科技英语的语法特点

1、科技英语的语法特点词类转换多：在翻译时将英文的某种词类翻译成汉语的另一词类The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。被动语态首先,科技人员关心的是行为,活动，作用.事实,至于这些行为是谁做的，无关胃要,所以，在这样的句子中就没有必要出现人称.其次,主语一锻位于句首,被动句正是将,柠为,活动.作用,事实等作为主语，从而靠立即引起读者对所陈述的事实的注意.球后，在意思的表达方面被动句通常比主动句更筒清明了,试比较例句：1. Mathematics is used in man

2、y different fields.2. People use mathematics in many different fields.后置定语多后置定语即位于其所修愤的名词之后的定语.汉语常用前置定语或多个简单句来说明某概念或术语，而科技英语则更多地使用后置定语.In additional aliphatic compounds, there are a number of hydrocarbons derived from benzene and seemed to have distinctively different chemical properties.除T1皆助族化合物以外

3、.还有许冬从蓬衍生而来，着来具有明显不同化学性质的煌上复杂长句多科技文章要求叙述准确，推理严谨。为了表达请楚，科技英语句子往往较长，需认真分析方能明确句子中各成分之间的关系。译成汉语时，必须按照汉语习惯翻译成若干简句，才能条理清楚，避免欧化句。科技英语翻译标准（1）信忠实所谓忠实，即译文和原文是等义的.骨文应当准躺无误地传达原文的真实含义，使读者 能说切了解原文的内容和精神,并如实领会原文的风格和文采.（2）达Smooth）流畅,通顺所谓达.即译文应当通融地表达原文的含义.（3）专业术语正确进行科技英语翻译时，一定要使用术语.不能说外行话.,例如：the iron and steel indu

4、stry 钢铁工业（不对译作;铁和钢工业）the fluid af electricity 电流（不能译作：电的流动）combine ；化合（化学术语）（一fit不能译作:结合）Force ib any piuh or pull that tends to produce or prevent motion.力是潴产生或阻止运动的任何形重的推威拉.（误译：力是任何fif向于产生或阻止运动的推成乱）The moment, the circuit is completed, a current will 岛tart flowing toward thecoiL.电路一接通电嬴就哥始流廊线圈;（th

5、w moment*.就）.（误译：电踣被完成这一片整，一个电流格开始流向这个线圈第二章科技英语构词法所谓构词法即词的构成方法.即词在结构上规律.科技英语构词特点1）外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；2）构词方法多.除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法一转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、 混成法.符号法和宇母象形法.3）有大量半科技英语词汇（ semi-scientific words ）annual output 年产量produce every year2.1 转化法（conversion）由一种狗类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法.例如：水Twaterta 浇水）*“r char昭（儿电荷）

6、eharge（u,充电）yieldOi,产率）一¥皿1*叽生成）dry （q.干的）fdry （u.烘干）.慢的elowtu, M1S） , *" , , x _ r itbacked.在后.向后）iback（i使后退,倒车）2.2 派生法（derivation ）好KT® «tn«翩燃墓MSVB中涯名（从左至右）cnemcgzneth&neivethyl.1meihmlmdhyl aldehyde甲怠福甲鼠甲修twobi.sthane岫Hethane, ethylene血no!ethyl 曲豳 ethanal,甑% 乙黑乙&乙

7、墨threetri*propaneprowlpropenepropanolpropflalddiTie明赫 府除球醮fourItetr* quadri-btutane加坦butenebutanolbutyl南曲涯俏理滴T鼠TBfivepent(a>pentenepen/pentenepentuwlpemtual成成虫A«4KARsirhex®<heune加珊hexeneWanolhiaiia)己如己£sevenMpt时heptaneHheftylhepteneheptanolheptenal beptyl aldehydeMLKL 蝴熊网eight。或

8、分octaneoctylocteneoctanol曲aldebyie*晓津蛊ninenonanfinonylnonenenonanolnwiyl aW唧曲掠线壬甑壬院壬雀tendec(,卜deciwedeeenedecanold呻d峋帆 1 decual躲搜薪2.3 合成法（composition ）由两个或更多词合成一个词，叫合成法。有时需加连字符。副词+过去分词well-kn own著名的名词+名词carbon steel硬钢ruet-resistance防镌名词+过去分词compuier-ori ented研制计算机的介诃+名询by-product副产物动词+剧词makeup化粒品che

9、ck-up检查形容词+名词atomic weight原子量periodic table周期表动词+代词+刷词pick-me-up兴奋剂副词+介词+名词out-of-door户夕卜2.4 压缩法（shortening）只取词头字母 ppm: parts per million 百万分之一 SEM : scanning electron microscope （扫描电镜）TEM : Transmission electron microscopy （透射电镜）XRD ： X-ray diffraction（X-射线衍射）将单词删去一些字母：lab: laboratory 实验室kilo : kil

10、ogram 千克、公斤flu:influenza流行性感冒2.5 混成法（blending）把两个词一头一尾连在一起，构成 1个新词.positron=positive + electron正的 + 电子 =正电子medicare=medical 十 care医学的 + 照管=医疗保障aldehyde=alcohol 十 dehydrogenation+ 脱氢=醛2.6 常用后缀、词根atypical; anarchy; anhydrous不典型的；无政府状态；无水的mnphiphilic： omphion;amph E-nfiphthoquinone商亲的；两性端子；骞格-蔡履antidot

11、e; antibody解毒药；抗体aqueous; aquarium水的；水族馆nucleate; dentatechlorate; acetate具摘的；齿状的；蒸酸盐；乙酸酬，乙酸盐（且“）不T无,非ampAi-两双指箫环的室附anti-反,抗口阻，排斥aqu-水-ate具有，具有港状的盐，酯bi两，二.双.重bio-生命，生物chrom (o)-颜色contra* -»反对，逆，抗，counter-contro-相反de除去，离去，非hydro-水，氢hyper-超过,在上，过多hypo-在下，次，低infra-下，低，次，外inter-中间；相互intra-内，在内，内部is

12、o相同，相等，异meta- (m-)变化,间位，偏伊机酸用）macro宏博）,大（量）meter计量仪，计，表mono单，一multi-多non(a>不，无诽oct(a)-八，辛ortho- (o )部位，正，原bichromate; bicyclic 重储酸盐；二环的 biology; antibiotic 生物学；抗生素chromatography 色谱法contra-rotating; counteract 反向旋转；抵抗，中和dehydrate; deforest 脱水,去水；砍伐森林hydrolysis; hydrocarbon; carbohydrate水解；烧；碳水化合物，

13、糖类 hypertension高血压hypotension; hypochlorite 低血压；次氨酸盐infrared; infrasonic 假:外线；低于声频的intermolecule; international 分子间的；国际的intramolecule; intraetate 分子内的；本州内的isotope; isobar; isooctane 同位素；等压线；异辛烷metamorphic; meta-compound;metacid变形的；间位化合物；偏酸 macromolecule; macroworld 大分子；宏观世界thermometer; photometer 温度

14、计；光度计monoester; monoacid单留；一元酸multivalence; multiphase 多价；多相的nonaqueous; nonconductor 非水的；绝缭体octane辛烧orthopoaition; orthogonal;orthoacetate部位；正交的；原乙酸留-ecope镜，用于观看的器械fitereo-立体sub-在下，次于，低亚poly-密,重.聚ultra-起，过，超quadri-quadriva lent四价的microscope; telescope显微镇；望远镌eteTeoch emistry; stereoisomer立体化学；立体异构件s

15、ub-atomic; subacid亚原子的；微醛性的polymer; polymorphous 聚合物；篓晶格的ultraviolet; ultrasonic紫外线的；姆音速的第三章科技英语翻译一、词类转化的译法1.1 名词的转译Total determination of molecular structure is possible by means of X-ray diffraction.用X射畿衍射的方法可以全面地建定分子结构.（通一山The maiden voyage of the newly-built steamship was a success.那杷新造轮船的处左就是成功

16、的.“岫J1.2 动词的转译An acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction.酸与减的反应是一个质子转移的反应.The methyl group on the benzene ring greatly facilitates the nitration of toluene.苯环上的甲基使甲笨非常鼠硝化.（。&函1.3 形容词的转译A graph gives a visual rpresentatioTi of the relationehip.图能直逸地表示这个关系.There lb a large amount of en

17、ergy wasted owing to friction, 由于摩擦而擅耗了大量的能量.英语中有些形容词（短语）表示“愿望、心理、情感”等一类概念，相当于汉语的动词。They are quite content with the data obtained &xftn the experuuent.他们对实验中获得的数据非常酒墨1.4 副词的转译The chemical experiment is over.化学实验结束了.The iniaffe mu&t be dlmensianMlly correct, 图的尺寸必须IE确.This film is unifortnly

18、thin, 该膜警而放月.1.5 介词的转译Salts may be formed by the replacement ofhydrogen from an acid with a metal. 炯脱豌金祥籁帖歌崛 二、句子成分转换的译法2.1 主语的转译Evaporation emphasis is placed on the concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals.蒸发fH将溶懒着而不是生成和折出晶体.住酬鞭）Organic compounds are not soluble in water

19、because there is no tendency for water to separate their moleculars into ions.有机化合麻肝水,因为水没有将前的分子分离脑子的住语T宾语2.2 谓语的转译Thus, an acid and a baae react in a proton transfer reaction.因此，酸与碱的反应是一个质子转移的反应.（谓语主语）The melting point of alkanes are rather irregular at first, but tend to rise somewhat steadily as

20、the molecules become larger,.烧烛的熔点起初很不规则，但的着分子的增大，则有些稳步上升的部fc（谓语T宾语）2.3 宾语的转译TNT has hih explosive power.TNT的埋埋力很大.Light makes vision possible.有了光,才能看见东西.2.4 表语的转译Matter k anything that occupies spa«e4表谙T主语）凡占有空间的都是物质*In this sense structure analysifi is cotnimni to most organic research.从这不意义上

21、讲僚构分析第或匿大多数的有机研究.俵语T谓语）2.5 定语的转译Many ent&r into eQuipment reliability* 涉及设备可靠性的因素很多.（定语T谓语）Automatic machinee having many advantages .can only do the jobs they have been "told" to do.自动化机器虽栽有福多优点,但它们只能干人们“盼咐它们要干的¥.2.6 状语的转译When oxides of nitrogen are absorbed in wMter to give nitr

22、ic acid a chemical reaction occura.当水吸收氮氧化物形成硝酸时,就发生了化学反应.（状语T主语）In the amplest chanieal cell the electrolyte 山 a solution of sulfiinc add in water 在最储单的化学电池内，电解液是硫酸的人溶液.（状语T定语）The attractive force between the molecules 诒 negligibly small, 分子间的耍弓l力小得可母麻丕:'（状语补语）三、词序转变的译法3.1 系表结构的词序转变The commonly

23、 employed forma of energy are kinetic energy and heat energy.动能和蒸能是通常使用的能的形式.（主语.表语同序颠倒）The alternate double bond arrangement in the six-carbon ring le aromatics characteristic. 芨登煌的技虎是六个碳原子组成的环上双键交替排列.（主语表语词序颠倒）3.2 宾语的词序转变宾语有时译在动词（包括谓语、现在分词、动名词）之前.同时加译“将、把、给、使、 让、对”等字。We can transform water into tw

24、o gases by paaaing an electric current through it.让电施通入水中，蜜们就能把水变为两种气体.（注意译文'让电瘫”一把水”）英语中有直接宾语和间接宾语时，汉语译文中常把一个宾语译在谓语前面，同时加译“把、 给”等助词.X*ray will show the doctor clearly how the lung suffers.X射线会洁殖地把肺部损害的程度显示给医生.3.3 同位语的词序转变Two factors, force and distance, are included in the units of work.力和距离这两个

25、因素都包含在功的单位内.（变序）The branch of science, artificial intelligence, is developing rapidly.人工智能这门科学正在迅速地发屣.（变序）进行同位语翻译时，有时无需改变词序，因此,应视具体情况决定是杳改变词库一3.4 定语的词序转变Generally speaking the fuel available is coal.一般来说，可用的燃料是煤（煤是可用的燃料）。Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible.发动机的转数不应超过所允许的最大值。（

26、后置定语）四、被动语态的译法被动语态主要有两种译法：仍译成被动句；译为主动句。4.1 仍译为被动句The atomic theory was not accepted until the last century.原子学说直到上个世纪才为人们所接受.（或：才越接受）Other evaporation materials and proceBses will be discussed briefly.其它一些蒸发材料和蒸发过程将简单地仙4讨论.译文可加译“被、供、由、让、给、受、遭、得到、为、加以、予以”等助词，再译 谓语。这些助词在汉语中都表示被动的意思。4.2 译成汉语主动句1、译成汉语的无

27、主语句 这种译法一般是将英语句中的主语译成汉语中的宾语，即先译谓语，后译主语（主谓变序）.Measures have been taken to diminish friction.已经采取了 T措施来减少摩擦.2、加译“人们、我们、大家、有人”等主语If one or mare electrons are removed, the atom is said to be positively charged, 如果原子失去了一个或多个电子.图Q就说这个原子带正电荷，The metal, iron in particular, ifi known to be an important mater

28、ial in engineering.大典逍，金属，特别是铁，是工程方面的重要材料.3、用英语句中的动作者作汉语中的主语The molecules are held together by attractive forces4 引力把分子聚积在一起.4、将英语中一个适当成分译作汉语中的主语The oxides of nitrogen are absorbed in water to give nitric acid.生吸收氯氧化物形成硝配5、在原主语前加译“把、将、使、给”等词The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical e

29、nergy througha generator.发电机可以出挺K能再转变为电能.6、被动意义译成主动意义In the reaction bath the acid and the base are neutralized forming water and aalt.反应中，酸与就彼此中和而形成水和盐，4.3科技英语中常用的被动句型It is accepted as-*It is thought of wIt is defined 明"*It is considered that-It is underatood thatIt is supposed that*"It i

30、s suggested that- *It is noticed that-It I? preferred that1"It is generally recognized that It can be foreseen that It ie stressed that-It must be viressed that It has been shown that It can not be denied that被承认为被认为一;被当作一被下定义为一；定义是人阳认为大家都明白;不用说一;当然据推测；假定有人建议广人们注意到最好通常认为；一般公认可以预料有人疆调说“，必须强调尸，已经

31、证明；已经表明无可否认已经证实据说,有人说，-通称为、叫做被说成是被认为是;破看为被描述成It has been proved that It is said that-*It is known as It Is spoken of as T'It ie considered ae-It is described as*，*五、后置定语的译法5.1 介词短语作后置定语In general, ethers are good solvents for fotst waxes and resins, st通常是脂肪.蜡和树脂的良好溶剂.The presence of a substituen

32、t group in benzene exerts a profound control over both orientation and the ease of introduction of the entering substituent.装中取代基的存在对进入基团的方位及进入的难易程度起着强有力的控制作用.5.2 形容词作后置定语Acetylene is hydrocarbon especially hifh in heat value.乙块是热值特弱施的燃*An engineer has to know the propertice of the materials avtulab

33、le, _L程师必须了解现有改各种材料的性能.5.3 非限定动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）作后置定语应特别注意现在分词和过去分词所表示的意义的不同：1）现在分词往往表示动作正在发生，过去分词则往往表示动作已经完成；2）现在分词表示的动作具有主动意义；及物动词（ vt.）的过去分词表示被动意义，不及物动词（vi.）的过去分词不具有被动含义，仅表示动作已经完成。the evaporated water若evaporate为修/则译为这蒸发的水飞若.即琏心依为以心 则獐为户慈发工的水工substituted group若鼻口bBtitute为城.则译为地取代的基团二若。ub成itute为止，则译

34、为取代工的基团，制.取代基，The functional group of a ketone consist of a carbon atom connected by a double bond to an oxygen atom, 力购官能团是由一个通过双健与氧原子相连的援原子组成的.一（过去分词短语作后置定语）An engine derives power from the heat produced by burning fiieL发动机的动力来自燃料燃烧时产生的热.（过去分祠短语作后置定语）5.4 定语从句作后置定语定语从句包括限制性定语从旬和非限制性定语从句两种.由关系代词（tha

35、t/hich, who,臂hom,whos备butg）或美系副 词（whgre, when ,whv,asEherehi, whereon）弓 | 导.Of all tiie foiuui of energy that we use. electrieal energy is the most convenientham用的各种能量中,电能最方便.Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.物质是由分子组成的,而分子又是由原子组成的.Fbr any subfitancc whose formula is known, a mass cxuresponding to the formula can be computed.不管什么物质，只要知道其分子式,就能求出与分子式相应的质量.（表条件）对任何已知分子量的物质，都能根据它的分子式求出相应的质量。六、长句的译法