章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture 21教学课件

1、Lecture 21-ing ParticipleCollocation of ing participle with verbsVerbs followed either by infinitive or by ing participleForm of ing participleGrammatical Functions of ing participle -ing分词的一般式分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作行的动作; 完成式完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：生的动作。如： Being

2、a student, he was interested in books.Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. -ing分词的被动式分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承分词动作的承受者。根据受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式分词的被动式有有一般被动式一般被动式(being done)和和完成被动式完成被动式(having been done)。如：。如： The question being discussed is

3、 very important. Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. Verb + -ing formVerb + object + preposition + -ing formCollocation of Collocation of inging participle with verbs participle with verbsP241P242P246-248 There are verbs that can be followed There are verbs that can be followe

4、d eithereither by an by an inging participle participle oror by an by an infinitive. With some of these verbs, the infinitive. With some of these verbs, the choice between the two makes choice between the two makes no no difference in meaningdifference in meaning; with others, ; with others, however

5、, different choices result in however, different choices result in different interpretationsdifferent interpretations. .1) Either infinitive or 1) Either infinitive or inging participle without participle without change of meaningchange of meaninga) After process verbs such as begin, cease, continue

6、, start and emotive verbs such as cant bear, deserve, dread, hate, intend, like loathe, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, require, the infinitive is commonly used to refer to a specific act while the ing participle is used to refer to a general act, e.g.: Phil prefers Phil prefers doing doing

7、 it his way.it his way. He prefers He prefers to goto go by train this evening. by train this evening.b) After need, want, require, deserve, an active ing participle can be used to denote a passive meaning which can also be expressed by a passive infinitive, e.g.: This letter needs This letter needs

8、 signing signing by the manager.by the manager.= This letter needs = This letter needs to be signedto be signed by the manager. by the manager. Your car urgently required Your car urgently required seeingseeing to. to.= Your car urgently required = Your car urgently required to be seento be seen to.

9、 to.c) After begin, start, either infinitive or ing participle is possible, but when the infinitive is a stative verb, it normally goes with begin, e.g.: We began We began to seeto see what he meant. what he meant. She began She began to believeto believe his story. his story.When begin / start is i

10、n the progressive, it is also an infinitive, not an ing form that is normally used, e.g.: Its beginning Its beginning to rainto rain. . Im starting Im starting to workto work on my essay next week. on my essay next week.d) After attempt, intend and plan, the infinitive is more commonly used than the

11、 ing participle, but when the above-mentioned verbs are in the progressive, only the infinitive is possible, e.g.: I planned I planned to go/ goingto go/ going myself. myself. We are planning We are planning to visitto visit France this summer. France this summer.2) Either infinitive or 2) Either in

12、finitive or inging participle with participle with different meaningsdifferent meanings The verbs that admit of either an infinitive or an ing form with different meanings fall into 5 sub-classes:a)After remember and forget, the infinitive refers to a second act that follows the first, and the ing p

13、articiple to a previous event, e.g.:Cant you remember Cant you remember tellingtelling me the story last night? me the story last night?= You told me the story last night. Cant you remember it?= You told me the story last night. Cant you remember it?You must remember You must remember to tellto tell

14、 him all that. him all that.= You must tell him all that. Dont forget it.= You must tell him all that. Dont forget it.b) After stop, leave off, go on, the ing participle functions as object, while the infinitive as adverbial of purpose. Compare: They stopped They stopped watching watching TV at 9:30

15、.TV at 9:30.= At 9:30 they did not watch TV any more.= At 9:30 they did not watch TV any more. They stopped They stopped to watchto watch TV at 9:30. TV at 9:30.= They paused at 9:30 in order to watch TV.= They paused at 9:30 in order to watch TV.c) After try, mean, cant help, the choice between an

16、infinitive and an ing form depends on the meaning of the preceding verb itself. Compare: Your plan would mean Your plan would mean spendingspending hours. hours. I didnt mean I didnt mean to maketo make you angry. you angry. If you want to improve the taste, try If you want to improve the taste, try

17、 addingadding some sugar. some sugar. Philip tried Philip tried to answerto answer each question by himself. each question by himself.d) After agree, decide, there is a choice between the infinitive and “preposition + -ing”. Compare: They agreed They agreed to shareto share the remuneration. the rem

18、uneration. They agreed They agreed on sharingon sharing the remuneration. the remuneration.e) After encourage, permit, allow, recommend, advise, authorise, either the -ing participle or the infinitive with an expressed logical subject can be used. Compare: They encouraged They encouraged learning le

19、arning English by radio and television.English by radio and television. They encouraged They encouraged me to learnme to learn English by radio and television. English by radio and television.SupplementSupplement 动词动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可

20、接不定式作宾语补语。如：但可接不定式作宾语补语。如： Please permit me Please permit me to sayto say a few words. a few words. We dont permit We dont permit smokingsmoking here. here. 注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语：注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语： a.当当start, begin本身用于进行时态时。本身用于进行时态时。 When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his pa

21、rents. b. 当当start, begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。后接表示心理活动的动词时。 Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem. c. 当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。 We were about to leave when it began to rain. - -inging分词的语法作用分词的语法作用 -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表

22、语、宾语、定词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。语、状语和补语等。 1)作主语：作主语： Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。说比做容易。 为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：在句末。如： It is no use crying over spilt milk. Its a waste of time arguing about it. 在在There is no结构中，通常用结构中，通常用-ing分词。如：分词。如： There is no jokin

23、g about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。这种事开不得玩笑。 There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻历史车轮不可阻挡。挡。 2) 作表语：作表语： His hobby is collecting stamps. 3) 作宾语：作宾语： ing分词作动词宾语。如：分词作动词宾语。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. -ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用而用it作形式宾语。如：作形式宾语。如： I dont

24、 think it possible living in such a cold place. 我认我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。 Do you consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？次会有好处吗？ -ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如： Im against inviting him to dinner. They dont feel like walking that much. 注意：注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：在

25、有些句子中，介词常可省去。如： I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. What can prevent us (from) getting married? 4) 作定语：作定语： 单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如： reading room swimming pool dining car sleeping car singing competition wait

26、ing room-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：个定语从句。如： Who is the comrade standing by the door? They lived in a house facing south. ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如: When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overc

27、oat, ran to her with joy. 5) 做状语：做状语： -ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。方式或伴随情况等。 作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。如：引出。如： While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如： Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him. Many of us, being so excited, couldnt go to sleep that night. 作结果状语。如：作结果状语。如： His father died, leaving him a lot of money. She was so angry that she threw the toy on th