航海英语关联题

1、Passage1Salvageassistancemayberenderedwithoutagreementbeingreachedinadvance.Thereisarightundermaritimelawtosalvagewhichexistsindependentlyofcontract.Salvagemayalsoberenderedbyagreement.Therearetwomaintypesofarrangement.Servicesmayberenderedonthebasisthatremunerationwillbesettledlater,eitherbyagreeme

2、ntorbyarbitration,oronthebasisofalumpsumordailyrate.Ineithercasetheservicesmayberenderedonano-cure,no-paybasisalthoughadailyrateisunlikelytobeofferedonano-cure,no-paybasis.AsmentionedinSection1.4,LOF90providesfortheremunerationtobesettledlaterandincorporatesano-cure,no-payprinciple.Inmanycircumstanc

3、esitispossible,wheretimeallows,tohavetheassistancearrangedonacontractualbasisstipulatingordinarytariff,fixedlumpsumsordailyrates.However,wheretheshiporthemarineenvironmentareimperiled,negotiationsshouldnotdelaytheengagementofsalvors.LOF90istheformacceptabletomostsalvorsandmaybeagreedupontoavoiddelay

4、inassistancebeingrendered.Theassistancemaybearrangedundercontractswhichprovideforpaymentonordinarytariff.Ifnocontracthasbeenmade,thoserenderingbeneficialassistanceareinanyevententitledtoclaimsalvagewhereashipisinperil,sincethereisarighttosalvageundermaritimelawwhichexistsevenwherethereisnocontract.1

5、. Thewordremunerationprobablymeans.a. themoneyrenderedbythesalvorb. therewardgivenbythesalvedc. thepaymentmadebythemaritimeauthoritiesd. themoneyrewardedbythesalvorsowner2. HereLOFstandsfor.a.LossofFreightb.LadingofFormc.LloydsOpenFormd.LengthofFreeboard3. Evenifnocontractoragreementhasbeenenteredin

6、to,doesasalvorhavearighttomakeaclaimagainstthesalvedforrewardafterhehasmadeasuccessfulsalvage?a. No,hedoesnot.b. Itdependsonthenegotiation.c. Hehasarighttodiscussthetotalsumwiththesalved.d. Yes,ofcourse.Passage2Itisremarkablehowfewpeoplereallyunderstandapilotsstatusonboardship.Mostlong-shorefolkandn

7、otafewseafarershavetheideathatapilotsupersedesthecaptainandtakessupremecommand.Thisisincorrect,actuallyacaptainneverrelinquisheshiscommand,butithasbeenfoundnecessarytodefinetherelativepositionsofcaptainandpilot.TheElderBrethrenofTrinityHousehaveformallyexpressedtheopinionthat-Inwell-conductedships,t

8、hemasterdoesnotregardthepresenceofadulylicensedpilotasfreeinghimfromeveryobligationtoattendtothesafetyofthevessel,butwhilethemasterseesthathisofficersandcrewdulyattendtothepilotsorders,hehimselfisboundtokeepavigilanteyeonthenavigationofthevessel,andwhenexceptionalcircumstancesexist,hemustnotonlyurge

9、thepilottouseeveryprecaution,butshouldinsistonsuchbeingtaken.Nothingshortofurgentnecessity,suchasmanifestincapacityonthepartofapilotcouldjustifyamastertakinghisshipoutofthechargeofapilot,orgibingordersincontradictiontothoseofapilotincompulsorypilotagewaters.Anyinterferencebyamasterisunjustifiableexc

10、eptunderextraordinarycircumstances.4. Manylong-shorefolkandseafarershaveanincorrectideathat.a. apilothelpsthecaptaintakecommandofthevesselb. acaptainhelpsthepilottakecommandofthevesselc. acaptainneverrelinquisheshiscommandtothepilotd. acaptaingivesuphiscommandtothepilot5. TheElderBrethrenofTrinityHo

11、usethinksthat.a. adulylicensedpilotfreesthemasterfromhisobligationtoattendtothesafetyofthevesselb. themastercanmakehisowndecisionsifhewantstoc. adulylicensedpilotdoesnotrelievethemasterofhisresponsibilityforthesafetyofthevesseld. themastershouldntinterferewiththepilotsworknomatterwhathappens6. Where

12、apilothastobeemployed,themaster.a. shouldfollowthepilotsinstructionsunderanycircumstanceb. cantakehisshipoutofthechargeofapilotexcepturgentnecessityc. cantakehisshipoutofthechargeofapilotifthepilotisobviouslyincompetentforhisworkd. mustletthepilottakefullcontrolofthevesseluntilpilotingisnotneeded.Pa

13、ssage3(a) Themasterofeveryshipwhichmeetswithdangerousice,adangerousderelict,oranyotherdirectdangertonavigation,oratropicalstorm,orencounterssub-freezingairtemperaturesassociatedwithgaleforcewindscausingsevereiceaccretiononsuperstructures,orwindsofforce10oraboveontheBeaufortscaleforwhichnostormwarnin

14、ghasbeenreceived,isboundtocommunicatetheinformationbyallthemeansathisdisposaltoshipsinthevicinity,andalsotothecompetentauthoritiesatthefirstpointonthecoastwithwhichhecancommunicate.Theforminwhichtheinformationissentisnotobligatory.Itmaybetransmittedeitherinplainlanguage(preferablyEnglish)orbymeansof

15、theInternationalCodeofSignals.Itshouldbebroadcasttoallshipsinthevicinityandsenttothefirstpointonthecoasttowhichcommunicationcanbemade,witharequestthatitbetransmittedtotheappropriateauthorities.(b) EachContractingGovernmentwilltakeallstepsnecessarytoensurethatwhenintelligenceofanyofthedangersspecifie

16、dinparagraph(a)ofthisregulationisreceived,itwillbepromptlybroughttotheknowledgeofthoseconcernedandcommunicatedtootherinterestedGovernments.(c) Thetransmissionofmessagesrespectingthedangersspecifiedisfreeofcosttotheshipsconcerned.(d) Allradiomessagesissuedunderparagraph(a)ofthisregulationshallbeprece

17、dedbythesafetysignal,usingtheprocedureasprescribedbytheRegulationsasdefinedinregulation2ofchapterIVofSOLAS.7. Howmanydangersarelistedinparagraph(a)?a.4.b.5.c.6.d.7.8. Thephraseathisdisposalheremeansthat.a. themasterhastherighttodecidewhetheradangermessageshouldbesentornotb. themastdoesnthavetheright

18、todecidewhetheradansgseargmeeshouldbesentornotc. themasterhastherighttogetridofthedangermessaged. themastermustgetpermissionfromhiscompanybeforehisdecisionismade.9. Theword“intelligence”usedinparagraph(b)bestmeans.a. knowledgec. informationb.wordsusedinthemessaged.contents10. Whenamessagerelatingtot

19、hedangersaboveissent,theshipwill.a. paylessmoneyb. paythesameamountofmoneyasusualc. bechargedmored. befreeofchargePassage4Firstly,withreferencetocost,containerizationreduceshandling.Thisisbecausethegoodsareonlypackedonce.Theyareputintothecontainersatthewarehouseorfactoryandonlytakenoutattheirfinalde

20、stination.Inaddition,fewpeopleareneededtoloadcontainersintoships.Allthisreducestransportcosts.Lesshandlingalsoleadstolessdamage.Insidethecontainer,whichisstronglybuilt,thegoodsareprotected.Thecontaineralsoprotectsthegoodsfrompilfering.Thatis,frombeingstolen.Stealingfromcaseswhichhavebeenbrokenopenis

21、aseriousproblematmanyportsaroundtheworld.Acontainercanbesecurelyfastened.Itishopedthatlessdamageandlesspilferingmayleadtolowerinsurancepremiums.However,thisisstillundernegotiationwithinsurancecompanies.Anotherwayinwhichcontainershavereducedcostsisbymakingstoragelessofaproblem.Forexample,containerswa

22、itingforshipmentcanbeleftonthequaysideratherthanbeputinwarehouses.11. Containerizationreducescostbecause.a.itreduceshandling.b.goodsareonlypackedonce.c.itreducesthenumberofstevedores.d.bothAandB12. Accordingtothispassage,goodsare.a.sometimesstolen.b.frequentlypilferedc.beingveryoftenstolen.d.seldoms

23、tolenunlessthecasesarebroken.13. Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe.a. lesshandlinglessdamageb. lesshandlinglesspilferingc. lesshandlinglowerinsurancepremiumsd.theadvantagesofcontainerizationPassage5Thetweendecktypeofvesselhasotherdecksbelowthemaindeck,andallrunthefulllengthofthevessel.Thoseadditiona

24、ldecksbelowthemaindeckareknownasthetweendecks.Vesselsinthelinertradesoftenhavemorethanknownastheupperandlowertweendecks.Avesselwithtweendecksisverysuitableforgeneralcargo,asnotonlyisthecargospacedividedintoseparatetiers,butalsothetweendeckpreventstoomuchweightfrombearingonthecargoatthebottomofthehol

25、d.Thistypeofvesselalsomakesforbetterstorageofheavybaggedcargo,suchassugarandcement,astheweightpressureinthelowerholds,whichsometimescausesthebagstosplit,isreduced.Moreover,ifaheavycargoisloaded,thetweendecksenableittobedistributedthroughouttheshipandsogiveitgreaterstability.14. Thetweendecktypeofves

26、selhasbelowthemaindeck.a.twotweendecksb.anotherdeckc.twootherdecksd.additionaldecks15. Theadditionaldecksbelowthemaindeckarecalled.a.tweendecksb.uppertweendecksc.lowertweendecksd.lowerholds16. Ifaheavycargoisdistributedtoseparatetiersthroughouttheship,a. theweightpressureinthelowerholdsisreduced.b.

27、theshipgetsgreaterstabilityc. damagetocargoisreducedalotd. cargoiswellprotectedPassage6Tidesarecreatedmainlybythepullofthemoonontheearth.Themoonspullcauseswaterintheolittledeeperatapointclosesttothemoonandalsoatapointfarthestfromthemoon,ontheoppositesideoftheearth.Thesetwotidal“waves”followtheappare

28、ntmovementofthemoonaroundtheearthandstrikenearlytwenty-fiveminutes.Afterreachingahighpoint,thewaterlevelgoesdowngraduallyforalittlemorethansixhoursandthenbeginstorisetowardanewhighpoint.Hence,mostcoastlineshavetwotidesaday,andthetidesoccurfiftyminuteslatereachday.Differencesinthecoastlineandinchanne

29、lsintheoceanbottommaychangethetimesthatthetidalwavereachesdifferentpointsalongthesamecoastline.Thedifferenceinwaterlevelbetweenhighandlowtidevariesfromdaytodayaccordingtotherelativepositionsofthesunandthemoonbecausethesunalsoexertsapullontheearth,althoughitisonlyabouthalfasstrongasthepullofthemoon.W

30、henthesunandthemoonarepullingalongthesameline,thetidesrisehigher,andwhentheypullatrightanglestooneanother,thetideislower.Theformationofthecoastlineandvariationsintheweatherareadditionalfactorswhichcanaffecttheheightoftides.Somesectionsofthecoastareshapedinsuchawayastocausemuchhighertidesthanareexper

31、iencedinotherareas.Astrongwindblowingtowardtheshoremayalsocausetidestobehigher.17. Whichofthefollowingmaybeconcludedfromtheinformationpresentedinthepassage?a.Somecoastlinesdonothavetwotideseachday.b. Tidesusuallyrisetothesameleveldayafterday.c. Tidesarenotaffectedbytheshapeofacoastline.d. Thesunhasa

32、smucheffectontidesasdoesthemoon.18. Thetimethathightideoccursataparticularplaceisaffectedbyallofthefollowingexcept.a.thepositionofthemoonb.thedirectionofthewindc.channelsintheseabottomd.variationsinthecoastline19. Ifonehightideoccursat1:00a.m.,thenexthightideatthesamepointwilloccuratabout.a.7:25a.m.

33、thesamedayb.7:50p.m.thesamedayc.1:25P.m.thesamedayd.1:50a.m.thesamedayPassage7Moreandmorepeoplenowuseshiphandlingsimulatorsasatrainingmediumtoupgradetheprofessionalqualificationsofthemarineofficers.Thesimulatorismadetomodeltheenvironmentalconditionsofcertainportsandwaterways.Itprovidesvariouseffects

34、ofmaneuvering,suchasshallowwatereffects,windeffects,currenteffectsandsoon.Besides,theassistanceoftugsandbow/sternthrustersareprovidedtosimulatearealisticmaneuveringofberthingorunberthing.Soofficerscanlearnherehowtooperate“theirshipsconditions.20. Simulatorsareintendedto.a. improvetheofficersskillofm

35、aneuveringtheshipb. modeltheenvironmentalconditionsc. providewindandcurrenteffectsd. upgradethetrainingmedium21. Inthispassage,“shiphandlingsimulator”means.a. thesimulatorcarriedonboardb. thesimulatortobehandledbypeopleonboardc. thesimulatormeantfortheimprovementinthehandlingofashipd. thesimulatorto

36、handletheshipinsteadofmen22. Thebow/stemthrustersaremainlyusedwhen.a. theshipissailinginthecongestedwatersb. thesimulatorisworkingc. theshipisgettingalongsideorleavingtheberthd. thereisatugprovidingassistancePassage8Riversdrainawaytherainthatfallsontheland.Theytakeitdowntothesea.Rivershavebeenhighwa

37、ysalongwhichpeoplehavetraveledsincetheyfirstmadeboats.Theyhavebeenusedtocarrygoodsfortrade.Oftentheyhavebeenusedtoexplorenewlands.ManyfamousexplorersfollowedtheriverstoseewhatlayintheheartofAfrica.TheNileisthelongestriverintheworld.Itflowsmorethan6,600kilometersfromthelakesofEastAfricadowntotheMedit

38、erraneanSea.TheRiverAmazonisinSouthAmerica.Ithasmanyotherriversflowingintoit.Theydrainaverylargearea.InAustraliatheRiverDarlingflowsdownfromtheeasternmountains.ItjoinstheRiverMurray.TogethertheMurray-Darlingriversarenearly3,700kilometerslong.Lakesaremadewhenwaterfillsbighollowsintheground.Thelargest

39、lakeintheworldissolargeitiscalledaninlandsea.ThisistheCaspianSEAinthesouthofRussia.Lakesareoftenfoundhighinmountains,LakeTiticacaintheAndesmountainsisoneofthehighestlakesintheworld.TiticacaintheAndesmountainsisoneofthehighestlakesinthewould.LakeBaikalinSiberiaisthedeepestlake.Itisovertwothousandmetr

40、esdeep.Lakesweremadeindifferentways.Someweremadelongagobyicesheetswhichscrapedoutholesintheground.Somelakesformedwhenariverwasblockedbylavafromavolcanoorbylandslidingfromahill.23. Whichisincorrect?a. Sincepeoplefirstmadeboats,theyhavetraveledalongrivers.b. Manyexplorersusedriverstoexplorenewlandsc.

41、Peoplehavedriventheircarsalongriverssincerivershavebeenhighways.d. TheexplorersfollowedtheriverstoseewhatlayinthecenterofAfrica?24. Whichisincorrect?a. TheRiverAmazonislongerthantheNilealthoughtheNileisthelongestriverinAfrica.b. TheRiverAmazondrainsaverylargeareabecauseithasmanyotherriversflowingint

42、oit.c. TheRiverAmazonisnotinAustralia.d. TheNileisthelongestriver.25. Whichofthefollowingisincorrect?a. TheCaspianSeaisnotaseabutthelargestlakeintheworld.b. TheCaspianSeaisoneofthehighestlakesintheworld.c. BoththeCaspianSeaandLakeBaikalareinRussia.d. Lakesareoftenfoundhighinmountains.26. Whichofthef

43、ollowingisnottrue?a. lcesheetsscrappedoutholesintheground,someofwhichbecamelakes.b. Lakesweremadeindifferentways.c. Itwaspossibletoformalakebyblockingtheriver.d. Youcanfindwaterinallthehollowtopsofoldvolcanoes.3级Fornavigation,radarisofincrediblevalue.Itprovidesthenavigatorhisposition,hisdistancefrom

44、shipsorobstructionsnearbyandotheraccurateinformationtopreventcollisionandensurethesafetyoftheship.Radarcandisplayallobjectswithinitsworkingrangeclearly,eitherinclearweatherorinthickfog.Inaddition,iftheradarinformationiscorrectlyinterpreted,thenavigatorcaneasilyworkoutthespeedanddirectionofanapproach

45、ingobjectandtakepropermeasurestokeephisshipfromanydanger.Shore-based radar also plays an important role in shipping. If a shipaadraorbisseinrvterorsuble, thesrardaadattheshorestationswilluseVHFradiotoalertthemtoothertrafficinthevicinityaswellastoadvisetheirposition.Uptonow,manyradarsurveillancesyste

46、mshavebeeninstalledinmostlargeseaports.Theyareintendedtosmoothandcontroltheflowoftraffictoandfromtheharbour.27. Fornavigation,theradaris.a. ofnovalueb. veryimportantc.soimportantthatpeopledontknowhowmuchitis.d. veryexpensive28. Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutradarfunctionformsarinepurposesisincor

47、rect?a. Itgivesthenavigatortheshipsposition.b. Itcanprovideinformationtoprotectshipsfromcollision.c. Itcandisplayalltheobjectsatseaclearly.d. Itcanprovidehisdistancefromshipsandobstructionsnearby.29. Iftheshipsradarisintrouble,the-sbhaosreedradarwill.a. advisetheshipofhisbearingandothershipsposition

48、sb. warntheshiptoavoidcollisionwithothershipsandtelltheshipspositionc. advisetheshiptouseVHFd. alertothershipsnearbyandadvisetheirpositionsPassage9ThePanamaCanalconnectstheAtlanticOceanandthePacificOcean,ItislocatedatthenarrowestpartofPanama,whichis,ofcourse,aCentralAmericancountrythatconnectsNortha

49、ndSouthAmerica.ThefameofthePanamaCanalisnotinitssize.Itsnotabigcanalatall.Infact,itsonly50.72mileslong.Inthatsabout81.56kilometerslong.Incomparison,theSuezCanalinEgyptis103milesorabout166kilometerslong.Andyet,eventhoughthePanamaCanalisnotverylarge,itstsillconsideredtobeoneofthegreatestengineeringach

50、ievements.WhenitwasfirstbuiltithadatremendousimpactonEast-Westtrade.ItbroughttheOrientandtheWestclosertogether.WhatitaccuratelydidwastobringtheAtlanticandPacificcoastlinesoftheUnitedStatesclosertogether.Beforethecanalexists,ashipthatwassailingfromNewYorktoSanFranciscohadtotravelmorethan13,000milesor

51、20,930kilometersaroundthetripofSouthAmerica.TheCanalshortenedthistriptoabout5,200miles-thatmeansthatashiphadtotravelabout8,370kilometersfromNewYorktoSanFrancisco.30. ThePanamaCanalislocated.a. inthewestpartofPanamab. inthemiddleoftheAtlanticOceanc. betweenNorthAmericaandSouthAmericad. besidetheAtlan

52、ticOcean31. ThePanamaCanalis.a. alargecanalb. 50.72milesinlengthor81.56kilometerslonginmetricmeasurementc. 103milesor166kilometerslonginmetricmeasurement.d. biggerthantheSuezCanal32. WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutPanamaCanalisincorrect?a. Itbringstheeasternpartoftheworldandthewesternpartofthewor

53、ldclosertogether.b. ItbringstheAtlanticandPacificcoastlinesofAmericanearerandnearer.c. TheCanalshortensthetripbetweenNewYorkandSanFranciscotoabout5,200miles.d. ThecanalshortensthetripbetweenNewYorkandSanFranciscoto8,370kilometers.Passage10Pilotsonlygiveadviceonmanoeuvringthevessel.Theyplaceatthedisp

54、osalofmasterstheirexperienceandpracticalknowledgeofthecanal,butastheycannotbeacquaintedwiththedefectsanddifficultiesinmanoeuvring,stopping,starting,etc.,peculiartoeachvessel,theresponsibilityofhandlingthevesselrevolvessolelyuponthemaster.Itisthereforeforthemaster,takingintoaccounttheindicationgivenb

55、ythepilots,togivethenecessaryorderstothehelm,totheengines,andtothetugs.If,intheinteractofrapidmanoeuvring,themasterthinksitpreferabletoallowthepilottogiveordersdirectly,manoeuvrescarriedoutinthesecircumstancesshallbeconsideredashavingbeencarriedoutontheordersofthemasterandengagethesoleresponsibility

56、.Marinersareheldsolelyresponsibleforalldamagesoraccidentsofwhateverkindresultingfromthenavigatingorhandlingoftheirvesselsbydayandbynight.33. Thepilotcanonlygiveadviceaboutmanoeuvringthevessel,because.a. theymusttakeintoaccountthemastersadviceb. theydonthavepracticalknowledgeofthecanalc. theydontknow

57、muchabouttheshipsdefectsanddifficultiesinmanoeuvringd. theyonlyknowthenecessaryorderstothehelm34. Themastersresponsibilityis.a. togetthepracticalknowledgeofthecanalb. toavoidalldamagesoraccidentsofwhateverkindresultingfromthenavigatingc. toavoidthepilottogiveordersd. tomanoeuvretheshipwithoutanyindi

58、cationgivenbypilots35. “Mastersareheldsolelyresponsibleforalldamagesor”Inthissentence,”solely”perlyd.certainly36 .Whenthepilotisunabletocarryonhisduty,themastermust.a. askformessagefromcoastradiostationb. givethevesselinfrontofhimhisintentionofmanoeuvringthroughvisualandsoundsignalsc.warnthevesselafterhimhisintentionofmanoeuvringthroughsoundandvisualsignalsd.notproceedintothecanalPassage10Itiswellknownthatshipsarecloselyandinsepar