术资料”系指列于附件1与制造和维修合同产品有关的工程、制造及原始资料，包括与制造设备、工具和装置有关的图纸、蓝本、设计图表、材料规格、照片、影印资料和一般资料、设计及其说明书等，但上述资料仅限于乙方拥有的资料和甲方

30、用于本合同业务活动的资料。hereinv英文释义: in this, in this Agreementv中文译词: 此中，于此。v用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的，本法（中）的”等时，使用该词。如表示“本法（中）所称的不正当竞争”，可译为“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此处herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本协议（中）内容”，译为“the Contents herein”，此处herein表示“in this Agreement”。v在很多情况下hereof和herein相互代换使用，意思上并不会有很大的差别。 v例1This

31、 Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in serv

32、ices.v注释：（1） this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：兹制定本法（2） maintain the foreign trade order：维护对外贸易秩序（3） promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展（4） foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所称对外贸易 herein：in this Law（5） the international trade in services：国际服务贸易v参考

33、译文：为了发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，兹制定本法。本法所称对外贸易，是指货物进出口、技术进出口和国际服务贸易。v例2The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (in

34、this Contract).v注释：（1） （1）“FOB”（free on board）(Named port of shipment)：船上交货（）（2） （2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(Named port of destination)：成本加运费（）（3） （3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(Named port of destination)：成本、保险费加运费（）（4） （4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTE

35、RMS, 2000)：国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000v参考译文：除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000办理。hereinafterv英文释义:later in the same Contract中文译词:以下,在下文语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复，置于这些词组前面，与之紧邻。 v例1When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative

36、 joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”) apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.v注释：(1) existing

37、 Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures：已设立的中外合资经营企业，即现有的中外合资经营企业(2) Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture：中外合作经营企业(3) wholly foreign-owned enterprises：外资企业(4) hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”：以下简称外商投资企业(5) shall have a record of making profits：应有盈利纪录v参考译文：已设立的中外合资

38、经营企业、中外合作经营企业，外资企业（以下称为外商投资企业），如申请转变为公司的，应有最近连续3年的盈利纪录。 hereunderv英文释义: under this agreementv中文译词: 在本合约内、依据本合约在本合约内、依据本合约v举例举例 v1. obligations hereunder=obligations under this agreement 本合约内的义务本合约内的义务2. rights granted hereunder=rights granted under this agreement 依本合约所赋予的权利依本合约所赋予的权利3. payment due(债

39、务到期债务到期) hereunder= payment due under this agreement 依本合约应付的价款依本合约应付的价款4. notice required to be given hereunder = notice required to be given under this agreement 依本合约所应给予的通知依本合约所应给予的通知 thereabouts= nearby, approximately 附近，大约、左右thereby= by that means, in that connection因此、由此、在那方面therefrom= from tha

40、t 从那里therein= in that contract,etc. in that particular 在那里，在那点上thereinafter= later in the same contract, etc. 以下，在下文thereinbefore= in a preceding part of the same contract etc.在上文中thereon= on that contract, etc.在其上thereof= of that contract , etc.;from that source由此；因此thereto= to that contract , etc.

41、 in addition 此外，又thereunder= under that contract , etc. 在其项下thereupon= then; as the result of that 随后，因此，关于那therewith= with that or it 从此、与此、与该“there介系词介系词v以“there”开头，后面再加上一个介系词的传统用字，在英文合约里经常可以看到，大概包括“thereunder”、“thereto”、 “thereof”、“therein”等等这几个字。 有时“there介系词介系词 = 介系词介系词that agreement v例如：vtherea

42、fter: after that, 此后，之后vthereto：to that, 随附，附之vtherewith: with that, 与此，与之vtherefor,: for that, 因之，为此vthereunder: under that, 在其下，依照thereinv英文释义:in that; in that particular; in that respectv中文译词:在那里；在那点上，在那方面v用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的，工程中的”等时使用。例如表示“修补工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此处therein

43、表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，这里的therein表示“in the Works”。v语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。v例1vThe contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise

44、 than by:v注释：（1） the prior consent of the Employer：业主的事先同意 注意：consent只有单数形式，表示同意（2） assign：转让（3） therein：in the contract；thereunder：under the contract（4） otherwise than by：但下列情况除外。也可写成：unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances:v参考译文：没有业主的事先同意，承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好处进行转让，但下

45、列情况除外： v例2The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good condition. Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.v注释：（1） leasee：承租人（2） keep the c

46、ommodity in good condition：维持商品的良好状况（3） provided that：除非，表示进一步规定（4） leasor：出租人（5） to lodge claims against the Leasor：向出租人提出赔偿（6） any losses occurred therein：因此所遭受的损失 therein：in the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出现的故障v参考译文：承租人必须自负费用维持商品的良好状况；除非由出租人对商品的故障负责，承租人则有权向出租人提出赔偿因之所遭受的损失。 thereof v英文释义: of that

47、, of itv中文译词:由此,其v用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的”时，为避免重复，可使用该词，比如表示“合同条件、条款”时，可译为“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”，此处的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可译为“any parts thereof”，这里的thereof表示“of the Works”。v语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。v例1“Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract or otherwi

48、se agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.v注释：（1） Tests on Completion：竣工检验（2） otherwise agreed：另行商定（3） Employer takes over the Works：业主接收工程（4） any section or part thereof：工程任何部分、

49、区段 thereof：of the Worksv参考译文：竣工检验指合同规定的或由工程师与承包人另行商定的检验。这些检验是由承包人在业主接收工程或工程任何部分、区段之前进行的。v例2The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest (or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.In the absence of such specific in

50、structions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest (or to take other legal process in lieu thereof) when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest

51、 or other legal process shall be borne by the principal.v注释：（1） the collection order：托收指示（2） the protest：拒绝证书（3） in lieu thereof：代替拒绝证书 thereof：of the protest（4） non-acceptance or non-payment：拒绝承兑或拒绝付款（5） the banks concerned with the collection：与托收有关的各银行（6） experience non-acceptance and non-payment：

52、遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款（7） the principal：委托人v参考译文：托收指示应对于在遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时，是否需要作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）给予特别指示。如无此项特别指示，与托收有关的各银行在遭到拒绝付款或拒绝承兑时，并无义务作出拒绝证书（或采取其它替代法律手续）。银行由于作出拒绝证书或采取其它法律手续而发生的手续费或费用概由委托人负担。 thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunderv1) thereafter: after that此后；之后2）thereto: to that 随附；附之3）therewit

53、h: with that 与此；与之4）therefor: for that 因之；为此5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照v用法: 本节提及的各词，其用法与上面七节谈及的一样，主要强调的是“that”。如果强调的是“this”，则要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。语法：紧接所修饰词之后。thereaftervThe Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of one half of one percent (0.5%) per ann

54、um on the Total Loan Commitment. The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the conclusion of the Contract (inclusive) to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date (but excluding the day in question). The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the thir

55、d month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.v注释：（1） commitment fee：承诺费，承担费。贷款协议签定生效后，如借款人没有按期使用贷款，需向贷款人支付一定金额的补偿费用承诺费或承担费。通常在贷款协议中确定一个承诺期。承诺期分为前后两期，前期不收承诺费，后期计收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期已使用全部承诺期金额，则不收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期未使用全部承诺期金额，其余额在后段承诺期使用，则计收承诺费。（2） the Disbursement Date：贷款

56、发放日（3） the Termination Date：贷款终止日（4） from the date in the third month thereafter：从其后第3个月的该日 thereafter：after the Termination Datev参考译文：借款人每年应支付银行贷款承诺总额0.5%的承诺费。支付时间从签订合同之日起（包括该日在内），到贷款发放日和终止日中较早之日（但不包括该日在内）为止，从其后第3个月的该日起开始按季支付至发放日与终止日中较早之日。thereto v“Contract Products” means the products specified in

57、 Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.v注释：（1） Contract Products：合同产品（2） Appendix 2 to this Contract：本合同附件2（3） together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto：及其改进发展的产品

58、thereof：of the Contract Products；thereto：to the Contract Productsv参考译文：“合同产品”，系指本合同附件2中规定的产品及其改进发展的产品。 thereforvThe Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability pe

59、riods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as

60、soon as possible.v注释：（1）the Defects Liability Certificate：缺陷责任证书（2）the expiration of the Defects Liability Period： 缺陷责任期终止（3）different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works：不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分（4）any works instructed：任何按指示进行的工程v参考译文：工程的缺陷责