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1、 英语词汇学英语词汇学 考查:平时考查:平时50%50%(考勤(考勤10%+10%+测试测试40%40%););期终期终50%50%。 考勤:请假考勤:请假1 1次不扣分;请假次不扣分;请假2 2次及以上者每次次及以上者每次扣扣3 3分;旷课一次扣分;旷课一次扣5 5分;请假分;请假4 4次和旷课次和旷课2 2次不能考次不能考试。试。 测试:二次;开卷。测试:二次;开卷。 期终考查:开卷;用英语回答若干问题。期终考查:开卷;用英语回答若干问题。 英语词汇学英语词汇学教材:教材:1 1、陆国强的、陆国强的现代英语词汇学现代英语词汇学,上海外语,上海外语 教育出版社,中文编写。教育出版社,中文编写
2、。2 2、汪榕培、卢晓娟的、汪榕培、卢晓娟的英语词汇学教程英语词汇学教程,上海外语教育出版社,中文编写。上海外语教育出版社,中文编写。3 3、汪榕培、王之江的、汪榕培、王之江的英语词汇学英语词汇学,上海,上海外语教育出版社,中文编写。外语教育出版社,中文编写。 4 4、汪榕培、王之江、吴晓维的、汪榕培、王之江、吴晓维的英语词汇学英语词汇学教程读本教程读本,上海外语教育出版社,英语编写,上海外语教育出版社,英语编写,没有练习。,没有练习。 英语词汇学英语词汇学5、杨信彰的杨信彰的英语词汇学教程英语词汇学教程,高等教育出,高等教育出版社,英语编写,但较简单。版社,英语编写,但较简单。6、林承璋、刘
3、世平的林承璋、刘世平的英语词汇学引论英语词汇学引论,武,武汉大学出版社,英语编写,但较厚、较难。汉大学出版社,英语编写,但较厚、较难。7、张维友的张维友的英语词汇学教程英语词汇学教程,华中师范大,华中师范大学出版社,英语编写,配有练习,难易适中。学出版社,英语编写,配有练习,难易适中。8、汪榕培的汪榕培的英语词汇学研究英语词汇学研究,上海外语教,上海外语教育出版社,中文编写,学术著作。育出版社,中文编写,学术著作。9、汪榕培的汪榕培的 英语词汇学高级教程英语词汇学高级教程,上海,上海外语教育出版社,中文编写,研究生教材。外语教育出版社,中文编写,研究生教材。英语词汇学英语词汇学专家:专家:1
4、1、陆国强:、陆国强:19341934年生,复旦大学首席教授、外年生,复旦大学首席教授、外文系英语语言文学博士生导师。出版专著:文系英语语言文学博士生导师。出版专著:现代现代英语构词英语构词、现代英语联想与搭配现代英语联想与搭配、现代英现代英语词汇学语词汇学(新版)、(新版)、英汉和汉英语义结构对比英汉和汉英语义结构对比。2 2、汪榕培汪榕培:19421942年出生,年出生,19851985年年6 6月到月到20012001年年9 9月担任大连外国语学院院长。现任大连大学特聘教月担任大连外国语学院院长。现任大连大学特聘教授,兼任苏州大学、大连理工大学等校博士生导师授,兼任苏州大学、大连理工大学
5、等校博士生导师。 19831983年出版的年出版的实用英语词汇学实用英语词汇学是我国在这是我国在这一学术领域中的第一部专著,后来出版一学术领域中的第一部专著,后来出版的的英语词英语词英语词汇学英语词汇学 汇学教程汇学教程、英语词汇学研究英语词汇学研究、英语词汇英语词汇学高级教程学高级教程、英语词汇学英语词汇学、英语词汇学英语词汇学实践实践把这一领域的研究提高到一个新的水平。把这一领域的研究提高到一个新的水平。目前国内最权威的英语词汇学专家。目前国内最权威的英语词汇学专家。 3、张维友:华中师范大学外国语学院院长,博士张维友:华中师范大学外国语学院院长,博士生导师,出版了生导师,出版了英语词汇学
6、英语词汇学、英语词汇学英语词汇学教程教程等。等。 4、杨信彰:杨信彰:1956年出生,厦门大学外文学院院长年出生,厦门大学外文学院院长,博士生导师。,博士生导师。 英语词汇学英语词汇学 英语词汇学发展历史与现状:英语词汇学发展历史与现状: 20 20世纪世纪8080年代中期以后,西方语言学家开始年代中期以后,西方语言学家开始承认词汇学在现代语言学中的合法地位。我国于承认词汇学在现代语言学中的合法地位。我国于2020世纪世纪8080年代中期开始出现英语词汇学专著。年代中期开始出现英语词汇学专著。2020世纪末至世纪末至2121世纪初,英语词汇学作为一门独立学世纪初,英语词汇学作为一门独立学科、实
7、用学科和交叉学科的地位得以巩固。科、实用学科和交叉学科的地位得以巩固。 Introduction Teaching aims:define and expound the nature and domain of English Lexicology,explain the relationship between English Lexicology and other disciplines, discuss the aims and significance of the course.Teaching approaches:explanation and discussionKey p
8、oints:1.word , vocabulary and lexicologyword:four points vocabulary:six pointsvocabulary of a person:active(speaking and writing) and passive(reading and guessing).英语词汇学英语词汇学 nature and domain of English lexicology: It is concerned with “the study of the meaning and uses of words”,dealing with Engli
9、sh words,their origins,meanings,historical development,morphological structures,semanticstructures,senserelations,idioms,formation and application.In short,it is the study of the significance and usage of English words.英语词汇学英语词汇学 英语词汇学英语词汇学 It is a theory-based course in which the basic theories of
10、English words are mainly discussed.Nevertheless,it is a practical course as well,for in the discussion,we will certainly deal with a great number of words and idiomatic expressions,and site a great many examples. 英语词汇学英语词汇学2.relations to other disciplines (1)to morphology the branch of grammar,study
11、 the structure of words(inflections and word-formation)(2)to semantics the study of meaning,lexical level,types of meaning and sense relations such as polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonymy,hyponymy(specific-general ),semantic field(3)to etymology the study of origins,the changes in forms and meanings
12、of words in history,(4)to stylistics the study of style,the stylistic values of words,(5)to lexicography the form,meaning,origin,usage of words,study words in different aspects and from different angles. 英语词汇学英语词汇学 3.methods of study : synchronic approach From a synchronic point of view,words can be
13、 studied at point in time,disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. diachronic approach From a diachronic perspective,words can be considered historically and be looked into: the origins and changes in form and meaning. 英语词汇学英语词汇学 4. aims and significance of the course Wilkins asserts, “W
14、ithout grammar very little can be conveyed,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed. ” deal with English vocabulary, develop personal vocabulary,increase word power; deeper understanding of word-meaning,enable people to organize,classify and store words effectively; raise awareness of meaning and
15、usages, enable people to use words more accurately. 英语词汇学英语词汇学 Unit One Teaching Aims:By discussing the relationship between sound and meaning,between sound and form,students should know the three main principles of lexical classification and the features of basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary
16、,content words and functional words,native words and borrowed words. Teaching Approaches: explanation , discussion and practice Key Points:1.The relationship between sound and meaning A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,
17、and there is no logical relationship between the sound and meaning. The relationship between them sometimes is conventional. 英语词汇学英语词汇学2.the relationship between sound and form It is generally agreed that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the wr
18、itten form should agree with the oral form. But with the development of the language,more and more differences occur between them. In general,there are three reasons:a. The internal reason is that English alphabet was adopted from the Romans so that some letters must do double duty or work together
19、in combination.b. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.c. The final reason is borrowing when English borrowed words from other languages,it borrowed spelling as well. Therefore the written form o
20、f English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form. In spite of the differences,at least eighty percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns. 英语词汇学英语词汇学 3.Classification of words: By use frequency,words may fall into : A. the basic word stock It is the foundation of the voc
21、abulary and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitutes a small percentage of the English vocabulary,it is the most important part of it.Most words of this stock have five characteristics:a. All National Character:can not be avoided by any speaker of English. b. Stability c. Product
22、ivityd. Polysemye. Collocability 英语词汇学英语词汇学 Of course,not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability;but are semantically monosemous and have limited productivity and collocability.Therefore,“all national character”is t
23、he most important of allfeatures that may differentiate words of common use from all others. 英语词汇学英语词汇学 B. Non-basic vocabulary a. terminology b. jargon :bottom line c. slang Certain words are labeled“slang”not because of their appearance or pronunciation but because of their usage. Much of slang is
24、 created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether. 英语词汇学英语词汇学 d. Argot :can-opener e. Dialectal words f. Archaisms:thou,wherein g. Neologisms:microelectronics,futurology,data bank 2.By notion,words can be grouped into A. Content words
25、(notional,full words) Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives , adverbs and numerals. They constitute the main body of the English vocabulary and the number is growing. 英语词汇学英语词汇学 B. Functional words(empty words/form words) Functional words include prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and
26、articles. They make up a very small number of the vocabulary, remain stable. However, they do far more work of expression on average than content words. 英语词汇学英语词汇学 3. By usage,words can be grouped into:popular words and learned words 4.By character,words may fall into:abstract words and concrete wor
27、ds5.Bymotivation(logicalexplanation),transparent(motivated) words(echo,compound,miniskirt)and opaque(non-motivated)words(egghead,eggplant,pineapple,pinenut,midwives,evil,news,black market) 6.By meaning, words may fall into:polysemic words and monosemic words 英语词汇学英语词汇学7.By morphology, words may fall
28、 into:simple words,compounds and derived words 8.By origin, words can be classified intoA. Native words Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. 英语词汇学英语词汇学 They are small in number but
29、 they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language. Therefore, native words have the same characteristics as those of the basic word stock. Apart from these, in contrast to borrowed words ,native words have two other features. 英语词汇学英语词汇学a.Neutral in style Stylist
30、ically, native words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropriate in formal style.b. Frequent in use Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing. 英语词汇学英语词汇学B. Borrowed words (loan words/borrowings)
31、 It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, loan words can be classified into four classes.a.Denizens 英语词汇学英语词汇学 Words of this group are early borrowings from Latin, Greek, French and
32、 Scandinavians and now are well assimilated into the English language b. Aliens These words remain their original pronunciation and spelling and can be immediately recognized as foreign in origin.kowtow,status quo,emir 英语词汇学英语词汇学c. Translation-loans Words of this group can be subdivided into two cla
33、sses:a)Words translated according to the meaning. mother tongue,a slip of the tongue(pen),surplus value,black humour,masterpieceb)Words translated according to the sound. ketchup,lama 英语词汇学英语词汇学d. Semantic-loans Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form but their meanings ar
34、e borrowed.pioneerChinese borrowings in English:transliteration and loan translation(1)words: (2)characteristics of Chinese borrowings in English:derivation,conversion,compoundingEnglish borrowings in Chinese 英语词汇学英语词汇学 环球时报环球时报20072007年年1 1月月1515日援引日援引欧洲新闻欧洲新闻德文版德文版1 1月月1313日报道称,根据全球语言监督机构的最新报告,英语正
35、日报道称,根据全球语言监督机构的最新报告,英语正在经历历史上从未有过的变革,究其原因是受到全球化大在经历历史上从未有过的变革,究其原因是受到全球化大环境下中国式英语的强烈冲击。环境下中国式英语的强烈冲击。 中国约有中国约有2.52.5亿民众学习英语,加上日益上升的全球影响亿民众学习英语,加上日益上升的全球影响力,意味着中国人每天都在制造英文新词。根据报告,逐力,意味着中国人每天都在制造英文新词。根据报告,逐字翻译的中式英语字翻译的中式英语“很久不见很久不见”(Long time no seeLong time no see),),还有从广东话吃点心的还有从广东话吃点心的“饮茶饮茶”直译过来的直
36、译过来的drinkteadrinktea等,等,现已成为标准的英文词组。更多中式英语还在继续产生,现已成为标准的英文词组。更多中式英语还在继续产生,包括从前就已中英混合的如包括从前就已中英混合的如“苦力苦力”(cooliecoolie)、)、“台风台风”(typhoontyphoon)等。当这些新命名的单词在网上流通,英)等。当这些新命名的单词在网上流通,英文词汇库必然迅速增长。文词汇库必然迅速增长。 英语词汇学英语词汇学 “全球语言监督全球语言监督”主席帕亚克表示:主席帕亚克表示:“令人惊讶的是,由令人惊讶的是,由于中国经济增长的影响,它现在对国际英语的冲击比英语于中国经济增长的影响,它现在
37、对国际英语的冲击比英语国家还大。国家还大。”自自19941994年以来加入国际英语行列的词汇中,年以来加入国际英语行列的词汇中,中式英语贡献了中式英语贡献了5%5%到到20%20%,超过任何其他来源。这些新词,超过任何其他来源。这些新词和词组,不用向母语为英语的人士特别解释,都能被接受和词组,不用向母语为英语的人士特别解释,都能被接受。 今天,中国学英语的人几乎相当于上世纪今天,中国学英语的人几乎相当于上世纪6060年代全世界说年代全世界说英语人数的总和,这个数字在未来英语人数的总和,这个数字在未来7 7到到1010年还可能翻倍。年还可能翻倍。难怪有人预测,倘若国际英语分崩离析,中式英语很有可
38、难怪有人预测,倘若国际英语分崩离析,中式英语很有可能成为最突出的分支。能成为最突出的分支。 英语词汇学英语词汇学19801980年语言学家葛传椝先生提出年语言学家葛传椝先生提出“中国英语中国英语”的概念。他把的概念。他把讲或写英语时使用不属于讲英语民族所惯用的词语来表达讲或写英语时使用不属于讲英语民族所惯用的词语来表达我国所特有的东西的词语称为我国所特有的东西的词语称为China EnglishChina English。中国英语。中国英语是以规范英语为核心,表达中国社会文化诸领域特有事物是以规范英语为核心,表达中国社会文化诸领域特有事物,不受母语干扰和影响,通过音译、译借及语义再生诸手,不受
39、母语干扰和影响,通过音译、译借及语义再生诸手段进入英语交际,具有中国特点的词汇、句式和语篇。段进入英语交际,具有中国特点的词汇、句式和语篇。词汇应包括两方面的含义:其一是指已被国内外英语辞典收词汇应包括两方面的含义:其一是指已被国内外英语辞典收录,在讲英语国家得到广泛使用的汉语借词和译借词;其录,在讲英语国家得到广泛使用的汉语借词和译借词;其二是指未被或未来得及被英语辞典收录,而在中国本土上二是指未被或未来得及被英语辞典收录,而在中国本土上及对外宣传资料和旅游外事活动中实际应用的,表达中国及对外宣传资料和旅游外事活动中实际应用的,表达中国民族文化所特有事物的借词与译借。民族文化所特有事物的借词
40、与译借。 英语词汇学英语词汇学所谓中国英语的句式是指那些用英语词汇表达中国所谓中国英语的句式是指那些用英语词汇表达中国政治、经济,以及社会文化所特有的体制、名称政治、经济,以及社会文化所特有的体制、名称和提法的固定句式。和提法的固定句式。英国英语和美国英语也不再被看作仅有的两种标准英国英语和美国英语也不再被看作仅有的两种标准语,而只不过是英语的两种国别变体。中国英语语,而只不过是英语的两种国别变体。中国英语是以规范英语为核心,用来表达中国特有的事物是以规范英语为核心,用来表达中国特有的事物与现象的一种英语变体。它是英语国家使用的英与现象的一种英语变体。它是英语国家使用的英语跟中国特有的社会文化
41、相结合的产物语跟中国特有的社会文化相结合的产物, ,是国际使是国际使用型的英语变体。用型的英语变体。 英语词汇学英语词汇学 英语词汇学英语词汇学 英语词汇学英语词汇学 英语词汇学英语词汇学 英语词汇学英语词汇学 随着借词的迅速扩大,成语、典故和警句也日益增加随着借词的迅速扩大,成语、典故和警句也日益增加。英国前首相撒切尔夫人和美国近几届总统访华时,都在。英国前首相撒切尔夫人和美国近几届总统访华时,都在不同场合的讲话中有意引用中国的成语、典故和警句,借不同场合的讲话中有意引用中国的成语、典故和警句,借以表达他们的立场和观点。英国前首相撒切尔夫人以表达他们的立场和观点。英国前首相撒切尔夫人1982
42、1982访访华讲话中引用了唐代诗人王勃华讲话中引用了唐代诗人王勃送杜少府之任蜀州送杜少府之任蜀州中的中的佳句佳句“海内存知己,天涯若比邻海内存知己,天涯若比邻”( (Provided our friendship survives,distances mean very little;although dwelling far horizons,we can still be as near neighbours);尼克松总统尼克松总统19721972年访华时曾在宴会祝酒词中引用毛主席年访华时曾在宴会祝酒词中引用毛主席满江红满江红和郭沫若同志和郭沫若同志中的警句中的警句“一万年太久,只争一万年
43、太久,只争朝夕朝夕”(Ten thousand years are too long, seize the day, seize the hour);里根总统里根总统19841984年访华时,在演说中引用年访华时,在演说中引用了了汉书汉书中的谚语中的谚语 “ “百闻不如一见百闻不如一见”(To see a thing once is better than hearing about it a hundred times); 英语词汇学英语词汇学 克林顿总统克林顿总统19981998年在访华演说中引用过中国年在访华演说中引用过中国成语成语“实事求是实事求是”(seeking truth fro
44、m facts);奥奥巴马总统巴马总统20092009年在上海与中国青年对话开始前发年在上海与中国青年对话开始前发表的演讲中引用了表的演讲中引用了论语论语中的名言中的名言“温故而知温故而知新新”(Consider the past,and you shall know the future);奥巴马总统又于奥巴马总统又于20112011年年1 1月在为胡锦涛主席访月在为胡锦涛主席访美而举行的国宴上引用了美而举行的国宴上引用了管子管子权修权修中的谚语中的谚语“一年一年之计,莫如树谷;十年之计,莫如树木;终身之计,莫如之计,莫如树谷;十年之计,莫如树木;终身之计,莫如树人。树人。”(If you
45、want one year prosperity,then grow grain;if you want ten years prosperity,then grow trees;if you want one hundred years prosperity,then grow people.) 英语词汇学英语词汇学 kowtow用作名词时,表示用作名词时,表示“叩头叩头”;用作不及物动词时,;用作不及物动词时,表示表示“跪下并使前额触地,以表示高度尊敬、崇拜或臣服跪下并使前额触地,以表示高度尊敬、崇拜或臣服”(“叩头叩头”)和)和“卑躬屈膝卑躬屈膝”。 “ “叩头叩头”在中国是一在中国是一
46、种行礼致敬的方式,但在英美人眼中却有种行礼致敬的方式,但在英美人眼中却有“奴颜卑膝奴颜卑膝”之之嫌。难怪嫌。难怪18161816年英国出使来华的外交官阿默斯特年英国出使来华的外交官阿默斯特(Lord (Lord AmhurstAmhurst) )宁可冒犯宁可冒犯“龙颜龙颜”,引起外交纠纷,也不愿下跪,引起外交纠纷,也不愿下跪叩头。如:叩头。如: Im not going to kowtow to a mere nobody like him. 我不想给他这样的无名小卒磕头。 Be polite, but dont kowtow to him. 对他要有礼貌, 但不要卑躬屈膝。 英语词汇学英语词
47、汇学 feng shui在词性上除用作名词外,还可用作动词,表示在词性上除用作名词外,还可用作动词,表示“看风水看风水”,如:,如: Metz is a practitioner of feng shui,the ancient Chinese art of designing homes and workplaces in harmony with the forces of nature. 梅兹是一位职业风水先生。风水是设计住宅及工作场所时梅兹是一位职业风水先生。风水是设计住宅及工作场所时谋求与自然力协调和谐一种中国古代艺术。谋求与自然力协调和谐一种中国古代艺术。 It is a test
48、imonial of inroads feng shui has made in the United States that,close to a year later,Scott is seeking a $5,000 grant to hire experts to feng shui a prison. 这证明风水已入侵美国。将近一年来,斯科特正在寻找一这证明风水已入侵美国。将近一年来,斯科特正在寻找一笔笔50005000美元的贷款,用于聘请专家来为一座监狱看风水。美元的贷款,用于聘请专家来为一座监狱看风水。 英语词汇学英语词汇学 ShanghaiShanghai首字母由大写转为小写(
49、首字母由大写转为小写(shanghaishanghai)后,词性也)后,词性也由地理名词转为及物动词。从前,美国的一些不法团伙用由地理名词转为及物动词。从前,美国的一些不法团伙用酒或麻醉剂使人失去知觉,然后强迫他们去做一般人不愿酒或麻醉剂使人失去知觉,然后强迫他们去做一般人不愿做的远航船上的水手,而他们远航的目的地,往往是中国做的远航船上的水手,而他们远航的目的地,往往是中国的上海。所以,这种拐骗手段就被说成是的上海。所以,这种拐骗手段就被说成是“to to shanghai”shanghai”,后来这个词义慢慢扩大发展为,后来这个词义慢慢扩大发展为“( (用麻醉剂用麻醉剂或烈酒或烈酒) )使
50、失去知觉而被绑架当水手使失去知觉而被绑架当水手”和和“( (用武力或武力用武力或武力威胁威胁) )强行拘留;胁迫强行拘留;胁迫”等意。如:等意。如: To be carried or forced on board of a ship in this manner is what is termed in sailor parlance being shanghaied. 以这种方式把人押至船上或强制上船,用水手的行话说,以这种方式把人押至船上或强制上船,用水手的行话说,叫做绑架。叫做绑架。 英语词汇学英语词汇学 Most of my guests get shanghaied into gi
51、ving a general knowledge talk to the boys. 我的大多数客人受到胁迫,只得对男孩们笼统谈了谈情况我的大多数客人受到胁迫,只得对男孩们笼统谈了谈情况 Long MarchLong March在词性上除用作专有名词外,还可用作及物动在词性上除用作专有名词外,还可用作及物动词,表示词,表示“长途跋涉走完长途跋涉走完”,如:,如:The rural guerrillas long-marched their way to the base in Yenan. . 游击队员们长途跋涉,来到延安根据地。游击队员们长途跋涉,来到延安根据地。 英语词汇学英语词汇学 Ch
52、ina China首字母由大写转为小写(首字母由大写转为小写(chinachina)后,用作名词,表)后,用作名词,表示示“瓷器瓷器”,还可用作形容词,表示,还可用作形容词,表示“瓷器般的瓷器般的”、“瓷瓷器所特有的暗蓝色的器所特有的暗蓝色的”等,如:等,如: She is a woman with a set china face. 她是一位面如细瓷、表情冷漠的妇女。她是一位面如细瓷、表情冷漠的妇女。 It is a chinaeyed dog. . 这是一条有暗蓝色眼睛的狗。这是一条有暗蓝色眼睛的狗。 英语词汇学英语词汇学 ganbeiganbei不仅可用作动词,而且可用作名词,表示不仅可
53、用作动词,而且可用作名词,表示“干杯干杯”,如:,如: One of the cordial customs in China is to ganbei a Mao-taito down in one dash a glass of the countrys famous colourless wheat-based liquor. 中国的礼节习惯之一是干杯茅台,即一口气喝下一杯这个中国的礼节习惯之一是干杯茅台,即一口气喝下一杯这个著名的以小麦酿制的白酒。著名的以小麦酿制的白酒。 I have been to many such banquets and experienced this ga
54、nbei culture myself. 诸如此类的宴会我参加过多次,亲身感受了干杯文化。诸如此类的宴会我参加过多次,亲身感受了干杯文化。 英语词汇学英语词汇学 Unit Two: Word Formation1. Affixation (derivation) According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses.1) Prefixation Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the ste
55、m but only modify its meaning. A.Negative prefixes :apolitical;amoral;atypical 英语词汇学英语词汇学B.Reversative prefixes:decentralize;dehumanizeC. Pejorative prefixes: maltreat ;malpractice;psudo-scientific;psudo-democraticD. Prefixes of degree or size:archbishop;arch-capitalist;hypercritical;macroeconomics;
56、subheading;surtax;ultra-conservative;under-developedE. Prefixes of orientation and attitude:counter-accusation;pro-authorityF. Locative prefixes:extra-curricular;extra-marital;intra-partyG.Miscellaneous prefixes:neo-Nazi;pan-European;proto-coalition;e-prints;e-journals;e-book;e-shopper;e-business 英语
57、词汇学英语词汇学2)Suffixation Suffixes primary function is to change the grammatical function of stems. They mainly change the word class.A.Adjective suffixes :classic/classical;comic/comical;historic/historical;economic/economical;electric/electricalB.Adverb suffixes:ostrich-wise;education-wiseC.nik:folkni
58、k;peacenik;nogoodnik;citynik;Watergate;Irangate;Hurricanegate;Clintongate 英语词汇学英语词汇学2.Compounding1) Characteristics of compoundsA. Semantic features:green hand;flower potB.Grammatical features:bad-mouth;fine art;red tape;hot line2)Formation of compoundsA. Noun compounds:end product;toothpick;frostbi
59、te;tell-tale;crybaby;blueprint;chewing gum;stockholder;stakeholder;sit-in;B. Adjective compounds:law-abiding;warweary;far-fetched;forthcoming C. verb compounds:bottle-feed;mass-produceD.stay-at-home;dog-in-the-manger;round-the-clock discussion 英语词汇学英语词汇学 3.Conversion This is a method of turning word
60、s of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function,so it can be known as functional shift. Conversion to nouns:eats;teach-in;stand-in;lay-by;eatables and drinkables;
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