文学导论部分复习资料整理

1、文学导论部分复习资料整理 来源： 陈渭的日志 文学导论作家与作品小说部分1.The Story of an HourKate Chopin2.The Astronomers WifeKay Boyle3.Everyday UseAlice Walker4.A Rose For EmilyWilliam Faulkner5.HaircutRing Lardner (1885-19336.A Clean Well-lighted PlaceErnest Hemingway7.The Tell-Tale HeartEdgar Allen Poe8. The FlyKatherine Mansfiel

2、d.9. The Lottery Shirley Jackson 诗歌部分1. The Loveliest of Trees-A.e.Housman2. My Papas Waltz-Theodore Roethke3. The Chimney Sweeper-William Blake4. On Stellas Birthday-Jonathan Swift5. My Last Duchess-Robert Browning6. The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock7. This is Just to Say-William Carlos Williams8.

3、 The Red Wheel Barrow-William Carlos Williams9. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud-Willliam Wordsworth10.It Is a Beauteous Evening-William Wordsworth11.A Little Learning Is a Dangerous Thing-Alexander Pope 12.Ah,Are You Digging on My Grave?-Thomas Hardy13.London-William Blake14.Disillusionment-Wallace Ste

4、vens15.Fire and Ice-Robert Frost16.Shall I Compare Thee to a Summers Day?-William Shakespeare17.Oh,My Love Is Like a Red,Red Rose-Robert Burns未完待续文学导论复习资料 一，课文理解Stories• The Story of an Hou_rKate Chopin • Analysis of the Story Question 1:“When the doctors came they said she had d

5、ied of heart disease of joy that kills.” What do you think of the doctors diagnosis? • Analysis of the Story Mrs. Mallard, the young “repressed” woman who began to look at her widowhood as a rebirth, similar to the “new spring” outside her window, did not die from the excitement of seeing

6、her husband alive. She expired (died) from “a heart problem” an instantaneous knowledge that her momentary glimpse into a “life she would live for herself,” a “life that might be long,” was not to be. • Analysis of the storyCritics say that the strength of Kate Chopins work comes from “wha

7、t may be described as a native(天生的) aptitude（才能，资质，天资） for narration amounting almost to genius.” • Analysis of the StoryQuestion 2: Whats the difference between heart trouble and heart disease? It refers to the spiritual condition, but not the medical condition. • Analysis of th

8、e StoryQuestion 3:How do we account for her reaction to the news of her husbands death?“She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance.” • Analysis of the StoryShe wept at once, but she was not paralyzed at the idea of li

9、ving alone for the rest of her life.“She was young, with a fair face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength.” Other examples from the text?• Analysis of the StoryQuestion 4: What is the conflict that causes the story to happen?Conflict between husband and wife? Or conf

10、lict between women and the institution of marriage?• Analysis of the character Mrs. MallardMrs Mallad is a typical woman in Kate Chopins style.She lives a dual life. • The Astronomers Wife _Kay Boyle• The Conclusion • The subject of “Astronomers Wife” is a fem

11、inist(女权主义的) one: as described by critics, it “deals with the loss and recovery of a womans sense of self in an oppressive marriage, a subject that at the time, was a dilemma widely experienced by women but not widely discussed. • EpiphanyThe protagonist is transformed in a small but profo

12、und way by her encounter with the plumber who comes to fix her houses clogged drain. The ordinariness and unremarkable nature of the transformation bears much similarity with the “epiphany” (顿悟)theory of James Joyce.James Joyces epiphany signifies a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one m

13、ay feel while perceiving a commonplace object.A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Stephen Dedalus• Narrative technique of the story:Begins in the middle of things (medias res), with no exposition to introduce the reader to the characters, no explanation of their situation.The narratio

14、n of this story is in the third-person limited. The narrator is someone outside the scene, not a participant. Through the narrators description, we see into the mind of Mrs. Ames, but only hers.Sometimes, the voice of the narrator merges with the voice of Mrs. Ames thoughts. At times like this, Boyl

15、e uses stream-of-consciousness narrative technique to record the exact thoughts of her character.Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, William FaulknerEveryday Use • ConclusionThe story can be read, in fact, as a cautionary(告诫的，警告的) tale the author tells herself, a parable, so to speak, about the p

16、erils （dangers） of writing one's impoverished （very poor） past from the vantage(有利形势) of one's privileged present. The deracination of Wangero, that is, can represent the fate of anyone who, like the author, goes from sharecropper's daughter to literary sophisticate. That Walker also rep

17、resents herself in the backward, disfigured (毁容的) Maggie if one remembers that the author was herself a disfigured child, an eye having been shot out with a BB gun. But how many of Walker's post-Color Purple readers recognize its gifted author in the Maggie of the earlier story? Indeed, as Walke

18、r's literary reputation grows, her readers may with increasing frequency identify the apparently successful and prosperous sister of "Everyday Use" as some kind of distorted reflection of the author. A rose for Emily ß Themes of the Story ß Among other themes, it em

19、phasizes the differences between the past, with its aristocracy （贵族） Colonel Sartoris gallantry (polite unselfish attention paid by a man to a woman), the Griersons aloofness and pride, and the board of old aldermens (地方官员)respect for Miss Emily and the modern generations business-like mentality （心态

20、）, embodied in the board of new aldermen and the many modern conveniences we hear about. As Frank A. Littler writes in Notes on Mississippi Writers, “A Rose for Emily” has been “ read variously as a Gothic horror tale, a study in abormal asychology, an allegory (寓言) of the relations between North an

21、d South, a meditation on the nature of time, and a tragedy with Emily as a sort of tragic heroine.”Why such a title for the story?When asked at a seminar （讨论课，研讨会） at the University of Virginia about the meaning of the title “A Rose for Emily,” Faulkner replied, “Oh, its simply the poor woman had no

22、 life at all. Her father had kept her more or less locked up and then she had a lover who was about to quit her, she had to murder him.It was just A Rose for Emily thats all.” In another interview, asked the same question, he replied, “I pitied her and this was a salute(致意), just as if you were to m

23、ake a gesture, a salute, to anyone; to a woman you would hand a rose, as you would lift a cup of sake to a man.”ß Plot of the StoryOne way of explaining the excellence of “A Rose for Emily” is by considering its lack of chronological order. Such a dissection (分解)of the short story initiall

24、y （一开始） might appear to weaken it, but this approach allows us to see Faulkners genius at work particularly his own unique way of telling a story.In the manner that Faulkner tells it, he leaves us horrified as we discover, bit by bit, why this so-called noble woman is now a “fallen monument.”&sz

25、lig; Point of View of the Story“A Rose for Emily” is a successful story not only because of its intricately （错综复杂地） complex chronology （时间顺序）, but also because of its unique narrative point of view. The story is told by an unnamed narrator in the first person collective. By using the “we” narrator,

26、Faulkner creates a sense of closeness between readers and his story.The narrator-as-the-town judges Miss Emily as a fallen monument, but simultaneously as a lady who is above reproach, who is too good for the common townspeople, and who holds herself aloof. While the narrator obviously admires her t

27、remendously the use of the word “Grierson” evokes a certain type of aristocratic behavior the townspeople resent her arrogance an her superiority; longing to place her on a pedestal (当成十全十美的人) above everyone else, at the same time they wish to see her dragged down in disgrace. Nevertheless, the town

28、, including the new council members, shows complete deference （顺从） and subservience （卑躬屈膝） toward her. She belongs to the Old South aristocracy, and, consequently, she has special privileges.• Haircut • “Haircut” is one of Lardner's darkest satires. Told by the town barber, w

29、ho insists to the end that Jim Kendall was basically a good man who was just a little wild, it is a story about moral blindness. The reader listens to the barber as he describes Jims pranks （恶作剧）, all of which are distasteful （令人倒胃口的，令人生厌的） jokes meant to make Jim feel powerful at the expense of oth

30、ers. “Haircut,” published in 1925, is written as a rambling (漫无边际的) monologue (唱片独白) by Whitey, the town barber. Its a classic small town story where friends who grew up together become blind to each others flaws and in the case of Jim Kendall the flaws are enormous. In fact, Kendall is a deeply dis

31、turbed （心里不正常的） man: angry, vindictive (怀恨的,报复的) self-centered （自私的）, and prone (有倾向的) to cruelty. The beauty of “Haircut” is that the reader starts out on the side of Whitey and settles in to listen to a story about a poor man and his death. We believe Whitey when he tells us that Kendalls death ha

32、s been a blow to the small town. But as Whitey continues with his story, the character of Kendall unravels (make clear) and it begins to dawn on the reader that Kendall is anything but a nice man. In fact, hes quite the opposite.Whitey remains clueless that Kendall was murdered and not killed by acc

33、ident. But the reader is blissfully aware.• A Clean Well-lighted PlaceErnest Hemingway(1898-1961) • ConclusionHemingway's theme in A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is a theme that runs through all of his literature: there is no God, no meaning to this world, and man must consequen

34、tly find something to distract himself from his horrible truth. For the older waiter, a clean, well-lighted café is such an escape. This is an artificial light, made by man for man, yet it is the only way to step out of the darkness of reality: that life is filled with nothing meaningful. This

35、completely nihilistic worldview glorifies individuals, like the veteran waiter and the elderly drinker, who find a method of coping with life's hardships in a graceful, dignified manner. Though the old man is drunk, he isn't rude or unruly, but polite and well behaved. Despite the obvious ha

36、rdships in his life (since he attempts suicide), he doesn't lose his cool, but stays in control of himself, exhibiting grace under pressure. Such grace, Hemingway asserts, should be the goal of every individual. • Topics for Discussion:The Telll_Tale HeartFrom what point of view is Poe

37、s story told? Why is this point of view particularly effective for “The Tell-Tale Heart”?Point to details in the story that identify its speaker as an unreliable narrator.What do we know about the old man in the story? What motivates the narrator to kill him?What type of irony is used in the story?

38、What is the tone of the story?How do you account for the police officers chatting calmly with the murderer instead of reacting to the sound that stirs the murderer into a frenzy(发狂，狂乱）?The Tly • “The Fly,” by Katherine Mansfield, is a short story which can be understood best as social crit

39、icism. It has long been an example of literature for authors to veil social criticism with allegory and symbolism in subtle ways, thus forcing the reader to determine for himself what a story may actually mean. • Interpretation of the story:I. The story makes little sense if taken at face

40、value, but the scene begins to make sense once it is acknowledged that the boss and the fly, as well as the situation itself, are symbols best understood in the context of World War One. The boss: leader of the company.His son: soldier killed in WWI.The bosss attitude towards the fly; the boys photo

41、graph; his imagination the boy unblemished by war.II. Autobiographical statement:TuberculosisThe work is often interpreted as the author's autobiographical statement in her final months of life and how she viewed herself as a helpless victim of dark and unknown forces. III. Fate of human beingsT

42、he boss is symbol of malignant forces that are base and motiveless, a god-like figure who, in the words of King Lear, toys with the lives of human beings for sport （joking fun).• The Lottery (1948)“The Lottery” is considered one of the most haunting and shocking short stories of modern American fiction and is one of the most frequently anthologized. Jackson herself received letters concerning “The Lottery” until the time of her death. Some critics criticized the flatly drawn characters (不栩栩如生的), unrevealing dialogue, and d