中考英语专题复习——冠词与名词

1、专题一 冠词和名词知识清单常考点清单一 冠词一、冠词在句中的位置及分类冠词主要放在名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或物，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种：a和an为不定冠词，the为定冠词。二、冠词的泛指和特指用法泛指是指首次提到的、不限定的人或物。特指是指上文已提到的人或物，或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或物，也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特定的人或事物。冠词的特指和泛指用法可归纳为下表： 泛指单一，每一，任一事物 a(n) 指类别 上文提到过的人或事物可数名词前一定要用冠词 被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物 特指 说话双方所默认的人或事物 世上独一无二的事物 the 指类别 上文

2、提到的人或事物 the特指 被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物 复数可数名词 说话双方所默认的人或事物 不可数名词前 泛指人或事物 零冠词 指类别三、不定冠词的用法1. 在叙述时用于第一次提到的某人或某物。This is a book. 这是一本书。2. 泛指人或事物的某一类别，以区别其他种类。A plane is a machine that can fly. 翻译：_3. 泛指某人或某物。A girl is waiting for you. 翻译：_4. 用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，有“每一”的意思，相当于every。80 kilometers an hour,_ five le

3、ssons a week _ twice a month_5. 用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一阵，一份，一类，一场”等。Therell be a strong wind in South China. 翻译：_6. 用于某些固定词组中。a few/ little / bit (一点儿), have a swim / walk / talk / look / drink / rest = swim/ walk / talk / look / rest, have a cold (感冒), have a good time (玩得高兴), in a hurry (匆忙), for a wh

4、ile (一会儿), keep a diary (写日记), do sb a favor (帮助某人)7. 用于可视为一体的两个名词前。例如： a knife and fork 一副_四、定冠词the的用法1. 表示双都知道的人或事物。Give me the book, please. 翻译：_2. 表示特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物。你认识那个穿红衣服的女孩吗？翻译：Do you know _ _ _ _?我有一本书。这本书很有趣。I have a book. _book is very_. 3. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。The earth moves around the sun. 翻译

5、：_4. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面，以及对两个人或事物进行比较时起特指作用的比较级前。The first lesson is very easy. 翻译：_She is the most careful student in my class. 翻译：_5. 用在姓氏的复数名词前表示一家人或夫妻俩。The Greens _ _TV now. 格林一家人正在看电视。6. 用在单数名词前表示一类人或事物。The orange is orange. (橘子) 翻译：_7. 用于江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠等专有名词前，或在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。the Great Wall 长城 the U

6、nited States 美国8. 与某些形容词连用表示一类人。The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。9. 用在表示方位或乐器名称的名词之前。Jilin is _ _ _ of China. 吉林位于中国的北部。I like playing_ _. 我喜欢弹钢琴。10. 用在某些固定词组中。in the morning / afternoon / evening (在早晨/中午/晚上); in the daytime (在白天); in the end (最后); all the time (一直); at the same time (同时); by

7、 the way(顺便说); in the open air (在户外); at the age of (在岁时); at the beginning of (在开始时); in the middle of (在中间); at the moment (立刻, 马上)五、定冠词的位置1. 当定冠词与all, half, both, double等词连用修饰名词时，定冠词放在这些词之后。Look, _ _ _are here. 瞧，所有的书都在这儿。Both _ boys are from Class 1, Grade 2. 这两个男孩都是二年级一班的。They walked half the j

8、ourney. 他们走了一半的旅程。2. 当定冠词与表示倍数、分数的词连用时，需要放在这些词之后。The bed is three times _ _of that one. 这张床是那张床的三倍大。The rope is one third _ _ of that one. 这根绳子是那根的三分之一长。六、零冠词的用法1. 不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时前面用零冠词。Man cant live without water. 没有水人就不能活。Horses are domestic animals. 马是一种驯养的动物。2. 某些专有名词，如人名、地名、国名、物质名词、抽象名词表示泛指时前面用零

9、冠词。China is a great country. Mary lives in New York.3. 名词前已有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格等修饰时，用零冠词。Every student likes English in our class. 4. 用在表节日、日期、星期、月份、季节等的词前面，但若特指某年的某月份或某年的某季节，则需要在月份、季节前加the。June 1st is Childrens Day. Spring comes after winter.5. 用在称呼和表示头衔的名词前。This is Professor Li. Whats wrong, Gran

10、ny?6. 用在三餐、球类及学科名词前。I went to school without breakfast this morning. 今天早晨我没吃早饭就去上学了。He often plays basketball after school. 他经常放学后踢足球。7. 用在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的街名、路名、山名等的名词前。Nanjing Road 南京路 Hainan Island 海南岛8. 用在与by连用的交通工具名词前。by car, by train但take a car, in a boat, on the bike前需用冠词。9. 用在公共假日、节日名称前。New Yea

11、rs Day, Womens Day10. 用在某些固定词组或习惯用语中。day and night (日日夜夜), face to face (面对面), side by side (肩并肩), step by step (一步一步地), at school / work / home (在学校/在工作/在家), in danger (在危险中), in bed (卧病在床), in time (及时), at noon/night / dawn (在中午/晚上/黎明), on duty / watch (值日/执勤)题组训练 根据需要，用冠词a, an, 或者the填空。1. He is

12、_ honest boy, so we believe him.2. Swimming is _ great fun in _ summer. 3. There is _ “h” in the word “hour”, but _ “h” doesnt make _ sound.4. I prefer playing _ guitar to _ Chinese chess. 5. _ first lesson is _ easiest one in this book. 6. I caught _ bad cold and stayed in _ bed yesterday. 7. John

13、is _ stronger of the twin brothers. 8. How about _ charity show? Should say it was _ great success. 易混点清单一 冠词一、不定冠词a / an的区别a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前，an用在以_音素开头的单词前，判断一个单词是元音开头，还是辅音开头，要根据其_，而不是根据字母。_honest boy _useful book _ universityThere is _ “f” in the word “five.”我们可以这样来记忆：不见元音不加an，不看字母看发音。1. 在26个字母中，前面用a

14、n的字母有：a, e, f, h, m, n, o, r, s, x, 其他用a。2. 以u开头的单词要注意区别。_umbrella, _ unusual story, _unhappy boy, _ university, _ useful book二、单数名词前加定冠词、不定冠词，复数名词前不加冠词都可以表示“一类”。A horse is a useful animal. =_ _ is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。=_ are useful animals. 三、有定冠词和无定冠词的区别1. go to school上学 (是学生) go to the scho

15、ol 到学校去 (不一定是学生)2. go to bed 就寝，上床睡觉 go to the bed 向床边走去，走到床前 (不一定是 去睡觉)3. in hospital 因病住院 in the hospital 在医院里 (不一定是病人)4. at table 吃饭 at the table 在桌子旁5. at school 在上学 at the school 在学校里6. in class 在上课 in the class 在班级里7. in future 今后 in the future 将来8. in front of 在(外部的) 前面 in the front of 在(内部的)

16、 前面9. next year 明年 the next year 第二年10. by sea 乘船 by the sea 在海边11. in bed (睡、病、躺) 在床上 in the bed (某物) 在床上12. on earth 究竟 on the earth 在地球上四、序数名词前用定冠词与不定冠词的区别“the+序数词”表示“第几”；“a+序数词”表示“又一，再一”。The cake is delicious, and I would like a second one. 蛋糕很好吃，我想再吃一块。五、a number of, the number ofa number of意思是

17、“许多”，相当于a lot of；the number of意思是“的数目，的数量”，作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。A number of students_(like)playing computer games. 许多学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。The number of the students _(be) about 1, 500 in our school. 我们学校学生的人数大约是1500。六、当名词被其他词修饰时，不定冠词a或an的位置应注意：1. 当名词被such, half, what, many等修饰时，不定冠词被放在这些词之后。He left in such a hurry tha

18、t he forgot to close the door. 他离开地如此匆忙以至于忘了关门。It took me half an hour to write the letter. 写那封信花了我半个小时。What an interesting book it is! 这是多么有趣的一本书啊！Many a man has gone to the big cities for work. 许多人到大城市去打工了。2. 当名词前面的形容词前有so，how，too等词时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man

19、to the station. 她是这么好的一个女孩啊，她把那位盲人带进了车站。How nice a film this is! 这是多么好的一部电影啊！3. 当名词前面有形容词和quite, rather或very时，不定冠词置于quite或rather之后，very之前。quite a good book 一本十分好看的书rather a useful tool 一种相当有用的工具 a very interesting story 一个非常有趣的故事题组训练 将下列句子改成同义句。1. This book is so interesting that I cant stop reading

20、. This is _ _ _ book that I cant stop reading. 2. The swimming pool is fifty metres long. This is a _ swimming pool. 3. There are about 1,200 workers in the factory. _ _ _ the workers in the factory is about 1,200. 4. If you exercise more, youll be healthier. _ _ you exercise, _ _ youll be. 常考点清单二 名

21、词一、名词的分类名词即表示人或物的名称的词，它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表：类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词Lucy, the Greener, China, the Great Wall, the Great Hall of the People普通名词可数名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词dictionary, pencil, chair, table, book, dog集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的词people, police, youth, cattle, team, group不可数名词物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词water

22、, rice, paper, air, wood, wool抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情、等抽象概念的词danger, health, life, knowledge, interest, love, homework二、可数名词的复数形式1. 名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词（Countable Nouns）与不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）,可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，名词复数构成形式的部分规则如下：情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s在清辅音后读 /s/ 在浊辅音和元音后读 /z/在t后读 /ts/在d后读 /dz/cake cakesday _student

23、 _bed _以s, x, sh, ch等结尾的词加-es读 /z/bus busesclass _watch _以辅音字母加-y结尾的词变y为i，再加-es读 /z/baby babiescity _country _lady _以元音字母加-y结尾的词加-s读 /z/toy toysmonkey _以f(fe)结尾的词变f(fe)为ves读 /vz/leaf leaveswolf _life _以ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加-s读 /z/face facesorange _不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母mnmenman menwoman _foot _tooth _单

24、复数形式相同读音不变fish fish sheep sheepdeer deer Chinese ChineseJapanese Japanese 其他形式maus maismouse_2. 某国人变复数 中国人 a Chinese Chinese日本人 a Japanese Japanese 英国人 an Englishman Englishmen法国人 a Frenchman Frenchmen 美国人 an American Americans阿拉伯人 an Arab Arabs 埃及人 an Egyptian Egyptians 德国人 a German Germans 澳大利亚人an

25、 Australian Australians可用口诀记住这一点，即：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面。3. 以o结尾的名词，有些在词尾加-es.potato potatoes, tomato _, hero _, negro _有些在词尾加-s。zoo zoos, radio _, photo _, piano _,kangaroo _, bamboo _4. 复合名词前面的名词是man, woman, 变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全部都要变成复数形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。man teacher men teachers, woman driver _ _,

26、 boy student boy students, apple tree _ _5. 字母、数字、引语或缩略语（词）语的复数形式是在其后加s或s。There are two fs in the word “office”.单词office里有两个f。Many VIPs are coming to our city.许多重要人物即将到我们市来。6. 有些以-f或-fe结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。roof roofs 屋顶belief _信仰 proof _证据chief _ 首领三、名词所有格1. 名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式，一种是s所有格，另一种是of 所有格。Beij

27、ing is Chinas capital.=Beijing is _ _ _ China.2. 用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系，这时只在最后一个名词前加s。This is Mary and her sisters bedroom.翻译：_Lucy and Lilys mother is an English teacher. 翻译：_用and连接两个并列名词，表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词在词尾都加s表示所有关系。These are Toms and Marys bags. 翻译：_Weihuas and Johns passports are missing. 翻译：_3.

28、 以s结尾的名词，在s后面加“”，不以s结尾的词在词尾加s。Teachers Day Childrens Day4. of所有格常用于表示无生命的东西。the door of the room 翻译：_the leaves of the tree 翻译：_桌子的腿 翻译：_ _ _ _5. 双重所有格有两种形式：of +名词所有格；of +名词性物主代词。He is a friend of my brothers. 翻译：_Is she a daughter of yours? 翻译：_6. 表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上s代表全称。at the doctors = at

29、the doctors _ 7. 在one, body和some, any, no, every综合起来的复合名词后加s构成名词所有格。someones book 这些代词和else连用时，s应放在else后。somebody elses pencil8. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾加s或构成所有格。todays news 翻译：_ten minutes ride/drive/walk 翻译：_3个小时的车程 翻译：_四、名词在句中的作用1. 作主语名词在句中能作很多成分，但作主语是它的主要用途之一。English is very useful.英语很有用。The

30、children are playing games happily.孩子们在高兴地做游戏。2. 作定语名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。paper tigers（纸老虎），sales man（售货员） man cook （男厨师）_ trees （香蕉树）_ boys （报童） _ house （海关大楼）3. 作及物动词和介词的宾语She works hard at Chinese every day.她每天在努力地学中文。4. 作表语Tom is my good friend.汤姆是我的好朋友。5. 作宾语补足语They chose the boy monitor.他们选择那个男孩当班长。6

31、. 作状语My father will come back next Monday. 我父亲将于下周一回来。7. 作同位语This is Miss. Smith, our English teacher.这位是史密斯小姐，我们的英语老师。题组训练 用所给单词的正确形式填空。1. When the cat is away, the _ (mouse) will play happily together. 2. Those you admire very much are called _ (hero).3. Ive got a toothache, so I need to go to the

32、 _ (dentist).4. How many _ (woman doctor) are there in the hospital?5. The red car over there belongs to my _ (father). 6. Its about twenty _ (minute) ride from my house to the city centre. 7. Most of the tourists on the coach are _ (German), only two of them _ (Japanese).8. Would you please make so

33、me _ (room) for the old man, sir? 易混点清单二 名词一、有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同。work (工作) a work (一部作品)glass (玻璃) a glass ( )paper (纸) a paper ( )tea (茶) a tea (一种茶) (表示种类)wood a wood ( )room (空间) a room ( )二、有不少名词在汉语中是可数的，在英语中却不可数，比如说：a news, a bread, a cloth等。如果要表示“一”这一概念，就必须加a piece of一类的定语。a piece of ne

34、ws 一则新闻a piece of advice （ ）a piece of bread （ ）a piece of work （ ）a carton of milk （ ）a block of ice （ ）a pair of glasses （ ）a pair of trousers （ ）a piece of music （ ）三、有些名词以s结尾，但它们不是复数。physics (物理学), maths ( ），politics（ ），news（ ）四、“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式，必须用单数形式。She is a five-year-old gir

35、l. 他是一个五岁的女孩。（five-year-old不能说成是five-years-old）a five-pound note 翻译：_a six-foot-deep hole 翻译：_a two-metre-long ruler 翻译：_一栋十层的高楼 翻译：_一本两英寸厚的字典 翻译：_五、分辨可数名词盒不可数名词的八句口诀可数不可数好分辨，名词所示物分两半。每半还能把原名叫，不可数名词就遇到。有的名词是两面堵，意变不可数为可数。bike（自行车）如果把一辆自行车分两半，每半只能叫自行车的一部分，不能再叫自行车，所以bike是可数名词。water（水）如果把一杯水分为两杯装，每杯仍可叫水

36、。因此，water是不可数名词。orange（橘汁）把一瓶橘汁分成两瓶，每瓶还可叫橘汁，故orange（橘汁）为不可数名词，但意为“橘子”时是可数名词。六、双重所有格与of所有格的用法 a friend of her mothers 他母亲的一位朋友（强调他母亲朋友中的一位） a friend of her mother 他母亲的朋友（强调这是他母亲的朋友） a picture of his mothers 他弟弟的一张照片（强调是他弟弟众多照片中的一张，不一定是他本人） a picture of his brother 他弟弟本人的一张照片（强调是他本人）七、同义词辨析1. family,

37、house与homefamily指“家，家庭”，可强调家庭中的全体成员，不指住房；home作“家”讲，指人们生活居住的地方，强调居住d饿范围和环境；house有“住宅，家”之意，强调房屋和居住点。My family are very kind. 我们全家都很友好。He left home for Beijing. 他离家去北京了。They lived in a small house. 他们住在一个小房子里。2. job与workJob 是可数名词，指一项具体的工作，多指“零工”或“短工”；work 是不可数名词，指工作、劳动、努力、用功。Selling newspapers is his p

38、art-time job. 卖报纸是他的兼职工作。He has been out of work. 他失业了。3. problem, question两个词都表示“问题”。一般来说，problem总是与“困难”相联系，它可以指社会问题、教学问题，这种“问题”是“有待解决的”，与之搭配的动词是solve；question总是与“疑问，质问，询问”相联系，这种“问题”是“有待回答的”，常与动词answer连用。He asked me some questions. 他问了我一些问题。There is no problem that she is honest. 他为人诚实是毫无疑问的。4. voi

39、ce, noise, soundvoice是“嗓音”；noise是“吵闹音”，指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声；sound是指人所听到的。自然界的任何声音。 题组训练 选择适当的词填空。1. Tom regards Nanjing as his second _ because he has been here for over ten years. (family; house; home )2. Li Ling wants to be a singer. She thinks its an interesting _. (work; job)3. The _ now is that he alwa

40、ys has lots of _ to ask. (question; problem)4. At the foot of the hill, you could hear nothing but the _ of the running water. (voice; noise; sound) 基础训练题1. (2008 南京, 21) More and more foreign students come to China to learn _ Chinese. A. aB. anC. the D. 不填2. (2008淮安, 17) Betty is talented. She play

41、s _ violin very well. A. aB. an C. the3. (2008, 宿迁, 3) Do you know _ woman in pink over there? Yes. She is _ office worker of Lijing Hotel.A. a; anB. the; the C. a; theD. the; an4. (2008 盐城, 26) Whats your _? I like collecting stamps. A. nameB. job C. address D. hobby 5. (2008 宿迁, 1) Orange represen

42、ts _. It can bring you success and cheer you up when you are feeling sad.A. wisdomB. joyC. energyD. sadness6. (2008连云港, 21) Dr. Ma, _ ORBIS doctor, has done so important _ job that many people are grateful to him. A. a; aB. a; anC. an; aD. an; an7. (2008连云港, 28) A picture of the White House? Yes, I

43、took it in _. A. LondonB. WashingtonC. ParisD. Bangkok 8. (2008南通, 1) I think its _ useful advice, so I will always remember it. A. aB. anC. theD. 不填9. (2008徐州, 25) Lets go to this _ to find a pair of shoes to match my new skirt.A. shoe shop B. toy shop C. electrical shop D. clothes shop10. (2008徐州,

44、 32) Which sign will you probably see in front of a low door?A. SOLD OUT B. WET FLOOR C. NO EXIT D. MIND YOUR HEAD11. (2008 苏州, 24) I looked under_ table and found _ pen I lost yesterday. A. the; a B. the; the C. /; the D. the;/12. (2007南京, 21) Dont talk to Simon like that. He is only _ eleven-year-

45、old boy.A. aB. anC. theD. /13. (2007镇江, 21) On the shelf there is _ fancy teddy bear. A. theB. aC. anD. /14. (2007苏州, 20) I knocked over my tea cup. It went right over _ keyboard. You shouldnt put drinks near _ computer. A. the; /B. the; aC. a; /D. a; a15. (2007 连云港, 21) Last week Lilys father bough

46、t her _ MP4 as _ birthday present.A. a; aB. an; anC. a; anD. an; a16. (2007 泰州, 22) What colour of the following represents “purity”? _.A. OrangeB. WhiteC. GreenD. Red. 17. (2007 南通, 2) Come on, children. Help yourselves to some _ if you like.A. fish and chicken B. fishes and chickenC. fish and chic

47、kens D. fishes and chickens18. (2007南通, 6) How soon shall we start the bicycle trip? _.A. In three days B. After three daysC. In three days time D. After three days time19. (2007 盐城, 23) Studying in a foreign country is a different _ and you can learn a lot.A. event B. exercise C. experience D. exhibition20. (2007 宿迁, 6) Li Ping, whats the American English for “film”? _.A. Fall B. Hall C. Mark D. Movie各地模拟题组 1. (2008 福建福州, 45) Which of the follow