2018年高考英语一轮复习每日一题(第20周)完形填空夹说明文(含解析)

1、内部文件，版权追溯 内部文件，版权追溯完形填空夹说明文高考频度： 难易程度：（2016 上海卷）In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is theidea that people instinctively 51 workand will do anything to avoid it. TheoryY is the view that everyone h

2、as the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 ,many managers still agreeto Theory X. They believe, _53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. Thi

3、s, of course, makes forauthoritarian （专制的）managers.Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making - all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to

4、 this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Manywestern companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a wa

5、y that traditional 58 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 59 managers first. This empowerment 授 权）has been part of the trend towards downsizing: _60_ the number ofmanagementjust a top levellayers in compan

6、ies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 61 withof senior managers, front-line managers and employees with directcontact with the public. Empowermenttakes the idea of delegation （委托）much furthermanagement controlto 63 thatthan has 62 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new for

7、ms ofthe overall business plan is being followed, andthat operationsbecome more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.10Another trend is off-site or 64 management, by e-mail and the Internet work on projects evaluate the 65 of the team membersin rather than the amount of time they

8、spend on them.51. A. desireB.seekdislike52. A. contraryB. expectationD. extreme53. A. vice versaB. for exampleD. otherwise54. A. outsideB. insideD. above55. A. replacingB. assessingD. encouraging56. A. referB. contributeD. apply57. A. agreementB. practiceimpression58. A. bossyB. experiencedD. male59

9、. A. askingB. trainingfiring60. A. doublingB. maintainingestimatingwhere teams of people linkedfrom their own houses. Project managers terms of what they produce for projects,C. loseD.C.degreeC. howeverC. belowC. managingC. objectC. electionD.C. westernC. warningD.C. reducingD.compared62. A. economi

10、callyB. traditionallyC. inadequatelyDoccasionally63. A. denyB. admitC. assumeDensure64. A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-to-dayD. on-the-scene61. A. honoredB. leftC. crowdedD.65. A. opinionB. riskC. performanceD.attractiveness【文章大意】本文是说明文，介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论一一授权管理及其作用。51. D【解析】根据后半句”血11manything to aw id

11、 it”可知人们本能上不喜欢工作，他们为逃避工作可 以做任何事情。故D项正确。52. A【解析】toihecwriray相反的；to the degree在某种程度上？ to the exire皿走向极端.此处是说，无 论如何，尽管很多证据与这个理论相反，很多管理人仍然同意X理论，故A项正确“53-B【解析】由后面的例子他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给予他力坏断的监督可知止处是举例说明。故B项正确口54.0 1解析中魏后句可知，止耻是说，他们的决定是来自上而下的没有任何商量的余地。故D项” abow 上面的”正确©55. C【解析】根据前段可知本文讨论的是管理学的理论，此处是说，不

12、同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。故C项正确。56. B【解析】refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献，导致；object to反对；applyto适用于。此处是说，亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程作出自己的贡献。故B项正确。57. A 【解析】 agreement 同意； practice 练习，做法； election 选举；impression E?象。此处是说，亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同协商的基础上的，西方人也想模仿这样的管理方法。故A项正确。58. D【解析】 根据前半句”.women will become mor

13、e effective managers thanmen."可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效，因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D项正确。59. A 【解析】 根据前句” . encourage employees to use their own initiative. " （鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神），也就是说在作出决定的时候不用先请示上级经理。故A项正确。60. C【解析】根据"the trend towards downsizing "（缩小规模的趋势）可知，也就是 要减少管理层的数量，可以直接作出决定而不需要请

14、示上级，故动词"reduce减少"符合语境。61. B （解析】be honoiwi with 被授予 5 be left with 留下，剩下宁 be aowded wrfti 挤满方 be CMupated witti 与 相比，通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和与公众直接联系的一线管理人，省略了很委中央环 节，提高了管理的成效。故B项正确。62. B【解析】economically经济地traditkglly传统地s inade哽闺y不充分地；occasionally偶尔地"艮 据后句 Empowerment and delegalian tnean ne

15、w:forms of managemjuit contiol 可知授权管理是一种新型 的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样.故B项正确.63. D【解析】deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。64. A【解析】virtual虚拟的；inefective无效果的，低效率的；day-to-day 日常的；on-the-scene 现场的。 根据后句 where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet wor

16、k on projects from their own houses可知在这种新型的管理方法中,人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行管理的方法。故A项正确。65. C【解析】opinion 观点；risk 冒险；performance 表现；attractiveness 魅力。根据 后半句"in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them "可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品，而不是 他们的工作时间。故C项正

17、确。【巧学妙记】说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成 因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。常见的说明文有自我介绍、人物介绍 （传记）、地方介绍、习俗介绍、节日介绍、方法 （步骤）介绍，产品说明、实验报告、科普小品、读书报告、新闻报道等。说明文类完形填空通常有以下命题特点：1 .开头点题在说明文类完形填空题中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象，这是掌握说明 细节的前提。2 .结构清晰说明文一般按一定的顺序展开。理清文章的说明顺序，对于正确把握文意和上下文的逻 辑关系以及选择正确答案具有重要意义。3 .文体特点说明文往往采用比较正式的文体，表述

18、准确严谨，生词术语较多，句子较长，结构较为 复杂。4 .条理清楚说明文十分讲究条理性，一般采取时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序等来说明 事物或事理。解答这类题目要遵循下列原则：1 .明白说明对象文章的首句一般就明确了说明对象。对文章要进行粗读或略读，对文章的大意要先有一 个大体的了解。2 .弄清楚说明的顺序，利用好标志语把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加强对整篇文章的理解。语篇与语篇之间 往往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语被称为“语篇标志语”。如表示结构层次的语篇标 志语 firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally 等；表示因果关系的 thus, t

19、herefore, so 等; 表示改变话题的by the way等；表示递进关系的 besides, what ' s more等；表示时间关系 的 before, so far, yet, meanwhile, later等； 表示转折关系的 but, while, on the otherhand等。做题时如果能充分利用这些语篇标志语，就可以迅速理清文章的脉络，弄清上下文 的关系。3 .把握文章的组织结构，理清事实细节把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明性的文章一般都是一篇完整的、意思表 达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从

20、主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论。这时，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑，我们在理解细节的基础上，还要斟酌文字的内涵意义，从而对文章进行深层次的理解。4 .注重上下文语境应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境做深入的理解，克服"思维定势"，根据全 文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。US scientists say they have bred a genetically modified （GM） mosquito that can resist malaria（疟疾）infection. If the lab technique1 in the fiel

21、d, it couldoffer a new way of stopping the biting insects from2 malaria to humans, theysay. The scientists put a new "resistance" 3 into the mosquito' s own DNA, using a gene editing method called Crispr.And when the GM mosquitoes mated their later generation inherited the4resistance,

22、PNASjournal reports. In 5 , if these mosquitoes bite people, they should not be able to6 on the parasite（ 寄生虫）that causes malaria.About 3.2bn people - almost half of the world ' s population - are at 7 of malaria. Bed nets can help8 the insects biting and drugs can be given toanyone who 9 the in

23、fection,but the disease10 kills around 580 000 people a year.Scientists have been searching for new ways to11 malaria. The Universityof California team believe their GM mosquitoes could play a key role 12resistant offspring to replace malaria-carrying mosquitoes. They took a type of mosquito found i

24、n India on which to13 .Dr. Anthony James and his team showed that they could give the14 new DNAcode to make it a 15 host for the malaria parasite. The DNA was inherited by almost 100% of the mosquito offspring and across three16 .Mosquito larvae（ 幼虫）can be genetically modified to carry17 new genes,s

25、uch as resistance to the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria. The researchers say the findings offer 18 that the same method could also work in othermosquito 1920 it would not be a sole solution to the malaria problem, it would be a usefuladditional weapon, they say.1.A.countsB.mattersC. applies

26、Dworks2.A.spreadingB. sendingC. makingDturning3.A.medicineB. methodC.geneDequipment4.A.greatB. sameC. powerfulDhealthy5.A.practiceB. particularC. generalD. theory6.A.carryB. takeC. passDdepend7.A.topB.riskC. mercyDrate8.A.stopB. improveC.denyDget9.A.matchesB.catchesC. resistsDmisses10.A.fairlyB. qui

27、teC. stillD. just11AgetB. findC. shelterD. fight12.A.breedingB. feedingC. educatingD. assisting13.A.baseB. countC. experimentD. blame14.A.personB.fellowC. plantD.insect15.A.strongB.poorC. friendlyD.good16 AmethodsB. countriesC. varietiesDgenerations17.A.usefulB. doubtfulC. thoughtfulD.wonderful18 Ab

28、eliefB. opinionC. hopeD. fact19.A.speciesB. membersC. drugsD.surroundings20ABecauseB. OnceC. BeforeD.Although【文章大意】本文为说明文。美国科学家声称他们已经培育出一种能抵抗感染的转基因蚊子，如果这项实验室技术起作用的话，它可以提供新的方法阻止蚊子把疟疾传染给人类。1TI【解析】考查动词辨析.此处表示如果这项实验室技术在实地起作用的话，它可以提供新的方法阻止 蚊子把疟疾传染给人类。8U*重要”，要零' apply”应用，wark”产生作用故选42A【解析】考查动词辨析.参考上题解

29、析可知，此处表示把疟疾传染给人类。故选Ao spread传播，(使) 蔓延、send，发送)make1制造)turn11翻转“3,C 解析】考查语境选词。由苜句信息PS scientists say they have bred a geofticaliy modified (GM) mosquito 皿tcanr'ist malaria(疟疾)infection"可知？他们的做法是使用一种叫作。却f的基因编辑法把一种 罚的具可氐抗作用的基因植入蚊子自己的DNA.故选C. gmd,基因乙4卫【解析】考查形容词鳍析*由语境中的关键词mbaiied可知应用mne*此处表示转基蹴子

30、交配后， 他们的后代继承相同的基因小骐",伟大的肾皿那相同的，同一的"j powerfUF强大的、加血联健 康的屋5 .D【解析】考查语境选词。由上文中的"If the lab technique 1(works) in the field ,it could offer a new way of stopping the biting insects from 2(spreading)malaria to humans" 可知，这只是理论上的设想，故选D, in theory" 在理论上"。in practice" 实际上

31、"；in particular" 特别，尤其"；in general "总的说来"。6 .C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。由第一段第二句中的"it could offer a new way ofstopping the biting insects from 2(spreading)malaria to humans"可知，科学家的主要目的是阻止蚊子传播导致疟疾的寄生虫。故选C, pass on"传给"。7 .B【解析】考查语境选词。由下文中的 "kills around 580 000 peop

32、le a year" 可知，此处表示大约32亿人，约世界人口的一半有患疟疾的危险。故选B, at risk of"有的危险"。8 .A【解析】考查生活常识。根据常识可知蚊帐的用途是帮助阻止蚊子咬人。故选Aoimprove"改善"，deny"拒绝"，get"得到，获得"，均不符合题意。9 .B 【解析】考查生活常识。根据语境可知，感染上疟疾的人需要用药。此处 catch表示"得病,染疾"。match"配对"，resist"抵制"，miss"错过”,均不符合题意。10.C【解析】考查副词辨析。由转折连词 but可知用still"仍然"。虽然蚊帐有助于阻止昆虫叮咬，而且我们可以给那些感染疾病的人用药，但是疟疾每年仍然使得大约580000人丧生。fairly" 相当地"；quite"十分"；just"仅仅，只是"。1LD【解析】考查动词箫析，科学家们一直在寻找与疟疾做斗争的方法*物得到，获得r版犬发现， 找到)5kli父保护、*与做斗争”故选D。124 【解析】考查动词辨析，由空格前的"GM mosquitoes could pl