托福阅读 主旨题summary

1、段落主旨题8SUMMARY题型（段落主旨题）一、主旨=主题+方向+关系词（“无词阅读法”三要素）二、变速阅读：精读首句（主题+方向），浏览全段（关系词）新概念4册第二课：Whyyoumaywondershouldspidersbeourfriends?Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.主旨=主题（spiders）+方向（friends）+关系词（because,and）三、中英思维方式差异：图A：汉语族人的思维方式图B：英语族人的思维方式Savetheb

2、estforthelastSaywhatyouwanttosay,thensaywhy四、阅读训练：WhatDoWhalesFeel?Someofthesensesthatweandothertorrentialmammalstakeforgrantedareeitherreducedorabsentincetaceansorfailtofunctionwellinwater.Forexample,itappearsfromtheirbrainstructurethattoothedspeciesareunabletosmell.Baleenspecies,ontheotherhand,app

3、eartohavesomerelatedbrainstructuresbutitisnotknownwhetherthesearefunctional.Ithasbeenspeculatedthat,astheblowholesevolvedandmigratedtothetopofthehead,theneuralpathwaysservingsenseofsmellmayhavebeennearlyallsacrificed.Similarly,althoughatleastsomecetaceanshavetastebuds,thenervesservingthesehavedegene

4、ratedorarerudimentary.Thesenseoftouchhassometimesbeendescribedasweaktoo,butthisviewisprobablymistaken.Trainersofcaptivedolphinsandsmallwhalesoftenremarkontheiranimal'sresponsivenesstobeingtouchedorrubbed,andbothcaptiveandfreer-rangingcetaceanindividualsofallspecies(particularlyadultsandcalves,or

5、membersofthesamesubgroup)appeartomakefrequentcontact.Thiscontactmayhelptomaintainorderwithinagroup,andstrokingortouchingarepartofthecourtshipritualinmostspecies.Theareaaroundtheblowholeisalsoparticularlysensitiveandcaptiveanimalsoftenobjectstronglytobeingtouchedthere.Thesenseofvisionisdevelopedtodif

6、ferentdegreesindifferentspecies.Baleenspeciesstudiedatclosequartersunderwaterspecificallyagraywhalecalfincaptivityforayear,andfree-rangingrightwhalesandhumpbackwhalestudiedandfilmedoffArgentinaandHawaiihaveobviouslytrackedobjectswithvisionunderwater,andtheycanapparentlyseemoderatelywellbothinwateran

7、dinair.However,thepositionoftheeyessorestrictsthefieldofvisioninbaleenwhalesthattheyprobablydonothavestereoscopicvision.Ontheotherhand,thepositionoftheeyesinmostdolphinsandporpoisessuggeststhattheyhavestereoscopicvisionforwardanddownward.Eyepositioninfreshwaterdolphins,whichoftenswimontheirsideorups

8、idedownwhilefeeding,suggeststhatwhatvisiontheyhaveisstereoscopicforwardandupward.Bycomparison,thebottlenosedolphinhasextremelykeenvisioninwater.Judgingfromthewayitwatchesandtracksairborneflyingfish,itcanapparentlyseefairlywellthroughtheair-waterinterfaceaswell.Andalthoughpreliminaryexperimentalevide

9、ncesuggeststhattheirin-airvisionispoor,theaccuracywithwhichdolphinsleaphightotakesmalldishoutofatrainer'shandprovidesanecdotalevidencetothecontrary.Suchvariationcannodoubtbeexplainedwithreferencetothehabitatsinwhichindividualspecieshavedeveloped.Forexample,visionisobviouslymoreusefultospeciesinh

10、abitingclearopenwatersthantothoselivinginturbidriversandfloodedplains.TheSouthAmericanboutandChinesebeiji,forinstance,appeartohaveverylimitedvision,andtheIndiansususareblind,theireyesreducedtoslitsthatprobablyallowthemtosenseonlythedirectionandintensityoflight.Althoughthesensesoftasteandsmellappeart

11、ohavedeteriorated,andvisioninwaterappearstobeuncertain,suchweaknessesaremorethancompensatedforbycetaceans'well-developedacousticsense.Mostspeciesarehighlyvocal,althoughtheyvaryintherangeofsoundstheyproduce,andmanyforageforfoodusingecholocation.Largebaleenwhalesprimarilyusethelowerfrequenciesanda

12、reoftenlimitedintheirrepertoire.Notableexceptionsarethenearlysong-likechorusesofbowheadwhalesinsummer,andthecomplex,hauntingutterancesofthehumpbackwhales.Toothedspeciesingeneralemploymoreofthefrequencyspectrum,andproduceawidervarietyofsounds,thanbaleenspecies(thoughthespermwhaleapparentlyproducesamo

13、notonousseriesofhigh-energyclicksandlittleelse).Someofthemorecomplicatedsoundsareclearlycommunicative,althoughwhatroletheymayplayinthesociallifeandculture'ofcetaceanshasbeenmorethesubjectofwildspeculationthanofsolidscience.掌握主旨Thewordt-orrelatedinparagraph1.couldbestbereplacedbyindisagreementinc

14、oordination©intouch©inspirit2.ItisNOTmentionedinparagraph1thatprehistoric,peopleswereinterestedinthemovanaitsofthestars®changesintheweather©migrationpatternsofcertainanimals-©theevolutionofvariousplants3.'Thebere1vordparamountinparagraph1qouldbestalacedby®talldepend

15、able©supretne©computed4.Whichofthefollowingwouldanarcheoastronomerbemostlikelyto.'Btudy?PlanstosendaspacecrafttoMarsPotentialremnantsofanearlyjciviliztion,s'=lunarcalendar©Toolsusedbyaprehistoric;/tribetopreparefoodPrehistoricAstronomersPrehistoricpeoplesmostcertainlytooknoteo

16、ftherecurringpatternsofmovementsintheskyofsuchcelestialbo±esastheSun?theMoon?theplanets,andtheStarsandtheymostcertainlynotedthateventsintheirworld,suchasseasonalfluctuationsinweather,whichinturnhadaneffectnthelives'oftheplantsandanimals'intheirworld?wereoftencorrelatedwiththemovementsof

17、thecelesttalbodies.Becauseitwasimpotiantforprehistoricpeopletohaveknowledgesforexample?ofwhenitwapthebesttimetoplantcropsorwhengameherdswouldbemigrating?earlyfarmersandhunter'tookagreatinterestinihemovements'of'celestialbo±es-：Anunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenthemovementsofcel

18、estialbodiesandrecurringpatternsofevents：onEarthwasofparamountimportanceinmanycultures；thusamanyculturesinwidelyseparatedareasoftheworlddevelopedmethodsformonitorinqastronomicalevents.刚Thefieldofarcheoastronomy,whicheombmesknowledgeandexpertisefromthefieldsofarcheologyandastronomyisdefeatedtothe

19、9;GeographicformationsontheMoon5:T'heauthormentionsAnalignmentofstonesinVoming,acircular-shapedstructure.atCahoi,an(ispeciallydesignedwindowsinstructuresoftlieSouthwest?nparagraph2mordertoprovideproofthatarcheoastaronomershavebeenstudyingprehistoric;culturprovidesuppartfortheideathatNorthAmerica

20、fLculturesbuilt"creativestructui'esprovideevidencethatcertainastranamicaleventshavenotchangedovertimesiuayoimeasi-rom：iifiiL：；ELimowieageorpreiiisi.onccultures.Archeaastronomerswhohavebeenstudyingprehistoric"culturesinNorthAmericahavediscoveredvariousdevicesthatmadeitpossibleforpreliis

21、toricpeopletojtudyandrecordastronomicalevents.|7C|AnalignmentofstonesinUyomirgthat1$knownastheBigjicmMedicmeWheel<theremnantofacimular-'shap已dEtruciut迟creat已dwithwoodenpostsat.CaliakiinlllinaisiandspeciallydesignedwindowsinstiucturescftheSouthwestthatallowedth已恺yg；oftheSuntohit.designatedmark

22、soninsidewallsareallbelieved.tobecaiistructionsthatservethefractionofmonitoringandmeasurmga.stronomic：alevents.：75|Oneparticularconstruction,whichislocated,intheCliacoCanyonareaofthestateofNewMexico!provideexamplesofwaysthatprdmstaricpcopiesmcmitoraioccmpxestntheskyThewordserveinparagraph2cculdbestb

23、ereplacedbyfulfillprovideassistdemoiistfai-eLookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsent.ence-canbeaddedtoparagraph3,Ulisapporsnimideiuiiulnigofrardiiiofas(ioiwinybycertainpreliistxjiicculturesisofgresitacaxleiinicliiteipsttoday.Clickonasquare9toaddthesentencetothepassage.Whatisstated-inpar

24、agraph3aboutthecunstmctioninjjhaco'-ijatiyon?9.10IttoscreatedfromasinglepieceofItpreventssunligh.tfromEnteringthearea.ItwasbuiltbeforethefourteenthcatoyItislocatedinacanyon.Thephraseofsortsinparagraph王址closestinmeaningtoofopportunityofsomekindofthepastoffeteThewordthaninparagraph?referstoexperts

25、slabs.shaftsmarldngsWhichofthesentencesbelowexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinparagraph4?Incorrectchoice?changethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinfonnatinn.Oneissueiswhetherthestoneswerepositionedbynatureorbypeople.hasbeentheSL4bjectofconsiderableattentionanddiscus

26、sionamongarcheologistsandastronomers.Thisccnstmctiotijwtiichisat.least700yearsold,consistsoflargeslsbsofrocklocatedontopoftheflatsuriaceofahighbuttethatseemtaformailobservatoiyofsorts.Whatmakesitappeartoesrpertstobeanobserrataryisthatthe'.slabsofrockarepositionedsothatshaftsofsunlightfallbetwEen

27、themandhitspiralmarkingscarvedintotheSideofacliff.AstheSunJhangespositionswiththeprogressionoftheseasons,theshaftsoflight,fellindifferentplaces'onthemarkingsinthejcliffwall.Usingthissystsm,itmusthavebeenpossiblefarearlyinhabitantsoftheareatopredictupccmmgseasonalchanges'.'mdtheeventsbase

28、donthem.Onequestionthathasbeenthefccu$ofconsiderable(hjcussioniswhetherthemtoneswereactuallyplacedintheircurrentlocationbyesi'lyinhabitantsoftlieregionorwhethertheforcesofnature:-createdtheairan.gement.Whlesemes-ciitistsarguethattheistofLe;.couldnothsvefelleninthecurrentarrangementbymerehappenst

29、ancean.dmusthavebeenpurposeftjllypositioned,atharsfinditharderto'beLisvethatthehuge：stonescouldhavebeenmovedandeasiert-otcEevethatthemarks,onthecliffwallwerephecdtoreflectthepositionswheretheslabshadfallennaturally.Whetherornottheslabswerepositionedbyihelocalpopulation,the-structurecotrelatingth

30、spositionsofthsslabs：andthemarkings,onthescliffwallrepresents'aremarkablysophisticatedmethodoffollowingastronomicaleven域Earlyhnhabitantsoftendiscussedwherethestonesshouldbeplaced.©Thecurrentlocationofth巳stoneswaschosenbecauseitprovidesthemostnaturalscttdag.©'fliereismuchdiscussiona

31、bou-ihowoft-enearlymhabitantsmoedthestanes.12.Thewordhjappenstancein.paragraph4is.'closestinmeaningtostrndingevent©order©chance13.Dirertimis:Aniniroductoty'-sentenceorabfiefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswer匚hoicesthatexpreas-themostimpor

32、tantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummaiybecausetheyezpresideasthatarenotpressitedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquesiiotiisworth2paiis.Huspassage(hsciissesth?stiulyofastnoiiomyasitnefierstopivlristoiicculturesmNorthAmerica.巒AnswerChoices(choose3tocompletethechart)：(1) ThestructureatChacoCanyonwasmostlikelyusedforsomethingotherthanastronomy.(2) PrehistoricculturesinNorthAmericawerenotasadvancedintheirstudyofastronomyaswereculturesinotherparts