英语四级翻译句子的常用技巧

1、英语四级翻译句子的常用技巧四级句子翻译的常用技巧英语和汉语是两种差异比较大的语言,英语重形合,汉语重意合。有人把英语句子比喻为树木丛生、干枝纠缠的树林,脉络难析,主次难辨,而把汉语句子比喻为枝干分明的竹林,脉络清晰,主次易辨。翻译时,根据表达习惯,英语、汉语的句子结构有时需要进行相应的转换。英汉语复合句中主句和从句之间的时间顺序和逻辑顺序也不完全一致,因此,翻译时,也时常需要根据表达习惯,对句序进行相应的调整。现代翻译理论认为,句子是最重要的翻译单位。大学英语四级考试中的翻译题型也是以句子翻译为主。考生如果能够熟练掌握句子翻译的基本方法,那么对于处理四级考试中的句子翻译题必将是如虎添翼。本期着

2、重介绍常用的句子翻译方法:正反、反正表达法,分句、合句法。正反、反正表达法由于民族文化和思维方式不同,英汉两种语言在表达同一概念时所采用的方式就有所不同。在表达否定概念时,英语和汉语使用的词汇、语法、语言逻辑就有很大的差异。汉语中有些词、短语或者句子是从反面表达的,而译成英语时则需要从正面进行表达,如例1、例2、例3。反之,汉语中有些从正面表达的词、短语或者句子,译成英语时需要从反面进行表达,如例4、例5、例6。此外,汉语还有一些特殊的句子结构,如双重否定(例7、否定转移(例8在译成英语时也需要引起我们的注意。一、I.汉语从反面表达,译文从正面表达例1:他提出的论据相当不充实。译文:The a

3、rgument he put forward is pretty thin. (词例2:我们确信,年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。译文:We are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. (短语例3:他七十岁了,可是并不显老。译文:He was 70, but he carried his years lightly. (句子II.汉语从正面表达,译文从反面表达例4:他这个人优柔寡断,而且总是反复无常。译文:He was an indecisive sort of person and alwa

4、ys capricious. (词例5:调查结果清清楚楚地显示病人死于心脏病。译文:The investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease. (短语例6:这类举动迟早会被人发觉的。译文:Such actions couldnt long escape notice. (句子III.特殊的否定句式例7:有利必有弊。译文:There is not any advantage without disadvantage. (双重否定例8:我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。译文:In that city

5、, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews. (否定转移二、分句、合句法很多情况下,翻译句子的时候,需要调整原来的句子结构,分句法和合句法是调整原文句子的两种重要的方法。所谓分句法就是把原文的一个简单句译为两个或两个以上的句子。所谓合句法就是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句。I.分句法汉译英时,需要分译的句子多数是长句,或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句,就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚,也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译,则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。如以下五个例子:例1. 少年是一

6、去不复返的,等到精力衰竭时,要做学问也来不及了。(按内容层次分译译文:Youth will soon be gone,never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.例2. 她隔窗望去,突然发现有只小船停泊在河边,船里有位船夫睡得正香。(从主语变换处分译译文:Looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank. In it there was a

7、 boatman fast asleep.例3. 声速随温度的升降会有轻微的增减,但不受气压的影响。(从关联词处分译译文:The speed of sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls with decrease in temperature. It is not affected by the pressure of the air.例4. 我们的政策是实行一个国家,两种制度,具体说,就是在中华人民共和国内,有着十多亿人口的大陆实行社会主义制度,香港、台湾地区实行资本主义制度。(原文出现总说或分述时要分译译

8、文:We are pursuing a policy of one country with two systems. More specifically, this means that within the Peoples Republic of China, the mainland with its more than one billion people will maintain the socialist system, while Hong Kong and Taiwan continue under the capitalist system.例5. 我们主张对我国神圣领土台

9、湾实行和平统一,有关的政策,也是众所周知和不会改变的,并且正在深入人心。(为了强调语气而采用分译译文:We want peaceful reunification with Taiwan which is part of our sacred territory. Our policy in this regard is also known to all and will not change. The desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire

10、Chinese nation.II.合句法英汉两种语言的句子结构不完全相同,尽管英语句子日趋简洁,但是从句套从句,短语含短语的句型也是频频出现。一般而言,一个英语句子的信息包含量要大于一个汉语句子,因此,我们在做汉译英的时候,常常把汉语的两个句子,甚至更多句子,合译成英语的一句。使用合句法还可以使译文紧凑、简练。如以下三个例子:例6:一代人与一代人之间的冲突,也就是年轻人与老年人的冲突,似乎是最可笑的。因为这就是现在的自己与将来的自己,或者说过去的自己与现在的自己的冲突。(在关联词处合译译文:A conflict between the generations between youth an

11、d age seems the most stupid, for it is one between oneself as one is and oneself as one will be, or between oneself as one was and oneself as one is.例7:对我来说,我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。(从主语变换处合译译文:To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where I am king.例8:第二天,我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字,比前一个电报说得更详细。(按内

12、容连贯合译译文:The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers, giving more details.英语四级翻译之倒装句精练1. 她不仅学习刻苦,而且很有礼貌。2. 树下坐着的人,是我见过的最高大的人之一。3. 只是过了一年,我就开始看到我工作的成绩。4. 该组织没有违反规章,但是它也没有负责任地认真工作。5. 几乎每个月都有消息报道调查中国公民中科学教育文盲问题的严重性。6. 打算离婚的父母没有很好地培养孩子应对将要到来的危机的能力,他们也没有向孩子们作出很有必要的保证:会有人照顾你们的。7.

13、 虽然他聪明机智,也觉得解决这个问题很难。8. 至于计算机化的影响,没有什么地方比银行能更清楚地看到其成果。9. 要不是来自政府的及时投资,我们的公司不会像现在这样繁荣昌盛。10. 只有当研究者获得充分的数据,他们才能得出一个正确的结论。【参考答案】1. Not only was she a hard worker, but she was also very polite.2. Under a tree was sitting one of the biggest men I had ever seen.3. Only after a year did I begin to see the

14、results of my work.4. The organization had broken no rules, but neither had it acted responsibly.5. Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of scientificilliteracy among Chinese citizens.6. Parents planning to divorce do not sufficiently prepare their children for

15、the coming crisis, nor do they provide them with the necessary assurances that they will be cared for in the aftermath.7. Clever and resourceful though he was, he found more than a little difficulty solving the problem.8. As for the influence of computerization, nowhere have we seen the results more

16、 clearly than in the bank.9. Had it not been for the timely investment from the government, our company would not be thriving as it is.10. Only when the researchers have obtained sufficient data can they come to a sound conclusion.英语四级综合完形填空总体来说,本次完形填空题目具有以下特点:第一,本次新四级考题难度总体适中,但是仔细分析会发现部分题目难度呈现两极分化的

17、趋势。有些题目,如67题:The clock, called SleepSmart, measures your sleep cycle,and waits _67_ you to be in your lightest phase of sleepA besideB nearC forD around这一题实际上就是考一个十分简单的固定搭配wait for sb. to do sth., 基本上是一道送分的题目,但是不排除有考生一看到选项中的四个介词就习惯性地产生恐惧心理,因为不够自信而无法确定答案。再如74题:Being roused during a light phase _74_ y

18、ou are more likely to wake up energetic.A meansB marksC saysD dictates本题的正确答案mean一词在近几年的四级考试试卷上频繁出现,可谓相当流行,但是本次并没有考察过去作为词汇常考点的“方法”(by means of这一意项,而是个词最基本的意思“意味着”。但是还有一些题目,如71题,虽然正确答案是C项repeat这一基本词汇,但在干扰项中出现了reveal, resume, reverse等四级高端词汇。再如78题选项中出现的proceed,79题选项中出现的prospect,都属四级中难度较大的词汇。本次完形填空考题中80

19、题的难度相当大You _80_ the clock with the latest timeA promptB programC plugD plan本题的正确答案为program, 这个词虽然也是四级中的高频词之一,但是本题所考察的是program 作动词,表示“计划、设定”之意的用法。Program作动词的考点在历年四级词汇题中从未出现过,因此很多考生在这一题上失误并不奇怪。但如果同学们按我们的要求吃透近年的真题,会发现在03年6月的阅读真题passage 3原文中有program 作动词的类似用法。本次完形填空命题显示出和17日老四级完形填空类似的特点,即选项词汇难度的显著上升。这是四级

20、考试词汇单选题取消后的必然结果。第二,词汇单选常考点向完形填空转移。本次完形填空中,不少题目的考查手法和考点与过去的词汇单选题惊人地相似。如69题考查ensure和assure的形近、近义词辨析,72题考查effect和affect的形近词辨析,是往年四级词汇单选中的典型常考题,而分别在69题、74题、78题、83题选项中出现的require, relieve, identical,concept等选项,都是我们在过去词汇单选中反复强调的常考点。我们再次建议,考生在复习备考新四级时,除了关注历年完形填空真题外,一定要关注过去四级真题中词汇单选部分涉及的单词。词汇单选中所涉及的词汇乃是整个四级考

21、试所考察的最核心词汇,这部分的考点一定会转移到其他项目中,而可能性最大的就是在完形填空这一在命题形式和思路方面与词汇单选最接近的项目中出现。我们认为,这一趋势现在仅是初露端倪,今后必将继续强化。第三,固定搭配仍是重头戏。本次完形填空命题中仍然设置了相当分量的词组和固定搭配题目。如67题考察的wait for sb. to do sth;70题考察的词组pass through;77题考察的be equipped with;78题考察的sameas;79题考察的forpurposes等。在完形填空考试中,固定搭配类题目一般难度都属中等偏低,而且由于固定搭配题目是基本不需要依靠理解上下文就能确定答

22、案的,因此,这类题目在完形填空中属于考生一定要抓住分数的部分。本次考试命题在固定搭配方面出题较往年更加简单,虽然其中不少是以考生较为头疼的介词选择形式出现,但如果考生能够做到冷静地应对,则很容易在这些题目上拿到分数。第四,词汇单选题解题技巧仍然适用。本次完形填空考题在考点设置和命题思路方面,很大程度上借鉴了过去词汇单选题的内容和形式,对同学们来说,这同样意味着过去在词汇单选题中应用的做题技巧也同样可以在完形填空中发挥作用。例如,上一段提到的69题和72题,在选项中出现了常考形近词ensure 和assure,effect和affect,这就意味着我们可以利用词汇单选题的解题技巧“相似相反相近原

23、则”,即首先从四个选项中在词形或者意思方面比较接近的选项中寻找答案。此外,如果同学们仔细观察,会发现本次完形填空中也设置了不少“三一题型”,如78题的四个选项分别为findings, proposals, prospects, purposes;83题的四个选项分别为claim, conclusion, concept 和explanation,根据“三一原则”,我们可以首先将寻找答案的范围缩小为其中三个首字母一样的单词,果然,这四道题目的答案就在我们根据技巧确定的范围之内。但是必须再次强调的是,所谓的“解题技巧”只是崂山道士的穿墙之术,并不能成为确保考试顺利通过的依靠。新四级更加强调对英语应

24、用能力的考察,坚实的知识基础才是取得满意成绩的有力保障。英语四级语法之虚拟语气1、应该做的事情I should go!2、非现实情况的描述I should be working now!3、懊悔不已的事情I should have practiced more.4、要求类动词后需要用虚拟语气,should 可以省略如:require 命令;request 要求;reticent 沉默的;retinue 随从innocent 无辜的;天真的insist, demmand/ desire require/ request order proposeYou _ him so closely; you

25、 should have kept your distance.Ashouldnt follow Bmustnt follow Ccouldnt have been following Dshouldnt have been followingThe suggestion that the mayor _ they prizes was accepted by everyone.Awould present Bpresent Cpresents Dought to present注:suggest + that 虚拟语气表建议should 可以省略suggest doing suggest 表

26、明,不接虚拟The manager of the hotel requests that their guests _ after 11:00p.m.Anot to play loud music Bshouldnt play loud musicCdont play loud music Dcouldnt play loud musicHe suggested _ to tomorrows exhibition together.Aus to go Bwe went Cwe shall go Dwe goI dont think it advisable that Tim _ to the

27、job since he has no experience.Abe assigned Bwill be assigned Cis assigned Dhas been assignedIt is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made.Anot be started Bwill not be started Cis not started Dis not to be startedIt is politely requested by the hotel management that

28、radios _ after 11 oclock at night.Awere not played Bnot to play Cnot be played Ddid not playIt is + adj. + that 句型,should 可以省略的虚拟。adj:important、necessary 、essential 、incredible、strange、natural、pity、ashame、no wander与事实相反类的虚拟1、与现在事实相反:用一般过去时(系动词用wereI wish I were not here.2、与过去事实相反:用过去完成时I wish I had

29、passed CET-4.I wish I could have passed CET-4. (非正式表达方式Sometimes I wish I _ in a different time and a different place .Abe living Bwere living Cwould live Dwould have livedAlthough many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful it forces people to test the relative merits of their at

30、titudes are behaviors.Aby which Bto which Cin that Dso thatHe is _ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.Aoptimistic Boptional Coutstanding Dobvious注:1. optimistic 乐观的2. optional 可选择的3. outstanding 突出的It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possi

31、ble.Amust be sent Bwill be sent Care sent Dbe sent注:It is + adj. +that 句型。Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _ your advice.Afollow Bhad followed Cwould follow Dhave followed注:表示与过去事实相反。I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.Ahave slept Bslept Cmight have

32、 slept Dcould have slept注:表示与过去事实相反。3、对将来事实可能出现的现象的否定推测,用虚拟语气。I wish you couldnt smoke any more.would/ could/ should/ might + v.用be to 表示将来,虚拟语气中经常出现were to do(考点I am to go shopping. I were to go shopping.If only I were to go shopping.If only the committee _ the regulations and put them into effect

33、as soon as possible.Aapprove Bwill approve Ccan approve Dwould approve虚拟条件句定义:在一个与事实相反的条件的基础之上所得出的应该的亦或是可能的结论。虚拟条件句的结构:与事实相反类(条件+应该类(结论这两个部分没有必然而直接的联系,在解题时先看结论再看条件。If Mr. Wang hadnt cultivated me, I shouldnt be working now.同义词辨析:tame 驯化breed 繁殖raise 抚养cultivate 培养结论部分:would/ could/ should/ might + 虚

34、拟规律:如果把空格划在条件部分,一定要选择were to;如果把空格划在结论部分,有could/ would/ should/ might +have +v.-ed 为正确答案。有时一些介词也可以表示条件:In your position I would kill myself. = If I were in your position此类词有:otherwise/ but for/ without/ with虚拟语气中If 可以省略,但是句序要变,If I were you改为Were I you_ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we sh

35、ould have a wonderful dinner party.AHad they arrivedBWould they arriveCWere they arrivingDWere they to arriveLast year the advertising rate _ by 20 percent.Araised Baroused Carose DroseHad he worked harder, he _ the exams.Amust have got throughBcould get through Cwould get through Dwould have got th

36、rough注:条件部分省略了if 用了倒装。Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.Ahas to ge tBwere to get Chad got Dcould have got_ right now, she would get there on Sunday.AWould she leave BIf she leaves CWere she to leave D

37、If she had leftWe didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we _ him.Ahad telephoned Bmust have telephoned Cwould telephon Dwould have telephoned_ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.AUntil BBefore CFrom DSince注:notuntil的句型。Liquids are like solids _ they

38、have a definite volume.Awith that Bfor that Cin that Dat thatHe must have had an accident, or he _ then.Awould have been here Bhad to be here Cshould be here Dwould be here注:1. must have done 表示对过去事实的肯定推测2. or 表否定It was essential that the application forms _ back before the deadline.Amust be sent Bw

39、ould be sent Cbe sent Dwere sent_ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision workAFor now BNow that CEver sine DBy now注:1. for now 眼下,目前2. now that 既然 3. ever since 自从以来4. by now 至今为止特殊句型:1. would rather 加宾从时用一般过去时表示虚拟。I would rather you didnt appear in my life.联想单词记忆: Cupid 丘比特

40、Venus 维纳斯;金星volcano 火山Mars 战神Apollo 阿波罗,太阳神Diana 月亮女神meander 蜿蜒而流laurel 月桂树,桂冠cupidity 贪婪avenue 林荫大revenue 收入,税入adamant 坚强的Adams apple 喉结2. would rather 加动词(原形时表示宁愿,相当于情态动词。I would rather stay here .3. would rather 与than 搭配。I would rather stay here than go home.4. It is time句型,用一般过去时表虚拟语气。It is time

41、 you picked up a girl.You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world, Edgar said to his boss angrily.Arealized Bhave realized Crealize Dshould realizeThese two areas are similar _ they both have a high rainfall during this season.Ato that Bbesides t

42、hat Cin that Dexcept thatIf I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now.Awouldnt be smiling Bcouldnt have smiled Cwont smile Ddidnt smile 注:混合虚拟语气首先判断是否是虚拟语气;如果是虚拟语气的话,见到now就是混合虚拟语气Id rather you _ make any comment on the issue for the time being.Adont Bwouldnt Cdidnt Dshould

43、ntIf she doesnt tell him the truth now, hell simply keep on asking her until she _.Adoes Bhas done Cwill do Dwould do注:在条件句中在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。You dont have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you _ on business first.Awould go Bwill go Cwent Dhave goneIts already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its a

44、bout time _?Awe are going home Bwe go home Cwe went home Dwe can go homeTo be frank, Id rather you _ in the case.Awill not be involved Bnot involved Cnot to be involved Dwere not involved I have no objection _ the evening with them.Ato spend Bto spending Cof spending DspendingIt took him several mon

45、ths to _ the wild horse.Atend Bcultivate Ctame Dbreed注:tend to 打算做某事tend 照料bar tender 调酒师bargain 讨价还价,便宜货(some bargainsbar 酒吧,棍子embarrass 尴尬ass 屁股,驴子,笨蛋donkey 驴barbarian 野蛮人barren 贫瘠的assassin 暗杀者A completely new situation will _ when the examination system comes into existence.Arise Barise Craise Da

46、rous英语四级语法之同位语从句主语同位语从句:Evidence that Mr. Huang killed himself came out.1主语必须是一个概括性名词,如:evidence, news, believe, 想法,标志等。2同位语从句用来解释说明名词。Evidence came out that Mr. Huang killed himself.同位语从句和定语从句的区别:I knew the news that he killed himself.(同位语从句I knew the news that was written by you.(定语从句1同位语从句是用来解释前面

47、的名词,而定语从句是用来修饰、限制前面的名词。2同位语从句必须是特殊的概括性的名词,而定语从句可以是任何名词。There are signs _ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.Athat Bwhich Cin which Dwhose_ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.AIt being BIt is CThere is DThere being注:1. + 名词,选项中的there be 结构为首选。2. 作表语是形容词优于名词。I

48、t is evident that3. evident 明显的dentist 牙医The mere fact _ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not meanthat it will not occur.Athat Bwhich CwhatDwhyEvidence came up _ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.Awhat Bwhich Cthat Dwhose难题、短语The bridge was

49、 named _the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.Aafter Bwith Cby Dfrom注:1. be named after 以命名2. be named by 被取名All _ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.Awhat is needed Bfor our needs Cthe thing needed Dthat is needed注:all that = whatI should like to rent a house,

50、modern, comfortable and _ in a quiet neighbourhood.Aall in all Babove all Cafter all Dover all注:1. above all 首先2. all in all 总的来说3. after all 毕竟、终究4. over all 遍及5. overall 制服;总的There were some _ flowers on the table.AartificialBunnaturalCfalseDunreal注:1. artificial 人造的2. unnatural 不自然的3. false 具有欺骗性

51、的假 false hair 假发false teeth 假牙4. unreal 不真实的Children are very curious _.Aat heart Bin person Con purpose Dby nature注:1. by nature 天性2. at heart 在心理上(强调内心世界 3. in person 亲自的 4. on purpose 有目的的、故意的What _ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?Ado you suppose Byou suppose Cwill you suppose

52、 Dyou would suppose注:do you suppose 做插入语,过去时用didImportant people dont often have much free time as their work _ all their time.Atakes away Btakes over Ctakes up Dtakes in注:1. take up 占用 2. take away 拿走 3. take over 接管4. take in 理解;欺骗(口语 I was simply taken in.The French pianist who had been praised v

53、ery highly _ to be a great disappointment. Atuned up Bturned in Cturned out Dturned down注:1. turn out to be 证明是,结果是2. turn up 出现3. turn in 上交 4. turn down 拒绝;把音量调小You cannot be _ careful when you drive a car.Avery Btoo Cso Denough注:not too+adj 再也不过分英语四级考试中的五大时态最常用的时态有五个:一般现在时;现在进行时;一般过去时;一般将来时和现在完成时

54、。一、一般现在时:用动词原型表示,但单数第三人称后要加-s,在词尾加-s时要注意:1. 一般情况:加-s 例:reads,writes,says2. 以s,x,ch,sh收尾的词加-es 例:teaches,washes,guesses3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es 例:trytries,carrycarries.这个时态的疑问句一般以句首加助动词do,does构成。句中动词要用原型动词be提前:do you know it?are you students?1.一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作:we always care for each other and help e

55、ach other. they cycle to work every day.2.现在的特征或状态:he loves sports. do you sing?a little. i major in english.3. 遍真理:light travels faster than sound. two and four makes six. the moon moves round the earth.有些表示状态和感觉的动词常常可用于一般现在时:be,love,like,hate,want,hope, need,prefer,wish,know,understand,remember,be

56、lieve,recognize,guess,suppose, mean,belong,think(以为,feel,envy,doubt,remain,consist,contain,seem,look(看起来,see,fit,suit,owe,own,hear,find,suggest,propose,allow,show(说明,prove, mind(在意,have(有,sound(听起来,taste(尝起来,matter,require,possess,desire 等等。I feel a sharp pain in my chest. the soup contains too much salt. you see what i mean?the coat fits you very well. how do you find the book?有些表示动作的动词间或可用于这一时态,表示现刻的动作,由于动作持续时间机短,用于进行时不自然:i send you my best wishes. i salute your courage. now i extend my heartfelt thanks to you.在口语中这个时态用来表示一个按