北二外翻译硕士MTI考研真题、考研经验、学习重难点

1、 翻译硕士考研汉语写作与百科知识议论文写作议论文写作一、议论文的结构合体议论文,分析事实,论证道理,当然要遵循一定的思维规律;这种思维规律反映在文章的外部形态上,就是具有一定体式的文章的结构。怎样写议论文才算“合体”呢?一是根据议论问题的一般思维模式,应当是按“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”(或曰“引论”、“本论”、“结论”三大块构成。“提出问题”即在议论文开头一般要鲜明地提出中心论点,“分析问题”即在文章的中间要围绕中心论点展开分析论证,“解决问题”即在文章的结尾部分或者得出综合性结论,或者提出前瞻性希望等。这一点,众所周知,兹不赘述。二是分析问题即本论部分,要按一定的向度分层展开论述。所谓

2、“向度”即论述展开的方向。这个“向度”有四个:是什么,为什么,怎么样,何果。一般情况下,一篇中学生议论文作文,其本论部分只要从这四个向度中选择一个或者两个展开即可。但无论是从哪个向度展开,其分论点之间都要形成一定的联系。一般来说,有并列式、递进式和对照式三种。所谓并列式,就是围绕中心从同一个向度列出几个分论点,逐一论证。如果仅仅围绕一个向度写,那么几个分论点之间的关系大多是并列关系。递进式同并列式结构相比,除了论点之间的意义联系不同以外,其段落的结构模式与并列式相同,就不再说了。 所谓对照式,就是从论题的正反两个方面入手,进行正反对比论证得出结论。其优点是结构简洁,论证充分,容易上手。最简单的

3、对照式是在提出观点后,一段从正面论证观点,一段从反面论证观点,最后得出结论。还有一种对照式结构是在正面进行论述或者摆出论据后,紧接着用转折或者假设的方式从反面展开论述。二、思路入格议论文是论述问题的,当然要有一定的思路,即议论文各部分之间要有必然的内在联系。我们知道,议论文是论证问题的,你在提出议论文论点后,就要摆事实,讲道理,让你提出的论点令人信服地确立起来。因此,中心论点和各分论点之间就应当是因果联系,即中心论点是“果”,分论点是“因”。这个因果联系就是议论文的思路之“格”。作为一个高中生的议论文作文,最起码要做到在中心论点和各分论点之间,论点和论据之间要有一定的因果联系。 中心论点之间有

4、没有必然的内在联系的话,只需在这三个分论点之前加上“因为”,在“坚守很重要”之前加上“所以”,再连起来念一下即可。同样,分论点和议论文的论据之间,也应当是因果联系。如在“坚守是一种职责,使平凡变得伟大”这个分论点后面,就可这样展开论述:“边防战士的坚守,使国家安定祥和;人民教师的坚守,使桃李满天下;白衣天使的坚守,使病魔为之屈服。”又如在“自由是思想的漫飞”这个分论点下可以这样展开论述:“行动可以受制于客观现实,思想却永远享受绝对的自由。有了这份思想的自由,才有了集豪放与浪漫于一身的诗仙李白;才有了身陷囹圄还在感叹故国不堪回首月明中的落魄后主李煜;才有了向往面朝大海,春暖花开的天才诗人海子。总

5、之,因为这份思想的自由,社会才会在其牵引之下不断地进步,才会创造出一个个永载史册的人类奇迹。”三、粘连有术一篇像样的议论文,除了议论文的结构合体、思路入格外,还有更重要的一个方面,就是对论点的恰当阐述和对论据的中肯分析;没有这样的阐述和分析,议论文论点论据就不能粘连起来,而这个粘连是有“术”的。(一观点+过渡+事例+分析 指出其本质特点,使事例和论点在内容上联结在一起。(二观点+过渡+论据+分析+归纳这种议论文论证方式就是在第一种的基础上加了一个“归纳”。所谓归纳,就是从多个事例中提炼出必然性的东西。既然要从多个事例中提炼,那么,“论据”部分,就应是两个或三个以上。(三一般道理+个别道理即“演

6、绎推理法”。前面的分析归纳是从个别到一般,而演绎推理法是从一般到个别,用普遍性的真理(论据来证明特殊的论点的方法。原文可根据上下文提示或在一定的文化语境中将有些内容予以省略,并不妨碍读者的理解,但译文有时须采用增词法,将所省略的内容明确化,否则译入语读者会感到信息不足。例如:64But,although you are the youngest man that ever lived,said Charles Darnay, rather hesitating,I must still suggest to you-原译:“不过,即使你是最年轻的人,”查尔斯·达奈犹犹豫豫地说道,“我

7、也得奉劝你。”改译:“虽然银行里目前算你岁数最小,”查尔斯·达奈有点犹豫地说,“但我还是要奉劝你。”(中国翻译1997年,第3期,第47页65I was all but dancing with impatience in the checkout line and sighed with exasperation.Hearing me,he smiled apologetically. 他满脸歉意地笑了。66I never told my love vocally;still,if looks have language,the merest idiot might have gu

8、essed I was over head and ears.我从没有把自个儿的爱情说出口,可是如果眉目也能传情,那么即使白痴也能看出,我已经沉溺在爱河里,没了顶了。67Here nearly48million people live in an area only slightly larger than Maryland.将近四千八百万人生活的这块地方只比美国马里兰州略大一点。68这只是我的理解,我觉得有些牵强甚至走样,我觉得我懂其意却难以表述。(蒋力,“西风的话”This is only my personal understanding of the song,which I knew

9、 was a somewhatfarfetched distortion of it.I could sense and feel its meaning but could not say it. 69女人的生活天地较小,一旦过了三十五,便象吃了耗子药,非紧张不可。译文一:Women live in a smaller world.When they are over35,they are bound to get upset,as if they had taken medicine for mice.译文二:Women live in a rather limited world.At3

10、5,they will be more upset than ever,as if they had taken by mistake a dose of pesticide(and just realized it.(袁洪庚,“阐释学与翻译”,载杜承南文军主编:中国当代翻译百论,pp.208-214,重庆大学出版社,1994年第64例选自双城记。原译可能会将译文读者引入歧途,使之误以为说话的对象真的很年轻。其实对方此时已届七十八岁高龄。但特尔逊银行里的职员年纪都很大,七十八岁在该行还算是年轻的。所以应在汉译文中加上“银行里目前”这几个字,才不会让译文读者产生误解。第67例中的Maryland

11、对美国读者来说足够了,但如译为“马里兰”,则很多中国读者很可能不甚了了,所以加了“美国”和“州”三个字。第68例原文中的“我的理解”指“我对这首歌的理解”,译文根据上下文作了作了增补,以明其义。第69例“译文一”的译者忽略了中西文化语境的差异,因为西方独身女子司空见惯,早已见怪不怪。 “译文二”适当地运用了增补的技巧,以使读者亲身体会中国独身女子的尴尬处境。反之,有时有的词或词组在原文中使用了,而在译文中则可根据上下文语境很容易便能推断出来,这时便可将该词省略不译。例如:70John sat near her on the bed.His face was white as he sat ho

12、lding her hot hands.约翰坐在床边陪着她。当他握着她滚烫的双手时,他脸色苍白。71Now in the foothills there was his grave-a grave I could not bear to visit.现在,他的坟墓就在山脚,我却不忍心去看一眼。72When the pull is strong,the disc is moved toward the electromagnet,and when the pullis weak,the disc springs away from the electromagnet.This back-and-

13、forth movement of the disc causes air in front of the receiver to move back and forth in the same way.吸引力强时,金属片朝向电磁铁运动。吸引力弱时,金属片从电磁铁处弹回。这种往返运动使听筒前的空气以同样的方式做往返运动。73Motorists who dont change their own oil still know how to pull out a dipstick,wipe it clean,slip it back in,pull it out and observe the l

14、evel.If it looks low,they add half a liter of oil or take the car for a professional oil change.汽车司机即使自己不换油也知道如何拔出量油尺,把它擦干净,插进去,再拔出来看看油有多深。如果很浅,就会添加半升汽油,或者将车开到加油站去加油。74她忽然觉得心头一紧,不知怎么的就哭了起来,那是欢乐的泪水,满足的泪水。(铁凝,哦,香雪She suddenly felt her heart tighten,and began to cry.They were tears of joy,and of satisf

15、action.75我想要他画一张他没有画过的画,我说:“你给我画一张册页,从来没有画过的。”他欣然答应了,(艾青I wanted him to paint me something hed never painted before.When I asked him,he readily agreed.第四章练习:I.试译下列句子,注意为弥合语法差异的需要增加适当的词或减少某些不必要的词:1.Over the past50years scientists and psychologists have increasingly argued over whether genetics or env

16、ironment has a greater impact upon human intelligence.(省略冠词2.The moon gives no light of its own.It merely reflects the light of the sun,like a huge mirror hung in the sky.(省略冠词3.Emma slept,and when she woke,she had a shower.(省略代词4.Hotel staff wont be overly offended if you dont tip.(省略代词5.Trips were

17、 made three times a week in summer and twice a week in winter.(省略介词6.When I graduated from college,my days of ambivalence was over.(省略介词7.Back in the hotel room,Jon made sure she was settled before he set off.(省略关联词8.After the light was turned off,the rat had to wait a short time before it was relea

18、sed from its cage.(省略关联词9.Then what on earth do you want to do with it?(增加语气助词10.Did he reward you any further?(增加语气助词11.他抬眼望了望马路上昏暗的路灯。(增加冠词12.他们正在研究该地区的自然特征和生物的分布情况。(增加冠词13.丁医生放下雪茄,又回到小客厅里去了。(增加代词14.她小心地打开盒子,又学着同桌的样子轻轻把它盖上。(增加代词15.夏夜在屋外乘凉的时候,往往有些担心,不敢去看墙上。(增加介词 16.美国国土的主要部分位于北美洲中央,北接加拿大,南联墨西哥,东濒大西

19、洋,西临太平洋。(增加介词17.我在十八日早晨,才知道上午有群众向执政府请愿的事;下午便听到噩耗,说卫队居然开枪,死伤至数十人,而刘和珍君即在遇害者之列。(鲁迅,记念刘和珍君(增加关联词18.时间一分钟一分钟过去,前面那团红雾更红更亮了。(增加关联词II.试译下列句子,注意为弥合词义差异的需要增加适当的词或减少某些不必要的词:(一增词1.The retreat commenced in all haste.2.Her grace was a delight.3.There was a wide emptiness over the street.4.His arrogance made eve

20、ryone dislike him.5.He waited for the booing to quiet down,then cleared his throat.6.Humans vying for dominance will turn to genetics to compete.7.Considering its growing economic importance,the general neglect of geology in university teaching is difficult to justify.8.Psychologist Richard Stuart s

21、howed in the1960s that overweight women could lose pounds by modifying both their eating behavior and“stimulus environemnt”.9.He had noticed the mounting insubordination,and he realized with embarrassment that he was the cause of what could have become his own downfall.10.He is much less selfish and

22、 much more peaceful now.11.Johns closest neighbor Clint Hart lived two miles down the road.12.We called him our Christmas Boy because he came to us during that season of joy, when he was just six days old. 13.I ve known several people who have overcome nail-biting simply by buying 50nail files (指甲剪a

23、nd distributing them everywhere:in their pockets,desks and bedrooms.14.Zoy hunched over her veranda desk,correcting exercise books.15.In line with latest trends in fashion,a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.16.听到这个消息,他一肚皮的酒几乎全化成了酸醋。17.他一边放声大笑,一边不住地拿眼瞅着她。18.“这件事你打算怎么办呢?”

24、她嘴巴一撇,侧着头,故意忍住了笑似的说。19.她悄悄地来到她妹妹的房间里,将门拉上。20.这令我到底惦记着江南。这样想着,猛一抬头,不觉已是自己的门前。(朱自清,荷塘月色(二减词1.They had to stay there until the person they were addressed to happened to come by and stop at the inn.2.By means of a code of combinations of dots and dashes,messages are sent along the wire that connects the

25、 key to a sounder.3.When you dial a number,an automatic switch in the telephone exchange makes a circuit between your telephone and the telephone of the person you are calling.4.This explains why farmers in very windy regions try to protect their soil by planting rows of trees to break the force of

26、the wind.5.Some people accuse me of being rude because I always introduce myself to other people I meet on trains;but I answer by telling them that the reason for my action is not curiosity but friendliness.6.Times were tough during the Depression,and there were five mouths to feed in my family,besi

27、des buying coal and wood for the stove.7.She looked around and padded off across a ravine,toward the edge of the blue spruce forest that would be her new home. 8.On top of one of the hills stood the farm house and the barn where the farm animals lived.9.I kept closing the gap between my car and my brothers truck,inching toward the reassuring glow of the taillights like a frightened sheep following a shepherd.10.Amy settles into her seat,takes out her computer and read over