新时代交互英语第三四册传统文化翻译

1、英语翻译 Unit 1Book 3. 中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现   Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed to the 

2、;Lunar calendar. January 1st on the lunar calendar has been designated as the Spring Festival (generally referred to as guonian). There are several customs during the Spr

3、ing Festival, such as praying for a good harvest, etc. The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in China and symbolizes unity and prosperity. Some

4、 other significant Chinese festivals include the Lantern Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival. the Double-Seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Dou

5、ble-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eight Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc. Each festival has its own unique origin and custom. These Chinese festivals

6、60;that follow teh Lunar calendar are different from the 24 Solar Terms in theLunar calendar. They embody China's cohesion and vitality.  Unit 2 Book 3.茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋（618-1279）。

7、 开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。中国的茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，体悟大道，提升人生境界。 Chinese Tea Culture As a traditional drink for Chinese people, Chinese tea is believed to have first starte

8、d with Chinese Emperor Shen Nong, and flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Making tea was considered one of the seven basic daily necessities along with fuel,&

9、#160;rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, and vinegar, while drinking tea is an apt portrayal of daily life in China. Tea culture is the extension and generalization of the&#

10、160;science and the humanities character of tea. In China, the tea spirit blends the thoughts of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and it aims to help people cultivate&

11、#160;both mind and body, comprehend the truth, and elevat the realm of life through the art of drinking tea.  Unit 3Book3. 中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画” 的画特指国画。其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的

12、油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中化民族的审美意识和情趣。 The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And painting particularly refers to

13、 traditional Chinese painting. Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper. In ancient

14、60;China, it was called “ink-painting.” In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” (abbreviated to “C

15、hinese painting”.) The subject matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. The drawing skills and techniques employed by the Chinese painters

16、 can be divided into two forms: fine brushwork and free-hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink.” Chinese painting emphasizes using 

17、;the shape to convey the feelings of the painter. Even though a painting is a finished product, it endlessly conveys a meaning. In terms of the artistic creation,

18、60;traditional Chinese painting is a reflection of the aesthetic consciousness and artistic sentiment of the Chinese people.   Unit 4Book3 .中国是酒的故乡。古人将酒的作用归纳为治病、养生、礼仪三类。酒文化是中华饮食文化的重要组成部分， 它的精神文化价值体现在社

19、会政治生活、文学艺术乃至人生态度、审美情趣等诸多方面。无酒不成宴，酒筹文化是中国合餐制的产物。宴席上的酒令五花八门，猜拳、文字令、筹令等都富有丰富的文化内涵，若胸中无数，则难以自如应对。 China is the home of wine and spirits. The functions of wine and spirits were classified by the ancients i

20、nto three kinds: treating patients, keeping in good health, and showing politeness and respect to others. China's wine and spirits culture is an important part of Chi

21、nese food culture, and it embodies its values in many aspects, such as in social and political life, literature and art, life philosophies, aesthetics, and so on. There&#

22、160;is an old saying which goes, " It is not a banquet without wine." Under the custom of having dinner together in China, drinking games were therefore in

23、troduced. There are many kinds of banquet betting and drinking games, like the morra ( a finger-guessing game), wine/spirtis words, wine/spirits chips (a drinking game), all&#

24、160;with rich cultural connotations. In reality, it is difficult to win unless you have a card up your sleeve.   5.   中国石窟中国石窟组要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随

25、山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇尚美与世俗情融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。Chinese GrottoesChinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China， there are four major art landscape of grottoes:the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the L

26、ongmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui. Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of gre

27、at nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist Grottoes are regarded as a profound and stunning general art gallery, which are composed of architecture, painting, sculptures, etc. The artistic achievements of Chinese grottoes have attracted the attention of the world

28、, and have become important international cultural heritage.Unit 6 Book3.                       中国古典文学名著   中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。而小说中的三国演义、水浒传、西游记、红楼梦则被

29、称为中国四大古典文学名著， 至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大古典文学名著，能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途径。                        Chinese Classical Literature  Chinese classi

30、cal literature includes poetry, prose, fiction, and ci (new lyrics written to pre-existing tunes), fu (“descriptive poems” of prose-poetry), qu (a freer form based on the 

31、;new popular songs and dramatic arias), and many other styles. Its artistic expressions are various in technique. Four classics of Chinese literature are Romance of the T

32、hree Kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to the West, and Dream of Red Mansions, which have extensive and far-reaching significance both on a national and international level.

33、0;Through reading “the four famous novels” carefully, you can experience traditional Chinese society and human culture, and folklore customs. And it is an important way to

34、0;absorb the quintessence of traditional Chinese culture as well as to pick up strategies and wisdom on how to get along with others.   Unit 7Book3 .中药主要由植物药（根、茎、叶、果）、动物药（内脏、皮

35、、骨、器官）和矿物药组成。因以植物药为主，故也称中草药。中药的应用理论独特，认为中药有四气五味。“四气”指药性的“寒热温凉”，“五味”指“辛酸甘苦咸”。中国人探索中草药已有几千年的历史，如今中医药及其诊疗方法已传播到世界各地。 Traditional Chinese medicine mainly consists of plant medicine (roots, sterns, leaves, fruits), animal medicine 

36、;(viscera, skins, bones, organs), and mineral medicine. Chinese herbal medicine is based on plant medicine. According to the unique application theory of traditional Chinese medici

37、ne, it is believed that it contains “ four natures and five flavors.” “Four Natures” refers to the properties of “coldness, heat, mildness, and coolness,” while “five

38、0;flavors” refers to the properties of being “pungent, sour, sweet, bitter, and salty.” It is said that Chinese people have been conducting research into herbal medicine 

39、for thousands of years. Nowadays, traditional Chinese medicine and its therapeutic methods have extensively been spread to the far corners of the globe.  Unit 8Book 3  &#

40、160;                   中国瓷器  瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的伟大贡献。 早在八千年前的新石器时代，中国的先民就发明使用了陶器。 商代（前1600-前1046） 中期创造出了原始瓷器。汉代 （前206-公元220）末期烧制出成熟的青瓷。以后瓷器由中国传播到世界各地，中国也博得了“瓷之国” 的称号。英语中“瓷器（chi

41、na)” 一词已成为  “中国” 的代名词。                     Chinese Porcelain  Porcelain is regarded as one of Chinas outstanding contributions

42、0;to the worlds civilization. As early as the Neolithic Age about 8,000 years ago, the Chinese ancestors invented and began to use pottery. Proto-porcelain was invented i

43、n the mid-Shang Dynasty. Celadon was molded in the late Han Dynasty. From then on, porcelain was introduced by China to the rest of the world. China was therefo

44、re dubbed the “porcelain country.” In English, the word “china” has become a word that represents “China”.Unit 1 Book 4 剪纸剪纸又叫刻纸，窗花或剪画。剪纸在纸的发明之前就已经流行，当时人们运用金箔，绢帛，皮革等片状材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代（前206-公元220），纸张的发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪

45、纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题，表达对美好生活的向往。Paper cutting (otherwise known as jianzhi) is also called kezhi, chuanghua or jianhua. Paper cutting was popular even before paper was invented. When there was no paper, people carved on gold leaf, silk , feathers , and so on, with a carving technique known as hollo

46、w-cutting to make handicrafts. In the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), the invention of paper promoted the development and popularity of paper-cutting. The folk themes of the paper-cutting are rooted in real life, filled with the themes of enjoying a life of ease and comfort, and expressing the desire for

47、a happy life.Unit 2 Book 4 儒家思想儒家思想也称为儒学， 由春秋（前770-前476）末期伟大的思想家、教育家孔子所创立。历代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王阳明等。主要经典有：四书（大学、中庸、论语、孟子），五经（周易、尚书、诗经、礼记、春秋）等。儒家学派以“仁义礼智信”为核心内容，构成了其伦理思想体系，是中国古代长达两千余年封建社会的主流意识。ConfucianismConfucian thought, also called Confucianism, was established by Confucius, a great thinker and educa

48、tor who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC). Some representatives of Confucianism throughout Chinese history include Mencius, Dong Zhongshu, Zhu Xi, and Wang Yangming. The main classics of Confucianism are the Four Books(The Great Learning, THe Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects

49、 of Confucius, and Mencius) and the Five Classics (Zhouyi, Shangshu(Collection of Ancient Texts), The Book of Songs, The Rites, and The Spring and Autumn Annals). The Confucian School regards “benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and fidelity”as being at the core of its ethical system. Con

50、fucianism was the main ideology of feudal society for more than 2000 years in China.Unit3 Book 4 中国象棋中国象棋早在战国时期（前475-前221）就有记载，最初称为六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（960-1127）末期定型为近代模式。棋盘为九竖十横线画成的长方形平面，是中国封建社会制度和文化的缩影有军中帐（九宫）、士位（士，仕），文官（象，相），武将（车，马，炮），士兵（兵、卒）。是世界四大棋类（中国围棋、中国象棋、国际象棋、日本将棋）之一.The earliest records of Chines

51、e chess can be traced back to the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The early-stage Chinese chess was composed of six pieces carved out of ivory, and was therefore called “Six Boxing”. Its final form of play was fixed at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty(960AD-1127AD) after a long period of deve

52、lopment. The chessboard is a rectangular board that is 9 lines wide by 10 lines long. Composed of marshal or general , advisors(scholar or official), civil officials(elephant or minister), military officers(chariots, horses, and cannons),and soldiers(soldiers or pawns), Chinese chess is Chinese soci

53、al institution and culture in miniature. It is also one of the four most popular chess games in the world, the other three being the Chinese Weiqi, the game of chess, and shogi(or generals chess)Unit 4Book4二十四节气中国古代的先民们，根据太阳在黄道（即地球绕太阳公转的轨道）上的位置，将一年分为二十四个等分，并分别赋予具有特定含义的专有名称，如春分、清明等，这便是二十四节气。二十四节气以黄河流

54、域气候为背景，把自然季节现象与农事活动的相互联系作为内容列入历法，用以指导农业生产。它是中国古代先民们发明的一种独特而伟大的历法。The 24 solar termsThe ancient Chinese divided the year into 24 equal segments according to the positions of the sun on the ecliptic. Names were given with special connotations for these segments; such as vernal equinox(occurs on March

55、20 or 21) and pure brightness(occurs on April4,5,6); and hence they are called the 24 Solar Terms. Originating from the Reaches of the Yellow River，the 24 Solar Terms are basically a calender to govern agricultural arrangements which take into account the changes in climate and practical agricultura

56、l needs. The 24 Solar Terms are considered a great and unique creation of the ancient Chinese.Unit 5Book 4 中国书法中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“书”特指书法。它是用毛笔书写篆、隶、行、楷、草等各种汉字的艺术。中国书法在技法上讲究笔法、墨法、章法等，其艺术的和谐之美体现在字里行间。隶书的蚕头燕尾，楷书的中规中矩，草书的龙飞凤舞，行书的潇洒飘逸，可谓异彩纷呈，千姿百态。中国书法体现了中华民族豪爽大气、端庄含蓄的特点。Chinese CalligraphyThe four ancient C

57、hinese artistic forms are called guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting; and penmanship particularly refers to the Chinese calligraphy. Chinese calligraphy is a kind of art using a brush to write seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script, grass script, and other various writing st

58、yles of Chinese characters. The writing techniques of Chinese calligraphy are highlighted by the manner of using a brush, the way ink is used, the art of composition, and so on. Its harmonious beauty of art is reflected in between the lines. Chinese calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different poses

59、, such as the uniqueness of the official scripts “silkworm head and swallow tail”, the regular scripts requirement to “stick to the norm and rules”, the characteristics of grass scripts “flying dragons and dancing phoenixes”, and the distinctive “natural grace” of the cursive script. Indeed, Chinese

60、 calligraphy reflects the personality of Chinese peoples straightforwardness, dignity, and reticence.Unit 6Book4 中国古琴中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“琴”特指古琴，亦称瑶琴，玉琴，七弦琴，是中国古老的一种弹拨乐器。据史记记载，琴的出现不晚于尧舜时期。为区分于西方乐器，现被称为“古琴”。古琴依凤之身形而制并命名各部位，反映出儒家的礼乐思想及中国人所重视的和合性。Chinese GuqinAs one of the four art forms(namely guqin, chess

61、, penmanship, and painting)in ancient China, guqin is a kind of plucked string instrument which is also known as yaoqin, yuqin and qixianqin. According to the Chinese history book Shih CHi, qin appeared no later than the Yao and Shun eras. In order to distinguish it from similar musical instruments

62、of the West, it was called guqin,. The guqins design imitates the shape of a phoenix. People also named different parts of the guqin after the names of various body parts of the phoenix. This naming method reflects Confucius thoughts on music and the ideology of harmony that Chinese people value.Unit 7 Book 4十二生肖十二生肖是中国用十二种动物所组成的记年方法。我国自古就有“干支纪年法”，而我国西北地区游牧的少数民族则以动物纪年，两种纪年法相互融合，形成了现在的十二生肖，即：子鼠，丑牛，寅虎， 卯兔