大学英语四级作文辅导课件(完整版)

1、四级作文一篇好的四级考场作文v字数适中v切题，语意连贯v基本无语法错误、标点错误v措辞遣句准确、简洁、有新意（用词多样性）v卷面整洁、书写流畅2011.6真题vDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Online Shopping. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: v1. 现在网上购物已成为一种时尚 v2. 网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题

2、 v3. 我的建议 2011.12真题vDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will by commenting on the humorous saying, “Quitting smoking is the easiest thing in the world. Ive done it hundreds of times.” You should write at least 120 wo

3、rds but no more than 180 words. 写作步骤v1、审题v2、草拟提纲v3、正文写作v4、检查修改审题v用12分钟认真快速地审题v避免走偏路、防止跑题一、常考话题v1、学习：出国留学or国内学习学习压力过大产生的影响文凭的重要性考试的利弊科学的学习方法四级作文真题题目v2007.12 What Electives to Choosev2006.6 On Students Choosing Lecturersv2002.6 Student Use of Computersv2000.6 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?v199

4、9.6 Reading Selectively or Extensively?一、常考话题v2.工作或课余生活网上求职的优劣性获取信息的方法假期长好还是短好网上聊天的利弊寝室生活的利弊v2008.6 Recreational Activitiesv2007.6 Welcome to English Clubv2005.6 In Honor of Teachers on the Occasion of Teachers Dayv2004.12A Campaign Speechv2004.6 A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attractionv2003.12A

5、 Letter in Reply to a Friendv2003.6 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accidentv2002.1 A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campusv3.社会热点话题保护残疾人的权利收入悬殊是好是坏城市居住or乡村居住丈夫应不应该和妻子分担家务谁应该支付教育费用v2008.12Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bagsv2006.12 On the CCTV Spring Fest

6、ival Galav2005.12 Should the University Campus Be Open to Touristsv2003.1It pays to Be Honest二、审题步骤v1.确定体裁议论文？应用文？说明文？描述文？v2.确定主题句（论点）把中文提纲英文v段落（ paragraph ）是由表达单一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea ）的一组句子（包括主题句 topic sentence,推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence）构成，是文章结构的基本独立单位。我们将就主题句主

7、题句和中心思想中心思想这两个方面进行讨论。主题句v主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例：My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Dont argue with parents; they will think you dont love them. Dont argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Dont argue

8、with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dont argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mothers rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dont argue.主题句的位置v主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全

9、段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。v（主题句）No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. （推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （推展句2）In their efforts to persuade u

10、s to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.如何写好主题句中的关键词v段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。如何写好主题句中的

11、关键词v原句1: He can fix a bicycle himself.划线部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法？修正：He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps.修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.如何写好主题句中的关键词v原句2: She tries to improve her looks.斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么？或者她

12、采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks.修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks.如何写好主题句的中心思想v主题句由两部分组成，即主题(topic)和中心思想（controlling idea）。中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能

13、超出一个段落所能容纳的范围 v对于初学写作的人来说，“导向”的重要性容易理解，但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句，就可能忽视“制约”这一面。例如：There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.本段的主题

14、句如果没有in which 引出的定语从句，那么two ways 不仅不能起制约作用，而且也不能起导向作用，句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。vExercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the

15、time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape.Exercise is beneficial这是毫无疑义的。但主题句中如不加上to your heart来加以 control 和 limit，那就流于空泛。因此，紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。v主要推展句主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每

16、一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。v次要推展句(minor supporting statement)是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。v：(主题句)I dont teach because teaching is easy for me. (主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要推展句2)

17、For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. (次要推展句1)Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. (次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am. (次要推

18、展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.v写好推展句的方法主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上，针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答，即设问解答(why-because)的方法。下面我们通过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。 v假设(suppose)Topic sentence: English is an inter

19、national language?设问(why)Why can we say English is an international language?解答(because)Because: English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of theworld.Because: Over 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in English.Because: More than 60 percent of the worlds radi

20、o programs are in English.Because: Pakistan was once one of the British colonies.Because: Many members of the International Language Society are selected from English-spoken countries.2.草拟提纲v围绕提示句关键词v扩展提示句所提供的信息记录中文？ English？Campus Lifev1.有的大学生认为大学生活是丰富多彩的；v2.有的大学生对大学生活不满意；v3.你理想中的大学生活是怎么样的？vSome st

21、udents think campus life is colorful and rewarding;vOthers do not think they benefit from their campus life;vIn my mind, campus life丰富（大学生活丰富多彩）不满意（对大学生活不满意）资料（学习资料很丰富）Teacher（老师多）活动（课外活动多） 食堂（食堂伙食不好）锻炼（锻炼机会多） dorm（住宿舍不方便）Friends（结交更多朋友）Time （自己支配的时间比高中时多）给提纲列顺序v如：v学习资源老师课外活动锻炼机会朋友自己支配的时间避免重复 老师朋友v学

22、习资源课外活动 学习资料锻炼机会时间自由支配三、正文写作v结构：首段：综述（引出话题）中间段： 分论点1（主题句，论据）分论点2（主题句，论据）末段：综述（总结全文，前后呼应）开篇句型六大法v1.对立法：When asked about _, the vast/ overwhelming majority of people say that_. But I think/view a bit differently that_.Now it is commonly/widely believed that_. They claim/believe/ argue that_. But I won

23、der/doubt whether_.开篇句型六大法v2.现象法Recently, the rise in the problem/phenomenon of _ has aroused public/popular/wide concern.Recently the issue of _ has been brought into focus/ brought to public attention.开篇句型六大法v3.观点法History never has the change of _as evident as_. Nowhere in the world/China has the

24、issue/idea of _being more visible/popular than_.Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/be aware that_.开篇句型六大法v4.引用法“_”is the remark made by_. It has been shared by more and more people.“_” How often we hear such statements/words as these.开篇句型六大法v5.比较法For yea

25、rs，_have been viewed as_. But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing_, people_.People used to think that_. (In the past,_.) But now people share a new idea of _.开篇句型六大法v6.问题法Should/What_? Options of _vary greatly: some _,while others _.But in my opinion,_.中间段的写作v1.列举法通过列举一系列论据对论点进行多方面的

26、陈述、解释列举的顺序可按照内容的重要性、时间顺序、空间层次等确定。中间段的写作v2.举例法举出具体事例阐述或说明论点（主题句）的内容与列举法的区别：前者侧重罗列事实，力求全面；而举例法侧重举出典型事例，事例可多可少中间段的写作v3.对比比较法同类事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析异同、优缺点中间段的写作v4.因果分析法逻辑性One reason is that.Another reason is that.末段的写作v概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想v展望未来v提出解决方案或令人深思的问题末段的写作v1.结论法From what has been discussed above,

27、we may safely draw the conclusion that_.In summary/In a word/On balance, it is more valuable that_.末段的写作v2.建议法While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is _. Another method is _. Still another one is _.Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward

28、the situation.末段的写作v3.方向性结尾法Many solutions are being offered here, all of which make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way.There is no quick method to the issue of _, but _might be helpful/beneficial.四、检查修改v1.时态：议论文一般现在时描述文过去时时态一致v2.主谓关系单复数v3.人称一致v4.

29、可数不可数v5.指代问题v6.冠词的用法v7.词组和短语的固定搭配v8.单词拼写v9.标点符号书信v私人信件给外国朋友介绍你的家乡、中国传统节日等v事务信函询问信：留学、旅游求职信：明确应聘的职位名称；说明你已了解这项工作和公司的要求；你自己的优势；简单提及自己的期望投诉信：语气要坚决、措词要礼貌；反映的问题要明确、具体；叙述带来的不便；提出合理的解决方案图表题v有选择地提取归纳图表中的信息，说明问题所在。This bar chart（长条图） describes significant changes in _. It can be seen from the chart that a ve

30、ry noticeable trend _ was the dramatic increase in _ as opposed to the huge drop in _. In 1990, three out of four houses were state-owned. However, by 2000, the percentage of the ownership of private houses has soared to 80%. 1. individuals, characters, folks替换people, persons。2. positive, favorable,

31、 rosy (美好的), promising (有希望的), perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior替换good。3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad, 如果bad做表语, 可以用be less impressive替换。4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, many, if not most替换many。注：用many和if not most 一定要小心, m

32、any后一定要有词。v 5. a slice of, quiet a few, several替换some。6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that替换think。7. affair, business, matter 替换thing。8. shared替代common。9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits。10. for my par

33、t, from my own perspective 替换in my opinion。 11. increasingly, growing 替换more and more12. little if anything, little or nothing替换hardly13. beneficial, rewarding替换helpfulv14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser替换customer15. exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitab

34、le替换 unnecessary, avoidable17. sth. appeals to sb., sth. exerts a tremendous fascination on sb. 替换sb. take interest in / sb. be interested in18. capture ones attention替换attract ones attention.19. facet, dimension, sphere替代aspect20. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of分别替代 indicate, sugg

35、est, fear 高分语法结构v状语前置: 状语前置就是把一个修饰动词的状语结构，如介词短语，分词形式或动词不定式引导的短语放到句首。vLike self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I think these are the two factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness . vThroughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricul

36、tural purposes. With a population of 176 million, the figures for Brazil indicate how high agricultural water consumption can be in some countries . v使用状语前置的最大优点是让单调的句子有了跳跃的节奏感。考官一天看上百张考卷，看到这样的句子也会心情愉悦。注意插入语,此种语法结构是可以理解为是状语前置的另一种变体，它将状语结构提到了主句的主语和谓语之间。插入语也是相对地道的英语表达方法。请看以下几例： vUniversities, when it is functioning well, should offer both theoretical knowledge as well as vprofessional training . v So overall, I believe that, attending school from a young age is good for most children . 插入语的功能和状语前置基本相