中国海洋大学新版研究生英语小考复习资料

1、protocol /prtkl / n. the accepted or established code of procedure or behavior in any group, organization, or situation科学实验报告/计划；（外交条约）草案；协议.a computer protocol which could communicate across different languages.一个可以在不同的语言之间传递信息的计算机协议。.the Montreal Protocol to phase out use and production of CFCs.逐步

2、停止使用和生产含氯氟烃的蒙特利尔议定书。kyoto protocol京都议定书network protocol网络协议compile /kmpl / v. collect (information) in order to produce a list or book 汇编; 汇集The book took 10 years to compile. 这本书花了10年编写。faculty/fak()lti / n. a group of university departments concerned with a major division of knowledge 全体教职工The fac

3、ulty agreed on a change in the requirements.全体教员同意改变要求。How can faculty improve their teaching so as to encourage creativity?全体教员怎样才能改进教学以便激发创造力？faculty member 教职工faculty and staff 教职员faculty and students 教师和学生albeit /lbit / conj. though Charles's letter was indeed published, albeit in a somewhat

4、 abbreviated form.查尔斯的信确实被刊登了出来，尽管有些删节。Albeit fai, the girl was not sought after. 那姑娘虽然漂亮，但不是被爱慕的女子。scenario/snr / n. a written outline of a film, novel, or stage work giving details of the plot and individual scenes 剧情概要，方案，分镜头剧本A fast disk encryption algorithm targeted at the specific application

5、scenario of disk encryption is devised.针对硬盘加密的特定应用场景，设计并实现了快速硬盘加密算法。Verification is the important part of simulation scenario system.校验是仿真想定系统组成中的重要部分。oblivious /blvs / adj. not aware of or concerned about what is happening around one 注意的；健忘的；忘却的We are often oblivious to any flaws our partner might

6、have. 我们常常注意不到对方可能有的任何缺点。She lay motionless where she was, oblivious to pain.她一动不动地躺在原地，感觉不到疼痛。embroil /mbrl / v. involve (someone) deeply in an argument, conflict, or difficult situation使混乱； 使卷入（纠纷）Any hostilities could result in retaliation and further embroil U.N. troops in fighting.任何敌对活动都可能会招致报

7、复，进而使联合国部队卷入战斗中。meticulous /mtkjls / adj. showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise小心谨慎的；谨小慎微的He was so meticulous about everything.他对任何事情都很小心谨慎。The flat had been meticulously cleaned.这间公寓被仔仔细细地打扫过了。pilfer /plf/ If someone pilfers, they steal things, usually small cheap things. pic

8、k pocket 偷；小偷小摸 The staff were pilfering behind the bar.工作人员在吧台后面偷东西。When food stores close, they go to work, pilfering food for resale on the black market.食品店关闭后，他们就开始工作，偷取食物到黑市上重新贩售。fictitious /fkts / adj. not real or true; imaginary or fabricated虚构的；假想的；编造的；假装的The development of market economy to

9、 this day is in fact a process going to be fictitious.市场经济发展到今天,是一个不断走向虚拟化的过程。We're interested in the source of these fictitious rumors.我们对这些子虚乌有的谣言的来源感兴趣。The persons and events portrayed in this production are fictitious.这部作品描绘的那些人物和事件是虚构的。practitioner /prakt()n / n. a person actively engaged i

10、n an art, discipline, or profession, especially medicine 开业者，执业者，从业者，执业医生You can do this by selecting only roles that interest you, as a practitioner. 作为一名从业者，您可以通过只选择那些您感兴趣的角色来进行操作。The only item that is constant in all of those is the transformed practitioner. 所有这些变化中唯一不变的就是转化的从业者。sanction /sakn /

11、n. a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule; Official permission or approval for an action 制裁，处罚；认可；支持Arms embargo is a kind of sanction among countries.武器禁运是国家间的一种制裁方式。Its rare for the non-punishment sanction to be applied in the judicial practice.非刑罚处罚措施在实践中极少被适用。infringement /nfrndmnt /

12、n. the action of breaking the terms of a law, agreement, etc.; violation 侵犯；违反Chapter three:Special infringement acts of new medium.第三章：新媒体中特殊侵权的主要表现形式。.infringement of privacy.对隐私的侵犯。There might have been an infringement of the rules.也许有违反规章制度的情况。adjudicate /dudket / v. make a formal judgment on a

13、disputed matter裁定；宣判The international court of justice might be a suitable place to adjudicate claims.国际法庭也许是裁定索赔案的合适之地。delineate /dlnet / v. describe or portray (something) precisely 描绘；描写；画的轮廓Biography must to some extent delineate characters.在某种程度上，传记一定要描述人物。For centuries we have used maps to del

14、ineate borders that have been defined by politics. 几个世纪以来，我们一直用地图描绘已经由政治划定的疆界。incorporate /nkpret / v. take in or contain (something) as part of a whole; include 包含，合并；体现The new cars will incorporate a number of major improvements.这种新型汽车将包含许多重大的改进。The agreement would allow the rebels to be incorpora

15、ted into a new national police force.该协议将允许叛军并入一支新的国家警察部队。incorporate with合并；混合envision /nvn/ vision / image 想象;预见;展望In the future we envision a federation of companies.我们设想将来会有公司联盟。Alana never envisioned her college career ending like this.阿兰娜从未想到她的大学生涯会如此结束。caseload /kesld/ n The caseload of someo

16、ne such as a doctor, social worker, or lawyer is the number of cases that they have to deal with. (医生、社工或律师等需要处理的)案例数量待处理案件数量;受理范围Social workers say the average caseload is 32 families per employee.社工说他们的每位工作人员所处理的平均个案总数是32个家庭。Even as the caseload has grown, federal judges salaries have risen by onl

17、y 39% since 1991 while the cost of living has gone up 50%. 即使工作量增加了，联邦法官的薪水自1991年以来也只涨了39%，而同一时期内的生活成本却上涨了50%。1.meticulous 2. protocol 3. albeit 4. embroiled 5. Plagiarism n. 剽窃；剽窃物 6. efficacy n. 功效，效力 7. adjudicates 8. infringement 9.incorporated 10. sanction (1) You are minutely analytical and ca

18、n fulfill any task that requires meticulous attention to detail. 你详细地分析,可以完成任何任务,需要细致的对细节的关注。(2) As part of the Kyoto_ protocol_, many developed countries have agreed to legally binding reductions in their emissions of greenhouse gases in two commitments periods. 作为京都议定书的一部分,许多发达国家已同意具有法律约束力的减少温室气体的

19、排放在两个承诺期。(3) Charles's letter was indeed published, _ albeit _ in a somewhat abbreviated form. 查尔斯的信确实是公布的,尽管有些缩写形式。(4) We will just throw them into the air and no one will ask again until people are _ embroiled _ in litigation.我们会把他们扔到空中,没有人会问,直到人们卷入诉讼。(5) American Association of University Pro

20、fessors defines _ as “taking over the ideas, methods, or written words of another, without acknowledgment and with the intention that they be taken as the work of the deceiver. 美国大学教授协会将_定义为“接管的思想、方法或文字,没有认定和意图,他们被视为骗子的工作。 (6) Blood tests may be needed periodically to monitor the treatment and its _

21、.血液测试可能需要定期监测治疗和它的 。(7) A case tribunal which _ on any matter must decide whether or not any person has failed to comply with the code of conduct of the relevant authority concerd.案件法庭_对任何事必须决定是否任何人未能遵守行为准则concerd相关的权威。(8) The committee ruled that the ban constituted an _ of free trade.委员会裁定,禁止构成规律的

22、自由贸易。(9) When completed, the balls are _ incorporated _into other objects before they are sold, including trophies and lamp stands.当完成时,球被纳入其他对象在销售之前,包括奖杯和灯。(10) It is a way of recovering penalties by a _ sanction _ which is the most serious one known to our law. 它是一种恢复方式惩罚制裁是最严重的一个我们的法律。英译汉Cases of

23、 misconduct are not simple matters to evaluate. One source of concern is confusion within the field of science about just what constitutes a punishable infringement of ethical standards. In the fields of engineering, law, and medicine, clear written guidelines exist for defining ethical conduct. Alt

24、hough some particularly difficult cases may test the limits of these guidelines, most do not. In scientific research, a written code of conduct is not available. The federal government and individual institutions have been struggling to clarify the standards under which misconduct can be adjudicated

25、. The central definitions that delineate misconduct in science include fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. However, these are confused by other less clear categories of misconduct, which include “other questionable behavior” or“other misconduct.” Within this confusion of definitions it is no

26、t always obvious to students or faculty where and toward whom their obligations lie.学术不端并不是能够简单评价的问题。其中一个重要问题是，在科学领域里，对于什么样的行为有违伦理规范，应当受到惩罚，仍然模棱两可。工程，法律，和医学领域对道德行为的定义有明确的书面指导原则。虽然某些特别复杂的案例会挑战这些原则的底线，但多数原则具有指导意义。科学研究也并不提供书面的行为准则。联邦政府和私人机构一直试图阐明学术不端行为的裁定标准，比如一些描述科研不端行为的核心定义，包括编造，篡改和等等。然而这些行为容易与包含“可疑行为

27、”在内的其他不太确定的类别相互混淆。这些混淆的定义让学生和教职人员也不是很清楚他们到底承担哪些责任和义务？汉译英研究者应告诉所有参加研究的被试有关研究的一切特点和细节，尽管这样做也许会影响被试参加实验的意愿，但还是应该这样做。研究者应对被试提出关于实验的各种问题给予解释和回答。研究者应告诉所有参加研究的被试有关研究的一切特点和细节，尽管这样做也许会影响被试参加实验的意愿，但还是应该这样做。研究者应对被试提出关于实验的各种问题给予解释和回答。研究者应尊重被试在研究中任何时候自由提出拒绝参加或终止实验的要求，特别是当研究者的权力高于被试时，更需要注意这一点。有关实验步骤和措施在道德上的可接受性，应

28、该在一开始就要在研究者和被试之间达成明确和公正的一致意见，明确每个人的责任。研究者有责任遵守和履行协议中规定的承诺和义务。Researchers should tell every participant about all the characteristics and details of the study, though such an act may affect the willingness of subjects. Researchers should also try to answer or explain any question about the experiment

29、 from subjects. Frankness and sincerity are supposed to be essential to the relationship between researchers and subjects. When researchers have to hide from or deceive subjects for methodological reasons, they need to have subjects understand the reasons for doing so and try to recover their origin

30、al relationships. Researchers should respect the subjects rights and freedom to refuse or terminate their participation in the study at any time. This point is even more salient when researchers have higher power-relationship than subjects. As regards the moral acceptability of experimental procedur

31、es and measures, there must be a clear and fair agreement reached by researchers and subjects at the outset in order to clarify each others responsibility. Researchers have a responsibility to abide by and comply with the provisions of commitments and obligations in the agreement.derogatory drgtradj

32、. showing a hostile or critical attitude(to ones reputation, etc) 贬损的, 损毁的，诽谤的insulting and disapproving 侮辱的；不赞许的补充：derogate 'derget v. 贬损; 减损; 贬低; 损害; 诽谤He criticized the poem severely and went on to make derogatory remarks about her. Such conduct would only be derogatory to his own reputation.

33、他极力贬低这首诗,并说了许多诋毁她的话。那样的行为只会毁损他自己的名誉。 The word “pig” is a derogatory word term for policeman. “猪”是个侮辱警察的词。 Cheating id regarded as derogatory 欺骗被认作卑劣行为。 . good-for-nothing (a derogatory term for someone who is lazy or irresponsible)没出息的人fatalistic fetlstkadj. believing that there is nothing you can d

34、o to prevent events from happening; showing a belief in fate;宿命论的；相信宿命论的补充：fatalism宿命主义；fatalist宿命论者; fatality天数，命中注定 Finally her father's death, resulting in the eviction of her family from their home, precipitates Tess's doom, and as a last desperate reparation to her helpless mother and s

35、isters she yields, with a fatalistic calm, to the inevitable.最后,父亲去世,全家人被逐出家门,这件事终于决定了苔丝的命运。作为对无依无靠的母亲和妹妹们的最后无可挽救的补偿,她屈服了,以平静地听天由命的心情,走上了不可避免的道路。 gave a fatalistic shrug无可奈何地耸耸肩 a fatalistic philosophy宿命论哲学 a fatalistic people相信宿命论的民族a fatalistic person/approach to life 听天由命的人/生活态度initiativentv n. a

36、bility to make decisions or take action without waiting for someone to tell you what to do ;action taken to resolve a difficulty 主动性，创造力；对策，新举措The government should by no means lose the initiative in the fight against terrorism.政府在反恐行动中绝不能丧失控制权。In the absence of his commanding officer, he acted on h

37、is own initiative. 指挥官不在场，他主动见机行事。Because of the general's indecisiveness, their armies have lost the initiative to the enemy.由於将军未能当机立断,他们的军队已丧失对敌采取行动的主动权. They took the initiative in establishing an international new media research organization.他们率先建立了一个国际性的新传媒研究机构。cut off： interrupt sb speaki

38、ng on the phone by breaking the connection切断电话线路；stop the supply of sth to sb停止向某人供应； prevent sth or sb from leaving or reaching a place or communicating with people outside a place使与外界隔绝；disinherit sb 剥夺某人的继承权We were cut off in the middle of our telephone conversation.If you dont pay your water and

39、 electricity bill soon you will be cut off. 你若不立即付清水电费，就要停止向你供水供电。She felt very cut off (ie isolated) living in the country. 她生活在乡间感到很闭塞。The village was cut off from the outside world by heavy snow for a month.村庄被大雪封住，无法与外界联系达一个月。The rebellious son was cut off without a penny/dime.忤逆的儿子被父亲完全剥夺了继承权。d

40、etain dten v. cause to be slowed down or delayed; keep sb in custody, lock up 留住，延误；耽搁；拘留，扣押Neither wit nor wisky could detain him any longer.无论说笑话，还是喝威士忌,都无法再把他留住了。 He was detained by a flat tire on his way home. 漏气的轮胎将他耽搁在回家的路上。The police detained two suspects to make further questioning.警察拘留了两个嫌疑

41、犯，作进一步审问。secular sekjl(r) adj. worldly or material, not concerned with religious or spiritual affairs现世的；世俗的；非宗教的；lasting for centuries延续几个世纪的In detaching the science of law from theology and religion, he prepared the ground for the secular, rationalistic version of modern natural law.在将法学与神学和宗教分离时,

42、他为现代自然法世俗的、理性主义的观点奠定了基础。secular humanism现实人文主义（指扬弃任何宗教教义，强调人的价值，建立在人性、人类利益和理想基础上的任何思想和行为体系）secular changes of the earths surface地表的长期变化secular enemies宿怨; secular trend长期趋势assertion sn n. a declaration that is made forcefully (as if no supporting evidence were necessary) ;strong statement claiming th

43、e truth of sth 声称;主张;维护；断言;I made it a rule to forbear all direct contradiction to the sentiments of others, and all positive assertion of my own.我给自己规定,不得直接驳斥别人观点,不得断然肯定自己意见。He repeated his assertions that he was not guilty.他语气坚定地重复说他无罪。assertion of ones rights 对自己权利的维护 speak with assertion坚定地说 vir

44、tually v:tuli adv. In every important aspect;in essence; almost 实际上，实质上，事实上;几乎*He threw himeself enthusiastically into the task, but it was virtually impossible. 他起劲地投入这项工作,但实际上这是不可能办到的。 *Both host countries and investing countries have viewed the international investors as virtually an alien group,

45、 with partial justification.东道国与投资国实际上都把国际投资者看作是一个异己集团,这是有一定道理的。*The strike has virtually paralyzed the city；my firm had gone bankrupt.事实上,罢工已经使这座城市陷于瘫痪状态;他的公司也也已破产。 aversion  'vn n. a strong dislike,hatred厌恶, 讨厌的事, 讨厌的人Smoking is one of my pet (particular, personal) aversions.吸烟是我特别讨厌的事。Th

46、e overarching goal of health-care reform is to establish a system that has three basic attributes.He took an immediate aversion to the new comer.他对新来的人一见就反感。have an aversion to/for war对战争感到厌恶 take an aversion to sb/sth开始讨厌某人/某事deferential def'renl adj. showing deference or respect恭敬的; deference

47、n. 尊敬 in deference to遵从，鉴于，考虑到And that a few deferential protestations would take the edge from her displeasure.只要对她说上几句恭维话,她心中的恼怒就会烟消云散。 The oppressive sense of the harm she had done led Tess to be more deferential than she might otherwise have been to the maternal wish.苔丝以为漏子都是自己捅的,这种想法让她很压抑,这使得她更

48、加尊重妈妈的意愿了,否则，她不会这样的 。 listen with deferential attention 恭敬而专心地聆听In deference to the weather, she wore a dress that covered her shoulders.考虑到天气，她穿了一件遮住肩膀的衣服。conversely knv:sli adv. with the terms of the relation reversed 反之；反过来You can add the fluid to the powder or, conversely, the powder to the flui

49、d.可以将液体加到粉末里，或者相反，将粉末加到液体里。Conversely, it is relatively easy for some minorities to check the will of the majority and to protect their interests.反过来说,一些少数派倒容易抑制多数派的意愿并保障自己的利益。Conversely, an expansion is accompanied by a temperature decrease unless heat is added.反之,如果膨胀时不供给热量,流体的温度就要降低。homogenous h&

50、#39;mdns adj. of the same type or nature同质的，同源的；纯系的反义词：heterogeneous hetr'dnsadj. 异种的, 异质的; 非均匀的Americans are heterogeneous in their origins, constantly striving to rediscover what they have in common.美国人的祖先来自各个方面,他们经常努力设法重新找出大家的共同点。 Catalysis may be either homogeneous or heterogenous. Many proc

51、esses that are essential to the chemical industry use the latter ones. 催化剂可以是均相的，也可以是多相的。很多重要的化学工业过程就是使用多相催化剂的。homo- homograph 同形异义词；homophone 同音异义词 homosexuality同性恋； homonym 同形同音异义词hetero- heterodox 异端的； heterosexuality 异性恋stark st:k adv. completely 完全地；十足地；  adj. 僵硬的, 僵直的; 刻板的; 严格的; 赤裸裸的；明显的；

52、突出的；严酷的；苛刻的stark discipline 严格的纪律 stark terror 极端恐怖stark nonsense 全然的胡说八道 stark facts明显的事实 stark choice 严峻的抉择 In stark terms用直率的话stark wasteland荒凉的不毛之地 stark silence万籁无声a stark contrast 明显的对比 a stark outline鲜明的轮廓a stark white room 空荡荡的白色的房间Memories are stark.记忆犹新。He was stark with cold 他完全被冻僵了。The i

53、slands have a stark beauty.这些岛屿有一种天然美。 Her private life was stark.她的私生活很是不幸。consume kn'sju:m v. use up (time, resources or materials) 消耗，消费；耗尽We have no right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it. Shaw如果我们不能创造幸福,我们便没有权去享受幸福,正如我们如果不能创造财富,便没有权利去享用财富

54、一样。 The blossom is consuming away. 这支花正在枯萎。He was consumed with a great interest in stamp collection.他对集邮着了迷。The leaves consumed quietly in bonfires.树叶无声地在营火中烧尽。She was consumed with grief on hearing the death of her husband in the air crash.她听到丈夫在空难中死亡的消息后悲痛欲绝be addicted to be given to, habitually

55、or compulsively对上瘾；沉溺于He shows himself to be confident, addicted (almost compulsively)to hardship, somewhat contemptuous of the Indians.他显示自己是个充满自信、不怕吃苦(几乎是自讨苦吃) 的人,有点瞧不起印第安人。Some officials become too addicted to red tape.有些官员太热衷于文牍主义了。Being habitually addicted to net surfing at school for years, he

56、 even failed to get his bachelor degree. syndrome sndrm n. a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease综合征；并发症状；同时发生的一组事物，典型表现Once the leading cause of death in premature infants, the syndrome is now usually treated for a few days with a mechanical ventilator, with no aftereffects.此病曾经是早产婴儿主要的死因

57、,今日通常使用正气压通气机施以数日的治疗,并不会留下后遗症。Unemployment，inflation and low wages are all part of the same economic syndrome.失业、通货膨胀以及低工资等问题都是在同一经济状况下的典型表现。The resulting disorders of lack of medication include Down's syndrome, mental retardation, heart malformation, abnormal sexual development, malignancies, a

58、nd sex-chromosome disorders缺乏药物治疗所导致的疾病包括唐氏症候群、精神发育迟缓、心脏畸形、性发育异常、恶性肿瘤和性染色体异常。 Identify oneself with: give support to ; be associated with支持；与有关联； （尤指无意识）效仿He refused to identify himself/become identified with the new political party. 他拒绝与那个新政党关系密切。The children identify themselves with their parents.孩子们往往效仿父母。The