东南大学基础英语与写作2004答案考研真题／考研试卷／笔记讲义／

1、东南大学2004年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题试题编号：318试题名称：基础英语与写作. Reading Comprehension (50 points)真题1（东南大学2004年研）Directions: Below each of the following passages, you will find questions or incomplete statements about the passage. Each statement or question is followed by lettered words or expressions. Select the word

2、 or expression that most satisfactorily completes each statement or answers each question in accordance with the meaning of the passage. On your answer sheet, blacken the letter A, B, C or D for the answer you choose.Passage 1In the 1350s poor countrymen began to have cottages and gardens which they

3、 could call their own. Were these fourteenth-century peasants, then, the originators of the cottage garden? Not really: the making and planting of small mixed gardens had been pioneered by others, and the cottager had at least two good examples which he could follow. His garden plants might and to s

4、ome extent did come from the surrounding countryside, but a great many came from the monastery gardens. As to the general plan of the small garden, in so far as it had one at all, that had its origin not in the country, but in the town.The first gardens to be developed and planted by the owners or t

5、enants of small houses, town cottages as it were, were almost certainly those of the suburbs of the free cities of Italy and Germany in the early Middle Ages. Thus the suburban garden, far from being a descendant of the country cottage garden, is its ancestor; and older, in all probability, by about

6、 two centuries. On the face of it a paradox, in fact this is really logical enough; it was in such towns that there first emerged a class of man who was free and who, without being rich, owned his own small house: a craftsman or tradesman protected by his guild from the great barons, and from the pe

7、tty ones too. Moreover, it was in the towns, rather than in the country, where the countryside provided herbs and even wild vegetables, that men needed to cultivate pot-herbs and salads. It was also in the towns that there existed a demand for market-garden produce. London lagged well behind the Ita

8、lian, Flemish, German and French free cities in this bourgeois progress towards the freedom of having a garden; yet, as early as the thirteenth century, well before the Black Death, Fitz Steven, biographer of Thomas a Becket, was writing that, in London: On all sides outside the houses of the citize

9、ns who dwell in the suburbs there are adjoining gardens planted with trees, both spacious and pleasing to the sight. Then there is the monastery garden, quoted often as a source of the cottage garden in innumerable histories of gardening. The gardens of the great religious establishments of the eigh

10、th and ninth centuries had two origins: St. Augustine, copying the Greek academe did his teaching in a small garden presented to him for that purpose by a rich friend; thus the idea of a garden-school, which began among the Greek philosophers, was carried on by the Christian church. In the second pl

11、ace, since one of the charities undertaken by most religious orders was that of healing, monasteries and nunneries needed a garden of medicinal herbs. Such physic gardens were soon supplemented by vegetable, salad and fruit gardens in those monasteries which enjoined upon their members the duty of r

12、aising their own food, or at least a part of it. They tended next to develop, willy-nilly into flower gardens simply many of the herbaceous plants grown for medicinal purposes, or for their fragrance as strewing herbs, had pretty flowers-for example, violets, marjoram, pinks, primroses, madonna lili

13、es and roses. In due course these flowers came to be grown for their own sakes, especially since some of them, lilies and roses notably, had a ritual or religious significance of their own. The madonna lily had been Aphrodites symbolic flower, it became Marys ; yet its first association with horticu

14、lture was economic; a salve or ointment was made from the bulb. Much earlier than is commonly realized, certain monastic gardeners were making remarkable progress in scientific horticulture-for example, in forcing flowers and fruit out of season in cloister and courtyard gardens used as conservatori

15、es-which had lessons to teach cottagers as well as castle-dwellers.1. By the mid-fourteenth century, cottage dwellers who began to have gardens .A. followed a precedent established by suburban town dwellersB. got all their plants from the fields they cultivatedC. were not encouraged to do so by the

16、nobilityD. did so because there were markets in local towns2. Small city gardens were first established in certain Italian and German cities .A. in the central areas, unlike the earlier. English gardensB. by citizens whose forebears had obtained permission from the monksC. by citizens who had surplu

17、s !and by their cottagesD. on lines that anticipated cottage gardens3. What reason is given for the development of gardens in towns?A. There were special market areas in the large tom.B. The medieval citizen could cultivate the plants he wanted.C. The town dwellers longed for the edible wild plants

18、they knew in their youth.D. The market sellers had not enough of their own cultivated herbs for sale.4. Unlike Continental suburban gardens, those in thirteenth-century London were .A. more traditional in planB. less advanced in gardening techniquesC. more recent in originD. less cultivated for mark

19、et-garden produce5. The religious orders had gardens because they . A. did their healing in the gardens B. liked their food strongly spiced with herbs C. required them for their healing work . D. conducted their teaching mainly out of doors6. The early herb gardens later developed into A. food-produ

20、cing gardens B. areas for outdoor meals C. cultivated orchards D. schools for gardening7. What reason is given for the development of flower gardens in monasteries?A. Many of the blossoming trees bore little or no fruit.B. The herbs needed more space to flower in.C. Many useful plants also had attra

21、ctive blooms.D. The flowers began to grow in areas set aside for grass cultivation.8. Special interest was taken in some plants, it is claimed, because of their .A. ancient originB. Fragrance when crushedC. Association with special seasonsD. Beauty and their spiritual associations9. We are told of t

22、he madonna lily that . A. it was first grown by the monks for religious reasons B. Its roots had been found to fetch high prices in the market C. The monks were eager to buy its seeds for their conservatories D. It was originally used as the source of a medicament10. What cottage gardeners could lea

23、rn from the monasteries was . A. how to control growth by special conditions B. The need for earlier planting C. How to choose the best plants for that climate D. The need for sheltered conditionsPassage2 Any social structure, particularly that of Victorian England, is so much a matter of sentiment

24、and prejudice that the descriptions given by Contemporary novelists may be as worth studying from one point of view as statistics are from another. Novels begin by reflecting the structure, and end by confirming or modifying it. Our own ideas of our dissolving and re-forming society are affected by

25、novels and films, which help to set or change the tone as well as capture it. Victorian novelists worked within a more established social framework; they had less scope for evaluating social importance differently and their accounts, however slanted, tally more closely with each other than those of

26、modem novelists are likely to do a century from now. Some of the Victorian novelists were more at home with certain segments of society than with others, and their personal reactions to the system differed; but the social world in which their creatures moved is real, solid and essentially one. The c

27、lassic age of English society-as it seems in retrospect-was also the classic age of English fiction. Except for a few uncharted areas, the novelists knew where they stood (whether or not they liked it) and so did their readers. The half century from roughly 1830 to 1800 excludes the later Victorian

28、novelists with their more private, or at least more highly contrasting, pictures of society. It also allows some unity of theme. During these decades the ?aristocracy and landed gentry, although less powerful than they had been, were still predominant in government and the countryside. Their social

29、prestige, which had substantially survived the changes of the thirties and forties, was to weaken under agricultural depression, electoral and military reform, the opening of the Civil Service to competitive examination, and the growing power of finance on the one hand and organized labor on the oth

30、er. But this decline did not really set in until the closing years of the century.11.Victorian novels are a useful guide to Victorian social structure because they .A. are sentimentalB. contain statisticsC. reflect prejudicesD. are prejudicial12.Modem novelists give a less exact picture of their soc

31、iety than Victorian novelists do because _ A. they wish to re-form societyB. Their society is less stableC. They are affected by filmsD. They change their tone too often13.An essential characteristic of the classic age of fiction was that .A. there was only one realistic character in each novelB. Th

32、e novelist and the reader reacted differently to the systemC. The novelist was content with his position in society D. The novelists depicted the whole of society14.The novels of the late nineteenth century differed from mid-century novels in that they .A. presented a wider section of societyB. obse

33、rved the classical unitiesC. isolated novelists in societyD. were more subjective15. During the years 1830-1800, the upper classes .A. declined in power in the countrysideB. no longer controlled societyC. were still powerfulD. lost their social prestige16. In the later years of the century . A. the

34、aristocracy weakened agriculture B. changes were made in the voting system C. organization of labor caused economic decline D. the aristocracy advocated military reform17. It was in the latter half of the nineteenth century that the Civil Service .A. began its administrative workB. was closely exami

35、nedC. was open only to people with moneyD. offered more opportunities for jobsPassage 3It has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet

36、 radiation, and x-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation, the relation of these and other phenomena, known .collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the

37、 allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been stable as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the note

38、s kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the

39、sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however, especially since the records that Chinese naked eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar perio

40、dicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycles past existence.If consistent and reliable geological

41、 or archaeological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be formal, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Suns internal motions (caused by ro

42、tation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short, the Suns large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives woul

43、d be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Suns large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on the S

44、uns magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle could be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a t

45、ransient phenomenon.18. The author focuses primarily on .A. presenting two competing scientific theories concerning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to support themB. Giving a brief overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physics and assessing their impa

46、ct on future climatological research C. Discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial phenomena with solar activity and indicating how resolving that issue could have an impact on our understanding of solar physicsD. Pointing out the futility of a certain line of scientific inquiry int

47、o the terrestrial effects of solar activity and recommending its abandonment in favor of purely physics-oriented research19. Which of the following statements about the two models of solar activity, as they are described in the last paragraph, is accurate?A. In both models cyclical solar activity is

48、 regarded as a long-lived feature of the Sun, persisting with little change over billions of years.B. In both models the solar-activity cycle is hypothesized as being dependent on the large-scale solar magnetic field.C. In one model the Suns magnetic field is thought to play a role in causing solar

49、activity, whereas in the other model it is not.D. In one model solar activity is presumed to be unrelated to terrestrial phenomena, whereas in the other model solar activity is though to have observable effects on the Earth.20. According to the passage, late seventeenth-and early eighteenth-century

50、Chinese records are important for which of the following reasons?A. They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicated were incorrect.B. They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climate.C. They suggest that the Maunder minimum might be valid only for Europe.D. T

51、hey establish the existence of a span of unusually cold weather worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum.Passage 4 As in the case of so many words used by the biologist and physiologist, the word acclimatization is hard to define. With increase in knowledge and understanding, meanings of words c

52、hange. Originally the term acclimatization was taken to mean only the ability of human beings or animals or plants to accustom themselves to new and strange climatic conditions, primarily altered temperature. A person or a wolf moves to a hot climate and is uncomfortable there, but after a time is b

53、etter able to withstand the heat. But aside from .temperature, there are other aspects of climate. A person or an animal may become adjusted to living at higher altitudes than those it was originally accustomed to. At really high altitudes, such as aviators maybe exposed to, the low atmospheric pres

54、sure becomes a factor of primary importance. In changing to a new environment, a person may, therefore, meet new conditions of temperature or pressure, and in addition may have to contend with different chemical surroundings. On high mountains, the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere may be relativel

55、y small; in crowded cities, a person may become exposed to relatively high concentrations of carbon dioxide or even carbon monoxide, and in various areas may be exposed to conditions in which the water content of the atmosphere is extremely high or extremely low. Thus in the case of humans, animals,

56、 and even plants, the concept of acclimatization includes the phenomena of increased toleration of high or low temperature, of altered pressure, and of changes in the chemical environment. Let us define acclimatization, therefore, as the process in which an organism or a part of an organism becomes

57、inured to an environment which is normally unsuitable to it or lethal for it. By and large, acclimatization is a relatively slow process. The term should not be taken to include relatively rapid adjustments such as our sense organs are constantly making. This type of adjustment is commonly referred

58、to by physiologists as adaptation. Thus our touch sense soon becomes accustomed to the pressure of our clothes and we do not feel them; we soon fail to hear the ticking of a clock; obnoxious odors after a time fail to make much impression on us, and our eyes in strong light rapidly become insensitive. The fundamental fact about acc