国际贸易chapter 9

1、documents一、案例1995年3月间某工艺品进口公司向巴基斯坦。BC贸易有限 公司成交一笔贸易6月5日对方开来信用证，有关部分条款规定： “350 SET OF OF DINNER SET，PRICE：USD.35.00 PER SET，C&F KARACHI，SHIPMENT FROM QINGDAO TO KARACHI，SHIPPING MARK TO BE B.C./381 AND 451/KARACHI ONLY （350套西餐具，价格每套35美元，C&F卡拉奇.从青岛装运至卡拉奇，运输标志仅为“B.C./381 AND451/KARACHI.”）工艺品进出口公

2、司根据上述信用证条款，在装运后即备齐单据向议付行交单，未料到单寄至国外，开证行提出拒付意见： “第XXXX号信用证项下单据存在如下不符点：你提单及发票等单据上表示的运输标志与信用证不符。信用证规定“B.C./381 AND451/KARACHI”，你提单及发货票等单据的运输标志为“B.C，/381 & 451/KARACHI。我信用证规定价格条款为USD 35 OVPERSET，C&F ERADU你发原上表示价格条件为VSD 35.00 12TRSET，CFR KARACH。包装单上运输标志栏表示：“AS PER INVOICE”，系据哪个发票？漏发票号码，应表示出依据第XXx

3、X号发票。根据上述单证不符，我行无法接受。单据暂代保管，请告处下意见”。工艺品进出口公司接到上述开证行拒付意见后，经研究认为 开证行所提的完全是挑剔性意见，即于6月28日作出反驳。“你6月25日电悉。贵行提出关于第XXXX号信用证项下单据的所谓不符点问题，我们认为：你信用证规定运输标志：“B.C./381皿D451/ KARACI”，我提单及发货票等单据的运输标志为：“B.C./ 381&451/KARACHI”。所谓不一致，即“AND”与“&”之别，何况“&”即“AND”的缩写符号，两者没有什么差异，不能算为单证不符。关于价格款中贸易条件C&F，根据国际商会第

4、460号出版的1990年国际贸易条件解释规则规定，C&F改为CFR，术语己被CFR所替，C&F不复存在，所以我发票将C&F，这是正确的。包装单上运输标志表示“AS PER INVOICE”，你行认为未表示发票号码，无法依据是哪一套的发票。我们认为本信用证项下的发票只有一个 （信用证又是不许分批装运），再无其它发票。 所以“AS PER INVOICE”中的发票当然是指本套单据中唯一的发 票，表示或不表示号码都是没有区别的。根据上述情况，我们认为我所提交单据完全符合信用证规定，不存在单证不符的情况。请你行按时付款”。工艺品进出口公司发出上述反驳意见后，于7月1日又接到开证

5、行来电：“你6月28日电收悉，关于第XXXX号信用证项下单证不符事，我行与申请人均认为：关于运输标志问题，你方认为提单及发票等单据与我信用证规定的运输标志仅是 “AND”与 “ &”的差 别，两者是相等的，似乎单证也是相符的，但你方末理解我信用证的要求，我信用证原规定：“SHIPPING MARK TO B.C/381 AND 451/KARACHIONLY .”，其意即只能这样的运输标志才能接受。你方单据却表示“B.C/381 AND 451/KARACHI”，将“AND”改为“&”，当然不符合信用证要求了。关于贸易条件，C&F与CFR两者术语之间有何差别，我银行对类

6、似这样术语不掌握.根据CUP500第13条规定，我银行 ，只管你单据上是否与信用证表面上 （ON、THEIR FACE）.相符，C&F与CER就是表面上不符。我信用证既已规定了运输标志，你方的单据 （包括包装单）应按实际运输际志表示出来。即使表示“AS PER INVOICE”亦应表示该发票号码才能有所依据。根据以上情况，你方单据确实明显地存在不符点。速告单据处理意见。工艺品进口公司与议付行研究，最后认为虽然对方有些是属于挑剔意见，但我方单据确有一定的缺陷。工艺品进出口公司只好又向买方进行商洽，并了解到对方主要由于国际市场疲软受些损失，结果通过儿次洽商，让价10%而结案。15 Docu

7、ments: For negotiation,the seller shall present the following documents to the paying bank after shipment.3 copies of negotiable clean on board BL made out to order ,blank endorsed 5 copies invoices ,indicating contract number,name of comodity,quantity,unit price and total amout .In case of shipment

8、 in lots, lotnumber should be indicated. 4 copies of packing list one copy of Certificate of Quantity and Quality issued by China National Inspection Bureau A major difference between home trade and international trade is that there are more documents for every deal. According to a studt by OECD . A

9、n average overseas transaction needs 35 documents with a total of 360 copies . The study states the “paper cost” of international trad e come to between 1.4%-5.7% of the value of the trade.the main purpose of documents is to provide a specific and complete description of the goods so that they can b

10、e correctly and smoothly dealt for transport, payment, insurance,levying duty, inspection ,etc. Invoice 1 commercial invoice2 customs invoice:the invoice is required by the importing country in order to clear the customs,to compile statistics ,to verifying county of origin for import duty and tax pu

11、rpose , to compare export and domestic price , and to fix anti-dumping duty3 consular invoice: an exporter must purchase from the importing countrys ambassy or consulate . invoice 4 Legalized invoice: A commercial invoice is legalized or visaed by having it stamped by the importing countrys embassy

12、or consulate. 5 pro forma invoice:it is similar to commercial invoice .but it is issued before a transaction has been concluded. It is used for quotations to customers who sometimes need this document to apply for import licence and foreign exchange.Certificate of origin5 Certificate of origin: this

13、 document can be issued by a goverment agency ,a chamber of commerce . An importing country often asks for such a certificate in order to extend prefential duties to goods from acceptable countries, to apply import controls such as sanction,quotaCertificate of inspection7 Inspection certificate of q

14、uality Inspection certificate of health Inspection certificate of sanitary Inspection certificate of quantityInspection certificate of weightInspection certificate of value8 packing list :It shows the details of a shipment when specifications,quantities,weights or contents of individual units in the

15、 shipment vary . It is used in order to recognize the goods . To ciear the customs, and to check the goods.9 Bill of Lading air waybill waybillrailway BL parcel receipt MTD10 Insurance policyinsurance certificate11 dock receipt12 mates receipt 13 Bill of exchangeConsignment note14 letter of creditFo

16、rce Majeure1 A force majeure event is one that can generally be neither anticipated nor brought under control . Certain natual disasters and social disturbances are considered force majeure. Force majeure clause is mainly a protection for the seller to enable him to avoid his contractual obligations

17、 without paying a compensation or penalty.2 points to remember when it happens (1) Notify the other party as soon as possible (2) supply the certificate issued by an authority. 目前我国国际贸易合同中，订立不可抗力条款有三种： （1）概括式规定。 即在合同中不具体规定不可抗力事故的种类，只用笼统的规定。如由于公认的不可抗力原因而不能履行合同规定的一方可不负有责任。由于规定太笼统，一般不宜采用。 （2）列举式规定。 即合同

18、中列举交易双方认为可以作为不可抗力事故的类型。?quot;战争、洪水、地震等等。由于规定过死，一旦发生超出列举范围的不抗力事故，便要发生争执，故也难以此条款为据。 （3）综合式规定。 这是将概括式和列举式合并在一起的方式。即在列举了双方认同的不可抗力事故的类型的同时，如战争、水灾、地震、暴风雪等后，再加上以及双方当事人所同意的其他意外事故的文句，以便发生合同未列明意外事故时，当事人可以协商处理。这种规定既明确，又有一定灵活性，是一种较好规定的方法。 1 within the delivery period as stipulated in this contract ,whatever it

19、is in the process of making ,shipment or transportation,the seller shall not be held responsible for delay in delivery of goods due to force majeure, such as war,severe disaaters of flood,fire,wind,snow and earthquake.However,the seller shall inform the buyer by cable immediately of the occurrence m

20、entioned above and within 15 days thereafter, shall send by airmail to the buyer for their acceptance a certificate issued by the Chamber of Commerce or the register surveyor of the place where the accident occurs as evidence thereof.Under such circumstance the seller however , are still under the o

21、bligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods ,and advise to the buyers of particulars of measures .the buyer shall have right to agree or cancel this contract according to the circusmance .In case the accident lasts for more than 10 weeks, the buyer shall have the rig

22、ht to cancel this contract.案例4：广州伞厂与意大利客户签订了雨伞出口合同。买方开来的信用证规定，8月份装运交货，不料7月初，该伞厂仓库失火，成品、半成品全部烧毁，以致无法交货。请问：卖方可否援引不可抗力条款要求免交货物?案例5：国内某公司于1990年11月2日与伊朗签定了一份进口合同，交易条件为FOB。后因海湾战争爆发，我方接货货轮无法驶抵伊朗，到1991年4月海湾战争结束后，我方方能派船接货，而外商以我方未能按时派船接货为由，要求我方赔偿其仓储费。外商这一要求是否合理?案例6：国内某研究所与日本客户签定一份进口合同，欲引进一精密仪器，合同规定9月份交货。9月15日

23、，日本政府宣布该仪器为高科技产品，禁止出口。该禁令自公布之日起15日后生效。日商来电以不可抗力为由要求解除合同。日商的要求是否合理?我方应如何妥善处理?arbitration1 negotiation, conciliation,arbitration and litigation 2 (1)提出仲裁申请 （arbitration application） 这是仲裁程序开始的首要手续。各国法律对申请书的规定不一致。在我国，中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁规定规定：当事人一方申请仲裁时，应向该委员会提交包括下列内容的签名申请书： (2) 组织仲裁庭 根据我国仲裁规则定，申诉人和被申诉人各自在仲裁委

24、员会仲裁员名册中指一名仲裁员，并由仲裁委员会主席指定一名仲裁员为首仲裁员，共同组成仲裁庭审理案件；双方当事人亦可在仲裁委员名册共同旨定或委托仲裁委员会主席指定一名仲裁员为独任仲裁员，成立仲裁庭，单独审理案件。 3、审理案件 仲裁庭审理案件的形式有两种：一、是不开庭审理，这种审理一般是经当事人申请，或由仲裁庭征得双方当事人同意，只依据书面文件进行审理并做出裁决；二、是开庭审理，这种审理按照仲裁规则的规定，采取不公开审理，如果双立事人要求公开进行审理时，由仲裁庭做出决定。 4、作出裁决裁决是仲裁程序的最后一个环节。裁决作出后，审理案件的程序即告终结，因而这种裁决被称为最终裁决。根据我国仲裁规则，最

25、终裁决外，仲裁庭认为有必要或接受当事人之提议，在仲裁过程中，可就案件的任何问题作出中间裁决或者部分裁决。中间裁决是指对审理清楚的争议所做的暂时性裁决，以利对案件的进一步审理；部分裁决是指仲裁庭对整个争议中的一些问题已经审理清楚，而先行作出的部分终局性裁决。这种裁决是构成最终裁决的组部分。仲裁裁决必须于案件审理终结之日起45天内以书面形式做出，仲裁裁决除由于调解达成和解而作出的裁决书外，应说明裁决所依据的理由，并写明裁决是终局的和作出裁决书的日期地点，以及仲裁决员的署名等。 当事人对于仲裁裁决书，应依照其中所规定的时间自动履行，裁决书未规定期限的，应立即履行。一方当事人不履行的，另一方当事可以根

26、据中国法律的规定，向中国法院申请执行，或根据有关国际公约、或中国缔结或参加的其它国际条约的规定办理。 Arbitration clauseAll disputes in connection with the contract or the execution thereof shall be settled through friendly negotiation.In case no settlement can be reached through negotiation.the case should then be submitted for arbitrarion to the F

27、oreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade ,Shanghai, in accordance with the “Provisional Rules or procedures of the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade “The arbitration shall take p

28、lace in Shanghai and the decision rendered by the said commission shall be final and binding upon the parties ,neither parties shall seek recourse to a law court or other authorities for revising the decision .The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing part. Arbitration: All disputes in connec

29、tion with the Contract or the execution thereof shall be settled through friendly negotiations. In case no settlement can be reached through negotiations, the case should then be submitted for arbitration to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of Internati

30、onal Trade Shanghai, in accordance with the “Provisional Rules or Procedure of the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade”. The arbitration shall take place in Shanghai and the decision rendered by the said Commission shall be final and bin

31、ding upon both parties. 仲裁： 对合同或其执行中所产生的争议应该通过友好的协商解决。如果经协商无法解决，该项争议应递交中国对外贸易促进委员会上海分会的外贸仲裁委员会，根据中国对外贸易促进委员会的外贸仲裁委员会的规定或程序进行仲裁。仲裁在上海进行，仲裁委员会的决定是终结性的，并对双方都有约束力Inspection u对卖方所交货物的质量、数量和包装进行检验，以确定是否符合合同规定u对装运技术条件和在装运过程中发生的残损、短缺、进行检验或鉴定，以明确事故起因和责任归属u根据法律法规对货物进行强制性检验或检疫The place and time of inspectionTr

32、ade terms,commodity,packing,laws and regulations must be observed.when EXW is used,it is clear that the commodity should be inspected at the factory and warehouse where the delivery is made.If DDU or DDP are used,the inspection should be conducted at the named place in the country of importation where the goods are made available to the buyerHowever,for some terms such as FOB,CFR or CIF ,it could be difficult or impossible to carry out the inspection right at the place of delivery of the commodity and types of packaging when