世界超级无敌顶级最牛X——专业英语必过

1、如有错误，纯属巧合。最终解释权归有道所有！By454CHAPTER ONE: EVOLUTION AND TRENDS第一章:把内变量演化与发展趋势ARTICLE: The Evolution of Modern Urban Planning文章:现代城市规划的发展Its very difficult to give a definition to modern urban planning, from origin to today, modern urban planning is more like an evolving and changing process, and it wil

2、l continue evolving and changing. Originally, modern urban planning was emerged to resolve the problems brought by Industrial Revolution; it was physical and technical with focus on land-use. Then with the economic, social, political and technical development for over one hundred years, todays city

3、is a complex system which contains many elements that are related to each other. And urban planning is not only required to concern with the build environment, but also relate more to economic, social and political conditions.很难给出一个定义是从原点的现代城市规划到今天,现代城市规划更像一个进化,在变化的过程,它将继续发展和变化的。原来,现代城市规划的解决了工业革命问题带

4、来了,那是实体和技术,重点介绍了土地利用。然后,经济、社会、政治和技术开发一百多年来,今天的城市,是一项复杂的系统包含许多元素之间的相互联系。城市规划,不仅要关心和建立的环境,但会涉及更多的经济、社会和政治条件。In human history, Industrial Revolution is always viewed as a turning point because it brought tremendous changes to the world. At the beginning, it was just like a myth because machine could pr

5、oduce manufactured goods more quickly than the human hand. Following that, a large number of factories appeared and a large amount of people left their agriculture land to the factories. This process is called industrialization. It brought with the rapid economic growth, the expansion of city and th

6、e immigration of population. Large scale population growth in city and without any planning caused many problems, especially in the living condition the industrial cities became drab, polluted, unsafe and unhealthy.在人类历史上,工业革命总是被看作是一个转折点,因为它带来了巨大的变化,他的整个世界。在一开始,它就像一个神话,因为机器能生产制成品速度要快于人类的手部。随后,大批工厂都出

7、现了,大量的人们离开了他们的农业土地的工厂。这个过程被称为产业化。它给随着经济的快速增长,城市的不断扩展和移民人口。大规模的人口增长在城市,没有任何计划引起了许多问题,特别是在生活条件工业城市成为单调,污染,不安全的,不健康的食物。With social reform movement, early modern urban planning was concentrated on dealing with the problems of housing, sanitation and infrastructure, and the spread of cholera and other wa

8、terborne diseases. During that period, the idea of planning was to create a pleasant, self-contained environment providing for work, settlement, and leisure, through careful and expert design. A famous example is Howards Garden City; it planned a beautiful city, which was divided into many districts

9、 including the center of city, industrial areas, residential areas, schools and greenbelt to allow people to live together in “harmony，health and happiness”. The theory contributed a lot to the practice of early modern urban planning in European. In a nutshell, the beginning of modern urban planning

10、 was more like blueprint approach; it was seen as essentially “a technical process of design and drawing, unrelated in its operation to economic or political process”. Along with the urbanization, zoning was begun, and housing, subdivision, and public health codes were created.与社会改革运动,早期现代城市规划都集中在解决

11、这些问题的住房、卫生、基础设施、传播霍乱和其他水生疾病。在这个时期内,规划的想法是创造一个愉快的环境,独立工作,提供解决办法,以及休闲,经过细心和专家设计。一个著名的例子是霍华德的园林城市,他们打算在美丽的城市,它分为许多地区包括市中心工业区内,居住区,学校和绿地让人们一起生活在“和谐、健康和幸福”。理论实践贡献良多的早期现代城市规划在欧洲。简而言之,现代城市规划的开始更像是蓝图的途径;被认为是“一个工艺流程设计和图纸操作,但与经济和政治过程”。随着城市化、分区开始和住宅、细分、公共卫生代码被创造的。The development of modern urban planning depend

12、s largely on the development of social policy, economy and scientific technique.现代城市规划的发展很大程度上取决于发展的社会政治、经济和科学技术。Facing with the urgent need of post-war reconstruction, 1950surban planning showed a pattern oriented toward recovery and economic development. Planning became primarily concerned with in

13、dustrial development, job creation and housing provision. However, planners with no background of economic and social training couldnt be sensitive to the wider economic, political and social complexities of urban planning. So planning still emphasized more on physical land-use but to respond the de

14、mand of post-war reconstruction.面对战后重建的迫切需要,20世纪50年代'urban规划模式显示面向恢复和经济的发展。主要涉及计划变成了产业发展、创造就业机会和住房的规定。然而,规划者们没有背景的经济和社会培训不能是敏感的更为广阔的经济、政治和社会的复杂的城市规划。所以规划还强调了物理土地利用而更多的需求回应战后重建的。Going through the post-war reconstruction, 1960s came with rapidly growing economy and advancing technology. Urban plan

15、ners were aware to the complex urban system of political, economic, technical and environmental problems. As a result, planning started to provide development strategies on socio-economic aspect and environmental protection. Regional Planning and National Planning were rapidly developed to provide g

16、eneral policies and strategies, such as large-scale economic framework, population distribution, infrastructure growth, housing development, etc. to guide local planning. Because of the introduction of computers to urban planning process, there occurred planning models. Then urban planning became mo

17、re scientific. Furthermore, due to the rapidly growing number of cars, the transportation planning became a more important part of planning. At the same time, environmentalist, by awareness of urban pollution and uncontrolled redevelopment, advocated that planning should pay more attention on enviro

18、nmental protection and urban conservation. Furthermore, public participation was introduced to the planning process because they realized that urban planning was related to their benefits.经过战后重建、60年代来在快速发展的经济和先进的技术。城市规划者意识到城市体系复杂的政治、经济、技术和环境问题。因此,规划开始提供经济发展战略方面和环境保护。区域规划和国土规划提供了进行快速的一般性政策和策略,如大规模的经济

19、体系,人口分布、基础设施生长、房地产开发等地方规划指导。因为中引入计算机城市规划过程中,这里曾发生过规划模型。然后城市规划变得更科学的。此外,由于汽车,迅速增加的交通规划成为更重要的规划。与此同时,环境保护论者,城市人口的认识和不可控的改造,提倡的计划,应加强对环境保护和城市的保护。此外,介绍了公众参与该计划的过程,因为他们意识到城市规划与收益。1970s capitalist economy began to recess, Traditional values were challenged and planning profession encountered crisis. “Plan

20、ning had not been able to fulfill its promise of balancing growth across the country and spreading its benefits widely with society”. During this period, planning was combined to implementation, not just design and reform. And planning was not just following the policy made by officials, but take pa

21、rt in policy-making, so planning was vested political implication. Most of radical planners wanted a redefinition of planning that would include the goals of social justice, equality, and redistribution of wealth and power. Planning was no longer a design process completed by expertise, but a politi

22、cal process that involved citizens of every class to take part in. Related policies or ordinance were established to form an open and equal planning process. Thus, apart from the original land use allocation and socio-economic strategies, planning process，including planning-making, application and e

23、nforcement, was integrated into planning system.1970年的资本主义经济开始休假,传统价值观挑战和规划职业遇到危机。“计划不能履行其承诺经济平衡增长领域在全国和传播它的好处得到广泛的社会”。在此期间,结合规划的实施,而不只是设计和改革。和计划并不仅仅是在政策的官员,但参与决策,所以计划赋予政治内涵。大多数的激进的规划者们想要一个重新定义规划的目标,其中包括社会公正、平等、及分配财富和权力。规划设计过程中不再是专家知识,而是完成有关公民的政治程序每级参加。相关的政策或条例的建立是为了形成一个开放、平等的规划过程。因此,除了原土地利用分配和社会经济策

24、略、企划流程,包括planning-making、应用和实施,是纳入规划体系。When times came to 1980s, with the global economic restructuring, business played a vital role in economic system and planning encountered forgetting. Some people thought that market could allocate the resources and balance the demand and require in a more rati

25、onal way, but planning restricted market. Actually, resources are limit, and city is composed of political, economic, cultural and environmental issues, market is not able to balance them all. Then 1990s is the resurgence of planning. Todays urban planning is a comprehensive planning with concerns a

26、bout the sustainable development of politics, economy and environment. It contains socio-economic development strategy, policies, regulations, decision-making process, environmental conservation as well as land-use planning, urban design and landscape. In addition, along with the economic globalizat

27、ion, planning is going beyond the traditionally boundary of nation state. Planning cooperation in regions and all over the world is searched for a better socio-economic circumstance and a sustainable environment. Todays planning is required to put the city in world context, and then figures out prom

28、ising strategies for its future development.当时间到了20世纪80年代以来,随着全球经济体制改革,商业起了重要作用经济体制和规划遇到忘事。一些人认为市场可能会配置资源和平衡的要求和需要在一个更合理的方式,但计划限制市场。实际上,资源的限制,与城市是由政治、经济、文化和环境问题,市场不能够合理他们所有的人。20世纪90年代就再现的规划。今天的城市规划是一个综合的策划与关注的可持续发展的政治、经济效益和环境效益。它包含社会经济发展战略、政策、法规、决策的过程中,环境保护以及土地利用总体规划、城市设计和景观。此外,随着经济全球化、计划是超越传统民族国家边界

29、。计划合作,全世界的区域进行搜索,共创美好的社会经济环境和可持续发展的环境。今天的计划是需要付出城市,并在世界背景数据为中国的未来发展有前途的策略。FURTHER READING (2): Trends in Modern Urban Planning of US进一步阅读(2):趋势在现代城市规划的人Urban planning in the United States is quite different than elsewhere. Since they are a federal democracy, they do not have the centralized national

30、 planning that provides the framework into which local planning must fit. It has not been popular to suggest this centralized approach since most Americans abhor big government. Thus, the 50 states emerge as the highest levels for planning, and sometimes they are subdivided into regional planning ar

31、eas.城市规划,在美国是完全不同的比其他地方都多。因为他们是一个联邦民主政治,他们没有中央集权的国家的计划提供了一个框架,在当地的计划必须健康。并不是很受欢迎集中化提出这个建议,因为大多数美国人厌恶的大政府。因此,50个州成为最高水平规划,有时它们分为区域规划地区。Urban planning occurs at the city and regional level today. Many functions, such as transportation, water supply, sewage treatment, pollution abatement, and economic

32、development, occur at the regional level, although no true general-purpose regional governments have been created. Instead, planning at the regional level tends to be advisory to the already established general-purpose governments at the state, county, and municipal levels. These levels have their o

33、wn planning processes, which are often linked with regional plans.城市规划是城市与区域水平今天。多种功能,例如:交通、供水、污水处理、污染改善,发展经济,发生在地方一级,虽然没有真正的通用区域政府已经被创造出来。相反,计划在地方一级往往是顾问已经建立了通用政府、直辖市、县(市)国家水平。这些层面都有自己的计划过程,这通常都是与区域计画。Urban planning will most likely remain a regional and local process for the foreseeable future. It

34、 is a continuous process that does not end with the creation of a plan but proceeds through the decision-making and monitoring and evaluation phases of government. And it has become established to the extent that it can be considered institutionalized. It has gone beyond the need to establish its le

35、gitimacy and has become an inherent part of government and business. The next phase in the evolution of planning will be implementation that is, ensuring that good planning will be carried out by both the public and the private sectors. This means that planning, while largely concerned with the buil

36、t environment, will have to relate better to economic, social, and political conditions.城市规划最有可能仍然是一个区域和地方的过程中,可预见的将来。这是一个连续的过程,不能创造一个结束的计划,但是收益通过决策和监测和评估阶段的政府。,它已经建立起来的前提下,可以被认为是体制化。它已一去不复返超越了需要建立其合法性和已经成为一种内在一部分的政府和公司。下一阶段的发展过程中,计划将实施也就是说,确保良好的规划的、都要被掳双方公共和私人部门。这意味着的规划,而普遍关注的建筑环境,将会有联系好经济、社会和政治条件。

37、Urban planning can make no claim to solving all of society 's problems, but it can be an effective and efficient process for building cities and their regions in the best way possible. Here, planning must be a subtle process that is open, participatory, and flexible. It requires both technical s

38、kills and the arts of compromise, negotiation, and consensus. Urban planners in the modern world must be part reformer, visionary designer, and politician.城市规划可以使不能获得社会的的解决所有的问题,但它可以有效过程及其地区建造城市最好的可能的办法了。在这里,规划必须是一个微妙的过程,开阔,参与,和灵活的。它既要求技术能力和妥协,谈判的艺术,共识。城市规划者在现代世界中必须包含改革家、有远见的设计师和政治家。From this evolut

39、ion of urban planning there have arisen several long-term trends.从这个进化的城市规划有一些长期趋势出现了。Growth Control, and Decline Management生长调控的,和衰落的过程管理Growth control is found most commonly in Sunbelt cities, resorts, coastal areas, mountainous regions, and other environmentally and climatically appealing places.

40、 A common situation is when long-term residents and recent in-migrants decide that growth is occurring too rapidly and destroying the quality of life that attracted development. They ask urban planners to control growth in order to preserve that quality of life as well as to relieve the pressures on

41、 the infrastructure, public services, and public costs created by new development. Urban planners use mechanisms that can slow, ameliorate, or redirect growth. While the practice remains controversial in legal terms, many court decisions have upheld the right of state and local governments to plan a

42、nd control the tempo, location, and extent of development.发现生长调控最常在与城市,度假村,沿海地区,山区和其他环境和climatically吸引人的地方。一个普通的例子是长期居民和最近的in-migrants决定增长过快发生并毁坏了的生活质量,吸引了发展。他们问城市规划者控制,以保持增长的生活品质,同时也将来减轻压力的影响,基础设施、公共服务、和公共费用由新的发展。城市规划者使用机制,改善,可以延缓或将增长。而作法依旧有争议的,法定术语,许多的法庭裁决已坚持国家主权和当地政府计划和控制那个节奏,地点,和程度的发展。Decline ma

43、nagement is relatively new to urban planners, because the present redistribution of people, jobs, and development is without precedent in the United States. Until recently, urban planners did not have to deal with declining urban populations. Many cities in the Snowbelt and Rustbelt, most heavy indu

44、strial centers that are obsolete, old transportation centers, and other areas subject to difficult climates and changing economic trends are experiencing declines. This does not mean decay necessarily, since some places have redeveloped and improved their quality of life with fewer people living the

45、re. It does mean a far more difficult and risky approach to urban planning. This approach involves elements of preserving what is good about these cities while encouraging change and innovation for things that do not seem to be viable any longer. It essentially means that urban planners can no longe

46、r rely upon principles and standards that evolved from planning practice during times of unlimited growth. Now planners must use methods that seek to improve cities while managing their decline.下降管理是相对较新的城市规划者,因为目前的再分配的人、工作和发展是空前的,在美国。直到最近,城市规划者也没必要处理下降的城市居民。许多城市了,Snowbelt Rustbelt,大多数的重工业中心,是过时的,老运

47、输中心及其他地区的气候和疑难问题正经历经济趋势变化呈现下降趋势。这并不意味着腐烂一定,因为有些地方还重新开发并且提高他们的生活质量用更少的人住在那里。它意味着更困难和危险的方法来城市规划。这种方法包括元素的优点,却大谈保护这些城,同时鼓励变化和创新的东西似乎并没有可行的了。它实质上是指城市规划者可以不再倚靠原则和标准的规划实践,发展于无限增长时期。现在规划者必须使用方法,寻求改善城市在处理他们的下降。Historic Preservation and Adaptive Reuse适应性再利用历史文物的保护In both the decline management and growth con

48、trol contexts, the preservation of significant historic areas and buildings is a major trend in urban planning. There has been a lamentable insensitivity to historic preservation until fairly recent times, when Americans came to realize that historic areas and buildings were being destroyed and that

49、 a heritage was being lost forever, Most cities and states now have vital preservation programs that seek to preserve what is truly significant. A great number of programs and incentives have arisen to control demolition and encourage conservation.在这两种下降管理和生长调控的情境下,保护重要历史地区和建筑在城市规划的重要趋势。有了可悲的抗历史文化保护

50、,直到最近才次,当美国人开始意识到历史地区和建筑物正在遭到破坏,这一遗产被永远失去了,大多数城市和州现在有生命的保存程序,寻求保护那些真正重要。大量的计划和刺激了鼓励节约能源和控制爆破。An especially interesting part of this trend is the adaptive reuse of older buildings. This concept holds that attractive, sound; historically significant buildings that may have outlived their original func

51、tions can be reused for new purposes. Thus, urban planners might assist in reusing an abandoned schoolhouse for a technology office, in transforming an old mansion into a cultural center, in turning an abandoned jail into a bar, and even in giving an unused gas station new life as a quality restaura

52、nt. In fact, these are real examples of recent projects that have been made possible by urban planning and the use of incentives for adaptive reuse.一个特别有趣的部分的适应性再利用的趋势是较年长的建筑。这个观念认为,有吸引力,声音标志性建筑;从历史上看,可能比他们可以重复使用的原始功能为新用途。因此,城市规划者会协助重用一个废弃的校舍技术机构,变革旧大厦变成一种文化中心,把一个废弃的监狱进一间酒吧,甚至在给未使用的加油站新的生活质量的餐厅。事实上,

53、这些是真实最近完成的例子已经成为可能,城市规划和使用适应性再利用激励措施。Neighborhood Planning社区规划Closely related to the historic preservation and adaptive reuse trend in older cities is neighborhood planning. Planning assistance is provided to neighborhood groups that are organized to preserve their neighborhoods and prevent decline.

54、 A planning department often supplies special staff and financial assistance to such groups. In some cases, planners themselves may actually be involved in organizing such neighborhood groups.密切相关的适应性再利用历史文物的保护趋势是古老的城市社区计划。规划提供帮助是居民区组织起来,以保持他们的社区和防止衰退。规划部门经常供应节日特殊工作人员和财政援助小组。在某些情况下,规划者们自己可能会参与组织这样的居

55、民区。Even in growing cities, there is a trend toward neighborhood planning. This has resulted both from neighborhood demands and from recognition by planners that the modern city is an organism composed of individual cells, or neighborhoods. The neighborhood offers an ideal unit in which to concentrat

56、e planning programs, which are especially effective when there is an overall urban planning strategy.即使在越来越多的城市人,附近有一个趋势,规划。这导致了两个从邻居家的要求,从熟悉建筑师,现代城市是一种生物组成的单个细胞,或居住的社区。附近单位提供了一个理想的计划集中,特别有效的当有城市总体规划策略。Design设计The trend now is to incorporate the principles of urban design more fully into urban plann

57、ing. This trend evolved in recent years when it became apparent that urban planning had been ignoring the appearance, design, and beauty of the built environment While few if any planners would argue that design can solve social and economic problems by itself, most would concur that the way cities

58、look is vitally important.这一趋势现在是将这一原则的都市设计更完全地城市规划。这一趋势发展近年来,很显然,城市规划有忽略的出现,设计,美丽的建筑环境,极少有规划者会认为设计可以解决社会和经济问题就其本身而言,大多数人都看,城市是至关重要的。The San Francisco zoning regulations of the mid-1980s were a benchmark for the new trend to incorporate design into urban planning. These regulations not only dealt wi

59、th the land use, height, bulk, and density of buildings, but also went beyond them to establish design standards. They thus went much further than the New York City ordinances of the 1920s, for they dealt with the spatial envelopes and design styles that give form to new buildings. This meant that zoning and other planning controls could be used to require certain design configurations for building construction and for built areas, and it greatly in