肖克考研英语语法及长难句剖析和精讲

1、恩波考研中国考研辅导第一品牌英语基础导学系类老师讲义肖克考研英语语法及长难句剖析和精讲Part 1.长难句课程教学目标(1) 精确掌握20多种各种句型结构以及独特的拆分方法(2) 精通难句的万能技巧 长难句的“三步走”。(3) 疯狂练习历年真题中出现频率最高的300多个经典句子，洞穿精华句型。(4) 夯实基础，讲解句子的基本成分， 从初级到高级各种语法现象，包括倒装, 省略，强调句等等。(5) 把难句“字面化逐字翻译”提高到“意群性分析性翻译”到“无意识的机械化理解”(6) 全面提升难句分析准确性和效率，把握每个难句的潜在命题点和出题方向， 讲解正确答案特征（7）熟练闪光句型的写作原理，为未来

2、写作的妙笔生辉和下笔有神做好准备（8）通过分析长难句打通英文文化思维，树立强大的西方式阅读模式（9）通过分析长难句精讲和扩充一千个考研核心词汇，为词汇的飞跃做好储备（10）通过分析长难句打好阅读基础，为将来的段落分析和文章宏观的驾驭能力打好基础Part2宏观介绍拆分长难句子以及中西方语言区别（1）Experts suggest that speech stages are reached at a constant age and promoted gradually accordi ng to the tale nts of huma ns, but there are cases wher

3、e speech hasstarted late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ and has great talents in sol ving mathematical and physical problems.（2） The American economic system is organized around a basicallyprivate-enterprise, market-orie nted economy in which con sumers largely determ ine what

4、shall be producedby spending their money in the marketplace for those goods that they want most and when and where the products should be sold to get their uttermost atte nti on.Part 3英语基本的句型主谓结构(SV)(1) All the folks in the theatre were deeply moved.(2) The existenee of both racial and sexual discri

5、mination in employment is well docume nted.(3) Certa in forms of polite ness should be observed as well.主-谓-宾(SVO)(1) All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline.(2) Early upbringing in the home is affected both by the educationalpattern of thecountry and by the parents ' ca

6、pabilities.(3) Every one dreams of atta ining success in his careers. 主-系-表(SVC)(1) She is feeli ng depressed and frustrated today.(2) In that way, competiti on can become a sen sible and positive way.(3) To makemistakes and to repeat making the same ones are too serious to be forgive n.(4) 主-谓-直接宾语

7、-间接宾语(S-V-Od-Oi)(1) He offered me a great hand.(2) Computers offer con sumers many convenien ces.(3) The modern white furniture and the special painting give the store an expensive look.(5) 主-谓-宾语-宾语补语(SVOC)(1) Tom made Jim cry loudly.(2) We pain ted the roof red.(3) His disorderly behaviors have le

8、t his girlfrie nd dow n.(6) 主-谓-形式宾语it-名词短语或形容词-真正宾语(1) Some students hold it a sensible choice to reform the economic system.(2) We con sider it reas on able to study abroad.(3) We hold it highly necessary to rake a rational attitude towards internet.(7) 主-谓-宾语-宾语的同位语(1) I am crazy about the film o

9、f Titanic, a romantic story I can never forget.(2) Some wome n are n ormally in active in social activity in the Arabia n country but,all of a sudde n, start a political campaig n, an action that tur ns aga inst the prese nt political system.Part 4句子成分的深刻剖析Part1主语成分(1) 名词做主语Pessimists say that the h

10、uman is facing extinction.(2) 动名词做主语Now keeping pets is more and more prevale nt in many developed coun tries.(3) 代词做主语After a light passenger-plane flew off the airport 10 minutes ago,it crashed in themountains and its pilot was killed.(4) 不定式做主语To commit suicide is a cowardly behavior.丽语It is impo

11、ssible for most learners to study English abroad.(6) 主语从句做主语That haste makes waste is a proverb full of logic.(7) “the ”加形容词做主语However adverse the circumsta nee is,the stro ng in life firmly believe acti on is morereliable tha n luck.(8) 数词做主语Each year thousands of graduates flood the job market, wa

12、ving their college diplomas and certificates.(9) 短语做主语A girl of great wisdom and of fasci nat ing personalityis what you are looki ng for.(10) as做主语As is known to all, we now have a two-day weeke nd, which means we have one more day for a rest after a week ' s work and study.真题中的复杂的主语(1) Feeling

13、s of righteous in dig nati on , it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.(2) Stren gthe ning econo mic growth , at the same time as win ter grips the n orther n hemisphere, could push the price higher(3) A bill by the Democratic Senator Robert, which would offer financial incentivesfor private

14、 industry, is a promising start.(4) The no ti on of not discrim in at ing on the basis of inborn tale nt is highly regarded.(5) Proper, scie ntific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and ben efits ofcon trolli ng the watercan help us to resolve these con flicts.(6) Examples of ben efits or

15、 costs of the curre nt concen trati on waveare sca nty.(7) The select ing role of the en vir onment in shap ing and maintaining the behaviorof the in dividualis only beg inning to be recog ni zed and studied.(8) It is crucial that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgme n

16、ts that scie nee can provide concerning the future con seque nces of prese nt acti ons.Part 2 宾语(1) Too little conflict breedsapathy(冷漠)and stagnation( 呆滞) .Too much conflictleads to divisivenessand hostility (仇恨) .Moderate levels of conflict,however, canspark creativity a nd motivate people in a he

17、althy and competitive way.(2) Ralph Waldo Emersonand other Transcendentalistphilosophers thought that schoolingand rigorous book lear ning put unn atural restrai nts on children.(3) The preside nt of the Nati onal Academy, Bruce Alberts, addedthis key point in thepreface to the pan el's report “

18、Scie nee n ever has all the an swers” . But scie nee doesprovide us with the best available guide to the future.Part 3表语(1) Equally, in poetry, the highly pers on al, performative genre isthe only form thatcould claim real liveli ness.(2) You could argue that art became more skeptical of happ in ess

19、because the moder ntimes have see n so much misery.(3) Many thi ngs make people thi nk artists areweird. But the weirdest may be this:artists ' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the onesthat feel bad.Part 4 定语(1) The ability to solve any problems or even to recogni

20、ze that a problem exists depends on memory.(2) The need to love and to be lovedseems universal. Maybe this is one traitthatseparates huma n beings from other animals.(3) As for the pictures taken in space by satellites show ing the earth to be rotatingsphere , they were just too ridiculous for words

21、.(4) The examples of Virtual Vineyards, A, and other pioneersshow that a Website selling the right kind of products with the right mix of in teractivity,hospitality,and security will attract online customers.(5) The universe works in a way so remote from what commonsense would allow that wordsof any

22、 kinds are in adequate to expla in it.(6) The in dividual now has more in formatio navailable tha n any gen eratio n, and thetask of finding the piece of in formatio n releva nt to his or her specific problemiscomplicated, time-cconsuming.(7) The decisio n of the New York Philharmo nic to hire Ala n

23、 Gilbert as its n ext musicdirector has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announ ceme nt of his appo in tme nt in 2009.(8) He is gifted with the abilityto take the work of scie ntists and to tran slate itinto Ian guage that childre n will enjoy reading.(9) Additi onal

24、social stresses may also occur because of the populati on explosi on or problems arising from mass migration movements -themselves made relatively easy no wadays by moder n means of tran sport.(10) People are absorbed into a culture of con sumpti onlaun ched by the 19Je nturydepartment stores that o

25、ffered vast arrays of goods in an elega nt atmosphere.(11) For example, a gran dmotherly woma nstaffing an ani mal rights booth at a recentstreet fair was distribut ing a brochure that en couraged readers not to use anythingthat comes from or is tested in animals.(12) A man without educatio n , ma n

26、y of us believe, is an unfortun atevictim of adversecircumstan ces deprived of one of the greatest opport unity to succeed.各种从句和特殊结构Part 1 主语从句阅读(1) That inflation strikes the economic system and causes severe economic crisisis well-k nown.(2) That our en vir onment has little to do with our abiliti

27、es, characteristics andbehavior is cen tral to this theory.(3) Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(4) Whether the results will be valuable, meanin gless, or eve n misleadingdepe ndspartly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.(5) However, whether such a sense of fair ness evolved

28、 in depe nden tly in capuch ins andhumans, or whether it stems from the com mon an cestor that the species had 35 millionyears ago, is, as yet, an unan swered questio n.(6) 上 is imagi ned by many that the operati ons of the com mon mind can be by no meanscompared with those of the scie ntists '

29、min ds, and that they have to be acquired bya sort of special trai ning.Part 2宾语从句阅读(1) Cartwright believes that one can exercise con scious con trol over recurri ng baddreams.(2) Theories cen teri ng on the in dividual suggestthat childre n en gage in crim inalbehavior because they were not suffici

30、e ntly pen alized for previous misdeeds or thatthey have lear ned crim inal behavior through in teract ions with others.(3) “Your abilities and wisdom count ” , Explained psychologist Michael Scheler of Carn ege-Mello n Un iversity in Pittsburgh, but the belief that you can succeed affectswhether or

31、 not you will succeed and whether you can make a triumph persistently after achiev ing your goals. ”(4) You have heard it repeatedthat men of scie nee work by means of in ducti on anddeduction, that by the help of these operati ons, they, in a sort of sen se, man age toextract from Nature certain na

32、tural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.Part 3表语从句阅读(1) I am not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid ofis how I would die.(2) One difficulty is that all of what is called behavioral scienee continues to tra

33、ce behavior to states of mind, feeli ngs, traits of character, huma n n ature, and so on.(3) What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the humanbrain ' s roughlyone hundred billionnerve cells are much more talented and humanperception far morecomplicated-tha n previously imagined.

34、(4) All we can hope today is that unbelievably dangerous powers of atomic weapons,which have been put into the hands of humanbeings by the development of modern scienee, will rema in un der con trol by resp on sible menand coun tries,and that they will be storedsecurely and used to deter those coun

35、tries desirous to launch wars without rationalreasons and that evil terrorists will not release upon mankind the weapons that could exting uish not only mankind, but all life on earth.Part 4同位语从句阅读(1) that 引导(1) In talkingto someyoung scientists,you might gather the impression that they findthe scie

36、ntific method substitute for imaginative thought.(2) On li ne culture thi nks highly of the no ti onthat the in formatio n flow ing on to thescreen comes there by specific request.(3) Gen erally, there was a belief that the new n atio ns should be sovereig n and in depe ndent states, large eno ugh t

37、o be econo mically viable and in tegrated by a com mon set of laws.(4) The asserti on that it was difficult for a people to enjoy its basic rights unlessit was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural developmentwas scarcely con tested.(5)

38、Over and over aga in, the Revoluti on ary gen eratio n, both liberal and con servativein outlook, asserted its con victio nthat the public in terest of the Republic restedupon an educated citize nry who can tell the truth from the wrong and who have greaterpatriotism, and that schools, especially fr

39、ee public schools, would be the best means of educati ng the citize nry in correct values and the obligati ons required of every one in a democratic republica n society.(2) whether 引导(1) The questi on whether we n eed more time to do the work has not bee n decided.(2) The issue whether the man is tr

40、ustworthyis inv estigated(3) 同位语从句与被修饰的名词分开，中间插入别的成分(1) Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their storiesin court to en sure guilty verdicts.(2) Dreary mon ths dragged by before the tragic n ews reached her that her beloved brother had bee n killed for rebelli ng th

41、e country.(3) Evide nee came up that specific speech sounds are reco gni zed by babies as youngas 6 mon ths old.Part 5定语从句阅读(1) who, that, which等关系代词引导的定语从句(1) Some compa nies are limiti ng the risk by con duct ing on li ne tran sacti ons on ly with established business partners who are given access

42、 to the company s private internet.(2) Those whosupport the “nature ” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patter ns are largely determ ined by biological factors.(3) Mea nwhile, the theft of in formatio n about some 40 millio n credit-card acco unts inAmerica, disclosed

43、in June 17th , overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America，s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts the American companies on notice that regulators will act f firms fail to provide adequate data security.(4) I suggest tran sformi ng our social system from a bureaucraticallym

44、an agedin dustrialismin which maximal product ion and con sumpti on are ends in themselves intoa huma nistin dustrialismin which man and fulldevelopme nt of hispotentialities-thoseof love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangement.which弓I导的非限定性定语从句(1) Manycon sumers seemto have bee n in fl

45、ue need by stock-market swin gs, which inv estors now view as n ecessary in gredie nt to a susta ined boom.(2) And the cost of the in ternetcompa nies continues to free fall , which is a good sig nfor any en terprise sett ing up compa nies in silicon.whe n, where, why, how等关系副词引导的定语从句(1) Maybe it is

46、 un likely to produce the n eeded nu mber of every kind of professi onalin a country as large as ours where the econom yis spread over so many states and invo Ives so many intern ati onal corporations.(2) They have taken note of the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when Englandwas still a

47、completely agricultural country, a period of abundance and prosperity.(4) 连环定语从句(1) Pierce has pieced together the work of hun dreds of researchers around the worldto produce a unique mille nnium tech no logy cale ndarthat gives the latest dates whenwe can expect hun dreds of key breakthroughs and d

48、iscoveries to take place.(2) Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiologicalmechanismsthat allow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives which can extend 500 meters below the ocean' s surface andlast for over 70 mi

49、nutes.(3) Creating a “European identity ” that respects the differentcultures andtraditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continentis no easytask and dema nds a strategic choice.(4) Comb ined with digital televisi on sets, videodiscs can not on ly prese nt films butalso offer

50、surround sound which provides theatre quality-amazing reality by which the viewers may have an illusi on that they were at the see ne and wit nessed everythinghappe ning just around them.(5) 并列定语从句(1) Preside nt Kenn edy welcomed the peoplewho raised questi ons, who criticized, whopresen ted an in t

51、ellige nt point of view, on whose judgme nt he could rely, regardlessof their rank or viewpoint.(2) Small cards which can carry as much as 80 times more in formati on on them thanconventional card and can be processed more speedily and efficientlythan thoseold-fashioned cards are already widely used

52、 in European countrieswhere centralizedbanks can roll out these new services.(6) 定语从句和介词或分词连接使用(1) Speech has to be triggered and this depe nds on the in teracti onbetween the motherand the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the child ' s crying, smiling, and resp onds to them.(2)

53、 In moder n fast-c on sumi ng-product compa ni es, treme ndous use is made of statisticsto measure the dyn amic differe nee in marketsresult ing from the mass allocati ons ofadvertisements which con stitute such a large part of their product ion costs beforeselling that they regard product ion costs

54、 as product ion plus advertis ing costs(4) Such large man ipulati on of capital and in dustry greatly in creased the nu mbersshareholders who have owned wealth detached from the land and the duties of theIan dow ners and almost equally detached from the man ageme nt of business.(7) 定语从句综合练习(1)正确答案的特

55、征同义改写的手段I1.同义词替换2.词性的转化3.正话反说，反话正说4.具体与抽象转化5.从句与简单句的转化(2)错误答案的命题特点：1.张冠李戴2. 过于绝对3. 断章取义4. 推理过度5. 偷换概念，小动作6. 字面意思，肤浅直白7. 因果颠倒，逻辑混乱8. 扩大范围9. 无据比较10. 时态语态错误(3) 实例分析1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which can develop his or her capacity f

56、or active responses and which canen courage the curiosity of the childre n will have greater in tellectual developme nt.What can be in ferred from this senten ce?A. Stimuli are essential to the child' s positive responses.B. Many stimuli can help childre n improve their IQ.C. A child ' s act

57、ive responses develop the curiosity of himD. Greater intellectual development is based on the environment.2. American X-generations who stem from generations which left their old people behindand never closed their parents' eyelid in death, and who have heard about the deathprovided by two world wars fought far from our shores are today gett ing rid of a recog niti on of the way their predecessors live their lives.We can infer that America n X-generations?A. are deserting others ' lifestyl