英语(二)课后、整篇翻译Unit1-15

1、Unit 1一、 常用单词与短语1 determination n. 决定，决心；果断 His determination to learn English surprised us all. 他要学英语的决心让我们很是吃惊。 He is a man of determination. 他是个果断的人。2 mastern. 主人，雇主；大师，专家 master and man 老板和工人（主与仆） Shakespeare was a master in literature. 莎士比亚是位文学大师。vt. 征服，控制；精通，掌握 Man can master nature. 人可以征服自然。

2、It is very difficult to master a foreign language. 精通一门外语非常困难。3 contactn. & vt. 接触，联系，打交道 There isnt enough contact between teachers and parents. 老师与家长之间联系不够。 After months of trying, she finally made contact with him in Italy. 数月努力之后，她终于同他在意大利取得了联系。 You can contact me on 3889146. 你可以打电话3889146和我

3、联系。4 mentionvt. & n. 提到，提及 He mentioned to me that he would leave soon. 他对我讲他马上就要离开。 He used to get angry at the very mention of her name. 他过去一听人提到她的名字总是生气。5 processn. 过程，进程 The process of digestion is quite complex. 消化过程比较复杂。 They have started the process for establishing a new office. 他们已经开始筹建

4、新的办事处。6 exposevt. 暴露，显露；使处于作用之下；使曝光 The workmen exposed the gas pipe. 工人们挖开地面时煤气管露出。 In modern society, there are some dangers of exposing children to violence and sex on TV. 在现代社会，儿童有接触暴力和色情电视节目的危险。 Be careful not to have the film exposed. 要当心不要让胶卷曝光。7 as well as也，还，又On Sundays, his landlady provid

5、ed dinner as well as breakfast.逢星期天，女房东除早饭外还供应正餐。He, as well as his sisters, likes singing.他和他姊妹们一样，也喜欢唱歌。8 make up弥补；编造；拼制；由组成We should work harder to make up for the lost time.我们应当更加努力工作，以弥补损失的时间。The story was partly true and partly made up.这个故事的内容一部分是真实的，一部分是杜撰的。She made up a good lunch with what

6、 was in the fridge.她用冰箱里存的东西做成了一顿不错的午饭。The committee is made up of 15 members.委员会由15人组成。二、课文译文及练习答案课文 A英语有多难？就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗？如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问,我的答案是：是的。从我个人的经验

7、来看，英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等。它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解，即便发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的中国人为例,“你好”和“早上好”是非常简单的。“你去哪儿?”是中国人常用的问候语,若英语母语者被问及“你去哪儿？”，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗？当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样，英语母语者听到“你吃了吗？”（中国人常用的另

8、外一个问候语），会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，而且又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答：“太好了，什么时候？”，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。中国的英语学习者可能会这样问：“我们可以说吃鸡。为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢？”对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理据并非易事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说，学英语（其他语言亦如此）还包括学习使用该语言的国家的历史知识。学习英语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英语国家的西方人要困难得多，因为汉字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之处，并且中国和西方世

9、界在近代史上很少接触。所以，在中国，英语背景知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使许多人丧失信心。英语学习中，东西方的价值观念是相互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语中“他”“她”的用法，因为这两个字读音相同，尽管字形不同，他们因此常常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出结论，认为中国人不区分两种性别。但是在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲突造成的语言上的混淆，在一定程度上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读或所听到的内容的理解。学习英语的中国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的理解和宽容才能达到与英语母语者交流的目标。学习英语的中国人，只有在学习英语的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌握英语（当然

10、不可能是克服全部文化障碍！）。很多中国人说话或写作的时候，将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英语，这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、传达的信息量，最重要的是，影响交流的质量。尽管不完全，以上就是学习英语的困难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候可能会说：“你们外国人不懂地道的英语！”我要反驳：“我们为什么要懂？”我还要问：一个外国人可能精通英语吗？课文练习答案：I. Reading comprehension.1. A 2. D 3. B 4. B 5. C IIFill in the following blanks with the words listed below in their proper for

11、ms. Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessary.1. by the same token 她需要理智一些，同样的道理，你也应该理解她。2. contributed 大部分人都为教堂的新建筑捐了东西。3. confrontation 她待在自己的房间里避免与人起冲突。4. annoyed 她命令我的这一做法着实让我恼火。5. hospitable 当地人非常善良，也非常友好。6. sacrifice 一个母亲会将其一生奉献给孩子们。7. protests 就算曼蒂坚持说她没有醉，也不要让她开车。8. of

12、fer 他甚至都不表示要帮忙。9. amount 炒这种菜的时候最好加一点儿水。10. other than 她很少有不高兴的时候。. Translate the following sentences into English.1. Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia, there has been foreign languages fervor in China, with English on top of the list.2. Is English such a difficult language that

13、 it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered?3. From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation, grammatical rules, etc.4. Without a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner spe

14、aks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation, sentence structure and the words he uses.5. Social customs and habits contribute to the difficulty in learning a foreign language.6. By the same token, “Have you eaten?” will sound to

15、native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly.7. The foreigner will respond “Oh, its very nice of you. When?”, if he happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.8. Chinese has nothing in common with English a

16、nd China had little contact with the Western world in modern history.9. The background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and determined English learners but at the same time disheartens quite a few. 10. The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in lea

17、rning English.11. Native English speakers are more gender blind when they mention their cousins.12. A Chinese English learner cannot have a good command of English unless he overcomes the cultural barriers in learning English.IV. Cloze. Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessa

18、ry.1. constant 2. gradual 3. same4. common 5. take on 6. surprised 7. computer 8. inexperienced 9. environment 10. conscious任何一种活生生的语言都是处于不停的变化之中的。该变化是逐渐并且连续不断的。就像影响你身体的大部分变化一样，这种变化在某一特定时刻是很难察觉的。身体的这些变化不容易觉察，但是如果你的身体还如十年前一样好的话，你是非常幸运的。但是在这十年间，你的身体已经发生了变化。语言的变化也是这样的。语言的变化中，最常见、最容易察觉的是词汇的变化。新词出现，老词增加新

19、义。即使是母语者对这些变化也会感到吃惊的。Mouse一词开始表示一种小型的手动装置，这种装置通过一根短短的导线连到计算机上，可以向计算机发指令。Green可以用来描述一个人缺少经验。目前这个词表示一整套生活哲学和政治观点。我们现在有绿色主义这种提法，绿色主义者支持这种提法。购物时，他们寻找带有绿色标志的产品。绿色标志代表该产品的生产过程于环境是无害的。这种商品是无害于生态环境的，有生态意识的人偏爱这种产品。课文 B学语言大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地学好一门语言，大部分语言学家和语言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面，他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母语、理解母语的

20、。另一方面致力于研究人是如何学习第二语言的。语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指一个人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力，这种能力与人在其它方面表现出来的能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的语言有一定接触，在父母的些许帮助下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学家则对此持有异议。持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌握一定词汇以后，父母就开始教他们如何组织句子。但是他们认为，父母教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第二语言的方法。相反，父母是通过与孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错

21、误来教孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为，儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言的。这种情况下，语言环境是家庭和生活环境。可以看出，第一派语言学家对此并不赞同。关于儿童如何学习语言还有其它一些理论。许多国家很多人正着手研究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学家，许多心理学家、医生和父母都对儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教师也对这一过程很感兴趣。外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴趣，有其很重要的原因。他们如果知道儿童如何学习母语，就可能会找到一种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习语言的过程组

22、织教学：课堂上只讲外语，不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式，不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言使用规则，而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话是正确的。对一些学生来说，这种方法是成功的，他们能够轻而易举地、并且很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很喜欢去用所学的语言，并不很在意是否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些学生则不适合这种方法。因此，语言学家着手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。另外一种方法-语言规则学习法-更适合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通过记忆来学习语言使用规则，必须练习使用这种语言，练习正确地

23、使用这些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的语法规则，再给学生一些例句让他们反复练习，同时鼓励学生使用所学过的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效果非常好，他们学得很快，用得也好。他们掌握了语言使用规则，能够使用所学的语言，也能够理解别人的话。对一些学生来说，这是学外语最好的方法。对另外一些学生来说，两种方法都行之有效。有时候，老师在课堂上讲两种方法结合起来用，目的是让每个学生都能够受益。有些人能够到国外通过倾听、与人交流等手段自然而然地学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟是少数人。而大多数人还是通过课堂或者其它方式来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同的教法来帮助学生轻松快速地学会一门

24、语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言的。也许在解决了这个问题之后，语言学习会变得容易一些。课文练习答案：Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1.F2.T 3.F 4.F5.T 6.F7.F 8.F 9.T 10. T三、语法练习答案1. A 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. D 9. A 10.D四、补充练习. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences.1.

25、 He left orders that nothing _ until the police arrived. A. was touched B. had been touched C. should be touched D. were touched2. If only I _ differently, he might still be alive now.A. had behaved B. behaved C. have behaved D. behave3. Whatever _ the results of that policy, I support it on princip

26、le. A. is B. are C. may be D. be4. I wish I _ to the movie with you last night.A. went B. could go C. go D. could have gone5. Without his permission, there _ no such opportunity offered. A. would be B. was C. will be D. are6. But that he saw it, he _ it.A. couldn't have believed B. didn't be

27、lieve C. could not believe D. can't believe7. Jean Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it _in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed8

28、. _ no friction between the surface of the road and our feet, we could not walk at all.A. If there was B. Were there C. Was there D. There had9. Suppose the knife _ accidentally, would the doctor get his fee from the person he is treating?A. slipped B. is slipping C. had slipped D. would slip10. The

29、 article suggests that when a person _ under unusual stress he _ especially careful to have a well balanced diet.A. were, be B. is, should be C. was, will be D. be, be. Fill in the blanks with the words given in their proper forms.1. They were married in strict _ (private).2. His _ (determine) to re

30、tire surprised us all.3. It is _ (doubt) the best French film this year.4. A foreign _ (address) in China will be annoyed if he is greeted with “Where are you going?”5. Teachers shouldnt be _ (mechanical) minded.6. Existing methods of production are expensive and _ (efficient).7. To avoid _ (confuse

31、), the twins never wear the same clothes.8. I dont _ (whole) believe what he has said.9. _ (fluent) should be given enough attention in foreign language teaching.10. A _ (psychology) is someone who studies the human mind, human emotions and human behavior. Reading comprehension.The cowboys who lived

32、 in the United States of America before there were good roads or big modern cities used to live on the huge open spaces of grassland called ranges, because that was where the cows that they looked after could find plenty of grass and water. But when the time came to sell the cows, there were no buye

33、rs out on the range- they had to be taken into market. In the early days it was a hard job getting the cows to the markets where they were killed. It was no good killing them on the ranges because there were no lorries or railways to carry the meat. The cattle had to be driven along in a large herd

34、to the towns where they were needed. The places with lots of people who needed meat were often hundreds or thousands of miles away from the ranges. The cattle were rounded up, and those to be sent away were kept together. On the trail the leader was the trail boss, who told the men which jobs to do.

35、 He decided where they should camp at night. Hundreds or maybe thousands of cattle were taken on the trail. The herd was not made to move too quickly-if they rushed along, they would get thin and not be worth much at market. Some cowboys rode beside them, some in front and others at the back. Cows t

36、hat moved too slowly were hurried along. Cows which tried to get away were made to go back to the herd.1. The cowboys used to live _.A. in big cities B. near the market place C. in the United States D. on ranges2. It was believed that on huge open spaces grassland, _.A. There were more cows than any

37、 other animalsB. cows could find much grass and water C. cows could sell at a reasonable price D. cowboys would find it easy to look after their cattle.3. Which of the following is not true according to the second paragraph?A. cows were normally killed early in the morning B. cows were needed where

38、there was a big population C. cows had to be driven many miles away to the towns D. it was a hard job to get the cattle to the market4. The trail boss_.A. was appointed by the government B. rode and others walked around C. decided almost everything on the trail D. usually rode in the front of a larg

39、e herd5. It seems that _. A. The cowboys enjoyed their life on the range B. fat cows sell faster than thin cows at market C. cowboys were too young to do their jobs wellD. the herd was made to move along neither too quickly nor too slowly. Word spelling.1. s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ vt. & vi. 牺牲，献出 n. 牺牲

40、品2. h _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ adj. 好客的，热情的3. i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ adj. 低效的，效率低的4. c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n. 对抗，冲突5. f _ _ _ _ _ _ n.流利6. e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n环境7. t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n.容忍，宽容8. f _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ vt. 迷住，强烈地吸引住9. a _ _ _ _ vt. 使烦恼，打扰10. o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ adj. 东方的五、补充练习答案. Choose the best a

41、nswer to complete each of the following sentences.1. C 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. A 10. B. Fill in the blanks with the words given in their proper forms.1. privacy 2. determination 3. undoubtedly 4. addressee 5. mechanically 6. inefficient 7. confusion 8. wholly 9. Fluency 10. psychologis

42、t. Reading comprehension.1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D. Word spelling. 1. sacrifice 2. hospitable 3. inefficient 4. confrontation 5. fluency 6. environment 7. tolerance 8. fascinate9. annoy 10. orientalUnit 2一、 常用单词与短语1 desiren. & vt. 愿望，渴望，热望They showed a desire to improve relations.他们表现出改善关系的愿望。The

43、y all desire independence.他们全都向往独立。She desires that he (should) do it at once.她希望他立刻就做这件事。2 markn. 痕迹；记号；标签Therere some ink marks on your shirt.你衬衣上有几点墨水渍。Youd better make some marks while reading.你读书的时候最好做一些标记。The price mark of the apples is on the box.苹果的价格标签在箱子上。vt. 做记号于；标明Be careful not to mark

44、the table.小心别在桌上留下印痕。Please mark all of the large cities on this map.请在地图上把所有大城市标出来。3 consultvt. & vi. 请教，查阅，找商量Youd better consult a lawyer on this case.这个案例你最好还是咨询一下律师。While reading, it is unnecessary to consult every word you dont know in a dictionary.阅读中，没有必要拿着字典把所有不认识的词都查一遍。He went to consu

45、lt with his publisher about his forthcoming book yesterday.昨天他去了出版商那里，就自己即将出版的作品与之交换了意见。4 occurvi. 发生；出现；被想起When did the earthquake occur?地震是什么时候发生的？These plants occur in Africa only.这些植物只有非洲有。A smart idea occurred to her.她想到了一个绝妙的主意。It never occurred to me for a moment that you meant that.我怎么也没有想到你

46、会是这个意思。5 succeedvi. 成功His plan succeeded. 他的计划成功了。I succeeded in getting the job.我谋到了那份工作。注意：“成功地做某事”一般用succeed in (doing) sth.， 而一般不用succeed to do sth.结构。6 adaptvt. & vi. (使)适应，（使）适合；改写，改编Can you adapt your way of thinking to the new life-style?你能改变你的思维方式以适应新的生活方式吗？The young man from the countr

47、yside adapted well to life in the big city.这个农村青年很能适应大城市的生活。Difficult books are sometimes adapted for use in schools.艰深的书有时经过改写后供中小学用。7 break down损坏，出毛病；崩溃；拆毁Were sorry to arrive late, but the car broke down.对不起我们来晚了车坏了。His health has broken down completely.他的健康已完全垮掉了。The machine breaks the stone do

48、wn into small pieces.这台机器可以将大石头粉成碎片。二、课文译文及练习答案课文 A夹在两种文化之间我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直生活在美国，是一家大百货商店的女售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛苦，自己也很难讲述。几个月前，我回香港探亲，这也是我来美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。到达时，我确实大吃一惊。香港已经不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。但是，我到了父母亲家里不久，就发现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上也受到了挫

49、伤。与之相比，香港外观上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之后的几天我都非常高兴。但是不久我就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我注意到，在我讲话的时候，我的家人，尤其是我母亲，会以一种奇怪的目光看我。渐渐地，大家对我疏远起来，不像开始时那么热情、友好了。我感到不舒服，弄不明白他们为什么这样对待我。我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我：“你忘了中国的规矩了吗？”我问她指的是什么。她回答说：“你忘了中国家庭里女人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候，你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内心感受和愿望，这不

50、是中国女人的做法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。”听着母亲这样讲，我意识到了是怎么回事。美国人，包括美国女性，都非常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美国女性和男士一样，对任何问题都自由地发表见解。在讨论中，她们不会做一个沉默的旁观者。我想，过去六年和美国人的交往中，我渐渐学了他们的一些做法。接下来的几天，我尽力作一名中国女性，可是没用。家人和我疏远，他们无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡却被视为外人，这使我更加不自在，感觉受到了深深的伤害。我提前三周结束了这次探亲，回到美国。但是回来之后并没有减轻我的困惑和苦恼。事实上，我比以前更加困惑，感到无家可归。我感觉自己不是美国人，美国人也不接受我。商店里一起

51、工作的女同事们都对我非常礼貌，但是她们不接近我，我也无法接近她们。上午工作休息喝咖啡时她们计划一起吃午饭，一起购物；星期五她们谈论晚上要去哪家迪厅，但是从未将我列入她们的计划。我的口音、名字和东方人的长相显示我是个外国人。长期以来，我感到自己是中国人，我的故乡是香港，自己不被美国人接受。现在我不再将香港视为我的故乡，因此感到无家可归。我被夹在两个世界当中-不再属于原来的世界，还未被新世界接纳。课文练习答案：I. Reading comprehension.1.B 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.C IIFill in the following blanks with the words list

52、ed below in their proper forms. Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessary.1. gone through 我翻遍了所有的口袋，还是找不到钥匙。2. As to 谈到批改我们的作业，老师总是让我们自己改。3. replaced 如果他应付不了，就必须撤换。4. torn down 一些旧住宅区是该拆了。5. in honor of 曾经有一座纪念碑纪念为国家献身的人。6. glanced at 等公共汽车的时候，他神情紧张地看着表。7. lessened 冷战结束后，国际紧张

53、局势有所缓和。8. adopt 他们试图说服联合国采取一种反对美国的攻击性决定。9. associate 人们总是将日本和高科技消费品联系在一起。10. belonged 他从未加入过工会。. Translate the following sentences into English.1. It was the first time Id gone back home since coming to the United States. 2. You speak on matters that are of concern only to men. 3. Through my associa

54、tion with Americans during the past six years, I had gradually adopted some of their ways. 4. I no longer belong to the old world and the new world has not yet accepted me. 5. I no longer consider Hong Kong my home and feel homeless. 6. Things had changed so much in Hong Kong that I didnt recognize

55、parts of it.7. I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States. 8. They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me.9. My mother prepared a special dinner in my honor.10. They dont take a silent back seat during a discussion.11. Coming back here didnt lessen my confusion

56、 and pain.12. The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings.IV. Cloze. Please pay attention that there are more words than are necessary.1. as a result 2. abroad 3. anxious 4. friendship 5. jokes 6. as to 7. account for 8. deprived 9. dealing with 10. arise“文化冲击”是完全浸入一种新文化所产生的结果。这一现象经常发生在“突然移