国际贸易实务英语delivery

1、Modes of TransportTransport DocumentsTerms of Transportunit 7 Delivery of GoodsIntroductionThe delivery of goods, in international trade, is one the most important steps. This is because in international trade where an exporter and an importer are always far apart, the goods under the contract have

2、to go a long distance and sometimes change several carriers in transit before they reach the importer. In an international business, it is one of the basic tasks for the exporter to deliver the goods to the buyer or carrier or agreed conveyance after the contract has been singed according to the sti

3、pulated time, place, and transport methods in the contract.The delivery of the goods means that the seller delivers the contract goods at the agreed time, place and in the agreed manners to the buyer. In international sales of goods, the delivery also means to transfer the necessary documents at the

4、 stipulated time to the buyer.As to the methods of delivery in international practice, there are many methods to deliver the goods purchased, such as ocean transport, railway transport, air transport, river and lakes transport, postal transport, road transport, pipelines transport, land bridge trans

5、port and international multimode transport and so on. The buyer and seller can decide which methods will be the best for the goods to be transported according the goods characteristics, quantity, transit journey, value, time, the natural conditions and so on. Section One Methods of the Delivery （一）（

6、一）Modes of TransportModes of Transport Sea Land Air Charter Liner Railway, train Roadway, truck Airline Ups, Fedex, DHL,EMS Postal Parcel TransportCombined TransportOCP Transport: Overland common pointLand Bridge Transport Ocean freight is the most widely used form of transportation in international

7、 trade as well as the most efficient form in terms of energy. It still has the attraction of being a cheap modes of transport for delivering large quantities of goods over long distance. Before a shipment is made, the exporter has to consider many different factors influencing his transport consider

8、ations such as cost, safety, speed and convenience. 1 Ocean Transport1) Shipping by CharteringIt is also called tramp. A shipping by chartering is a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or fixed schedule of sailing. It is first in one trade and then in another, always seeking those por

9、ts where there is a demand at the moment for shipping space. The shipper charters the ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods. It falls into 3 kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter. (1). Voyage charter 定程租船 (2). Time Charter 定期租船 (3). Demise charter 光船租船 (4). Charter

10、 party 租船合同 海运船舶的经营方式租船TRAMP：没有预定的船期表，船舶航线和停靠港口不固定。船舶的航线、运输货物种类、航行时间、运费或租金由船货双方在租船合同中议定。适用于大宗货物如粮食、油料、矿物、化工等运输。定程租船VOYAGE CHARTER：船舶所有人提供船只，在指定港口间进行一个或数个航次，承运指定货物的租船运输。单程租船来回航次租船连续航次租船包运租船定期租船TIME CHARTER：船舶所有人将船舶出租给承租人，供其使用一定时期的租船运输。承租人可将定期租船作为班轮或定程租船使用。光船租赁BAREBOAT CHARTER：船舶所有人将船舶（空船）租给承租人使用一段时间，

11、而不提供船员和船舶的营运。航次期租TIME CHARTER ON TRIP BASISTCT：以完成一个航次运输为目的，按完成航次所花的时间，按约定的租金率计算租金。海运船舶的经营方式租船影响定程租船运费的因素租船市场运费水平；承运货物的价格和装卸货物所需设备和劳动力；运费的支付时间；装卸费的负担方法；港口费用高低；船舶经纪人的佣金高低等。定程租船的装卸费由承租人和船东协商船方负担装船和卸货费用/gross terms/liner terms船方管装不管卸/free out/FO船方管卸不管装/free in/FI船方不管装卸/free in & out/FIO，适用于散货租船合同Un

12、iform General Charter ContractGENCON：称“金康”，为波罗地海船舶所有人公会制定，用于定程租船Uniform Time Charter ContractBAL Time：由波罗地海航运公会制定，适用于定期租船China National Chartering Corporation Time ContractSino TimeN. Y. Product Exchange Time CharterM租船的注意事项：M不能租赁在政治、外交上与我国有矛盾、贸易上与我国无来往的国家的船M不宜租赁二船东onward carrier，或只有一条船的小船东的船M不宜租赁船龄

13、在15年或15年以上的船，及耗油量大、无自动舱盖、无电动绞车的船租船市场租船市场是进行租船交易的场所，船东、租船人、租船经纪人构成了这个市场。租船经纪人/租船代理，其主要业务是按委托人（船东或租船人）的要求，为委托人寻找货运对象或合适的运输传播，收取佣金。中国租船公司是中国最大的租船代理。国际上最大的租船市场是伦敦租船市场，成交量占全球的30%。纽约租船市场以油轮为主，排名第二。北欧市场分布在奥斯陆、汉堡和斯德哥尔摩，主要经营专业化的高质量船舶如冷藏船、滚上滚下船、液化石油气船等。(1). Voyage charter The voyage charter is one for the car

14、riage of goods from one specified port to another, or for a round trip. It includes single voyage charter, return voyage charter and successive voyage charter. According to the route stipulated in the charter party, the ship-owner is responsible for delivering the goods to the port of destination an

15、d for managing the ship as well as bearing all expenses. Under a voyage charter, payment by the charterer is usually based on an agreed rate per ton for a “full and complete cargo”. Should he fail to provide sufficient cargo to fill the ship he is liable for what is termed dead freight, a prorate pa

16、yment for the space not used. A voyage charter also stipulates the number of days known as lay days, for loading and unloading. Should these be accessed, the charter is liable for a demurrage charge for each day in excess, and conversely is entitled to dispatch money for each day not taken up. The l

17、iability of the shippowner is to provide a ship that is seaworthy and to avoid unjustifiable deviation en route.定程租船合同的主要内容货物种类、重量、包装的明确规定对承租人是否拥有货物的选择权数量需规定机动幅度船舶的满载量，没装满要付空舱费dead freight；若装不下，要向承租人赔偿港口明确装运港对于贸易合同中有2个以上装货港或卸货港的，租船合同中应作相应规定，并给承租人以港口选择权定程租船合同的主要内容船期受载期lay days：船舶最早可以抵达和最迟必须抵达装运港的候装期限

18、（一般2-3周）运费：规定运费率或整船包干支付方式：预付启运港付：按惯例，不论船货灭失，概不退还到付目的港付：船方有留置权lien on cargo按比例预付/到付定程租船合同的主要内容装卸起讫时间起：以船方递交准备装船或卸货通知书下一个工作日上午起算讫：最后一件货物装/卸完滞期费demurrage：规定的装卸期限内，租船人未完成装卸作业，给船方造成的经济损失，租船人对超过的时间应向船方支付的罚金；p136速遣费dispatch money：在规定的装卸期限内，租船人提前完成装卸作业，使船方节省了船舶在港的开支，船方向其支付一定奖金。速遣费常为滞期费的一半。(2). Time Charter

19、The charterer charters the ship for a period of time during which the ship is deployed and managed by the charterer. What concerns the charterer most is the period, not the voyage. The chartering may be for a period of 1 year or of several years. During the period of chartering, the ship is managed,

20、 deployed and used by the charterer. A series of work, such as loading, unloading, stowing and trimming and the so caused fuel expenses, port expenses, loading and unloading expenses, etc., should be borne by the charterer. The ship-owner should bear the wages and board expenses of the crew, and be

21、responsible for seaworthiness during the period of chartering and the so-caused expenses and the vessel insurance premium. (2). Time Charter定期租船合同的主要内容船舶：船舶的技术指标、性能应在合同中规定，如船级、船主、船名、船旗、船会、总吨、载货吨、载重、载货容积、耗油量、航速等使用限制货物限制：船东限制租船不得装易燃、易爆、活牲畜等航行区域限制：冰山区，敌对国定期租船合同的主要内容租期：由船、租方商定，有伸缩性，如半年 15天船舶交接：交船、还船的时间、

22、地点租金：按期支付，到期不付，船主有权解除合同船方出现失误，并导致营业出现中断24小时以上，承租人有权停止租金，若租金已付，可按比例扣除转船：一般在合同中规定“可以转船”(3). Demise charter Demise charter, is also called bare-boat charter, the charterer takes a lease of the entire ship for an agreed time. So demise charter belongs to time charter, but there are some differences: as

23、to time charter, during the period of chartering, the ship-owner provides the charterer with a crew, while as to bare-boat charter, the ship-owner only provides the charterer with a bare-boat, the charterer shall employ the crew and pay the crews wages and provisions, ships maintenance and stores et

24、c. by himself, apart from those expenses he is responsible for under the time charter. (4). Charter party The charter party is a contract concluded between the ship-owner and the charterer when the latter charters the ship or booking shipping space from the former. It stipulates the rights and oblig

25、ations of the two parties. The main terms on the charter party include the interested parties, name and flag of the ship, description and quantity of the shipments, time of chartering, freight, loading and unloading expenses, time limit of loading and unloading, demurrage and dispatch money. 2) Line

26、r A liner is a vessel with regular sailing and arrival on a stated schedule between a group of specific ports. The main features of liners usually include: a. The liner has a regular line, port, timetable and comparatively fixed freight，which is the basic features of liners b. The ship-owner usually

27、 leases part of shipping space instead of the whole ship. c. The carrier is responsible for loading and unloading operations, i.e., Gross Terms. d. The B/L drawn by the shipping company is the shipping contract between the carrier and the consignor. The rights and obligations of the carrier and the

28、consignor are based on the B/L drawn by the shipping company. Freight is the remuneration payable to the carrier for the carriage of goods. The freight paid for the carriage by a liner differs in the way of calculating from that paid under a charter party. Freight = Fb + SFb-Basic freightS-surcharge

29、 3) Freight of liners海运船舶的经营方式班轮班轮运输的特点船期表经常分送客货以招揽货载，并在专业报纸或刊物上登载船期表承运人以公共承运人身份揽货，其服务对象为大众托运人。运费表对外公开，受政府监管与认可，不得随意变更。各航线多有航运公会的组织，船公司可加入公会成为会员，接受公会所订运价及货运规则，也可不参加。为便于管理船舶、控制船期、承揽货载，有一定的规模和组织，并在固定航线的港口设立分支机构或委托长期性的代理行，有的甚至有专用码头及仓库等。班轮运输的特点“一负责”运送责任区间为from tackle to tackle，货柜运输时是from terminal to ter

30、minal，船方管装卸、理货、丈量等，故运费中包含装卸费。船货双方的权利、义务和责任以船公司签发的提单条款为准。班轮承运货物的品种、数量灵活（只要有舱位，就可运输），运输质量较好，一般在码头仓库交接货物，货主较便利。“四定”:船期表、航线、港口、费率托运人可直接向承运人洽运，也可通过货运代理接洽托运。海运船舶的经营方式班轮班轮的运费：按照班轮运价表计收。不同船公司或班轮公会的运价表不同。货方运价表：由常年有较大运输量的货主决定；双边协商：OPEN海运船舶的经营方式班轮运费的计收标准：1 重量吨 Weight Ton “W”2 尺码吨 Measurement Ton “M”3 毛重或体积 “W/

31、M”4 从价 “A.V.” or “Ad. Val”FOB5 三者选最高 “W/M or ad val.”6 二者选最高加从价 “W/M plus ad val.”7 按件 per head, per unit海运船舶的经营方式班轮附加费用超重附加费extra charges on heavy lifts：货物单件超过5公吨超长附加费extra charges on over lengths：货物单件超过9米直航附加费extra charges on direct：停泊于非基本港，运量达到或超过1000运费吨燃油附加费：BAF，占总成本15%选卸附加费extra charges on opti

32、onal discharging port：转船附加费transhipment additional：港口附加费port additional：变更目的港附加费：货币贬值附加费：海运船舶的经营方式班轮班轮运价表的结构说明及规定商品表单项费率等级费率航线费率表附加费率表冷藏货或活牲畜费率表班轮运费的计算先根据货物的英文名称在货物分级表中查出该货物属于什么等级和按什么计费标准根据货物等级和计费标准，在航线费率表中查出货物的基本运费费率查出货物本身所经航线和港口的有关附加费货物的基本费率和附加费率之和是货物每一运费吨的单价以该货物的计费重量吨或尺码吨乘以单价，即得出运费总量。 liner ship

33、businessship charter demise charter marine transportation business v o y a g e chartertime chartercharacteristics and functionsobligations of consignment liner consortia characteristics of ship leasing ways of ship charteringcharter party Railway is capable of attaining relatively high speeds with l

34、arge quantities and is , safe, at low cost, punctual, rather economical and less influence by weather. Railway transport falls into 4 kinds: a. Railway transport at home; b. Railway transport to H.K. and Macao; c. International railway transport between two countries; d. International railway the ro

35、ugh transport.2 Railway Transport铁路运输铁路运输的特点不受气候的影响风险相对小速度较快分类：国内铁路运输进出口货物：出口货物经铁路运至装运港，进口货物经铁路运至各地港澳地区：两票运输国内段运输和港段运输：中外运承运国际联运国际货约：主要西方国家国际货协：前社会主义国家3 Air TransportThe air transport can be divided into the following kinds: a. Scheduled airliner班机运输 b. Charted carrier包机运输 c. Consolidation集中托运d. Air

36、 express急件运送 Airway Bill Airway Bill has the following features: a. It is a transport contract signed between the consignor/shipper and the carrier/ airline. b. It is a receipt from the airline acknowledging the receipt of the consignment from the shipper. c. The air waybill is an internationally st

37、andardized document mostly printed in English and in the official language of the country of departure, which facilitates the on-carriage of goods going through 2 to 3 airlines in different countries to the final destination. 航空运输航空运输的种类班机在固定时间、固定航线、固定始发站和目的站运输的飞机，包括客货混合飞机和全货航班，适用于运输急需物品、鲜活商品等。包机包租整

38、架飞机或联合包租飞机进行货物运输，又分整包机和部分包机。集中托运航空货运公司把若干单独发运的货物（各自出具航空运单）组成一批货物，用一份总运单整批发运到预定地点，由航空公司在目的地的代理人收货、报关、分拨后交实际收货人。快件国际航空运输中最快捷的方式，由专门机构经营。航空运输的承运人航空运输公司实际承运人，办理从启运机场至到达机场的全程运输航空货运代理公司：作为货代负责办理航空货运的订舱，交接货和报关等；作为航空公司的货代办理接货并以航空公司承运人身份签发航空运单。航空运输的运费：包括从启运机场到目的机场的运价，不包括其他额外费用。一般按重量（公斤）或体积重量（6000立方厘米折合1公斤），从

39、高不从低。客运货物按一般货物、特种货物和货物的等级规定运价。 According to international trade practice, the seller fulfils the duty of delivery only if he delivers the parcel to the post office, pays off the postage, and gets the receipt. The post office is responsible for the delivery of the goods to the destination, and the co

40、nsignee goes to the post office for picking up his goods. Postal transport falls into 2 kinds: a. Regular mail; b. Air mail.4 Postal Transport 5 International Combined Transport/International Multimodal Transport International combined transport means the conveyance of cargo includes at least two mo

41、des of transport by which the goods are carried from the place of dispatch to that of destination on the basis of combined transport or a multimodal transport contract. Under this method, the container is used as an inter-medium and make up of an international multimodal and joint transport mode by

42、sea, air and land. 国际多式联运International Multimodal/Combined/Intermodal Transport国际多式联运在集装箱运输的基础上产生和发展起来的综合性连贯运输方式，一般是以集装箱为媒介，把海陆空各种传统的单一运输方式有机结合起来，组成一种国际间的连贯运输联合国国际货物多式联运公约定义：“国际多式联运是指按照多式联运合同，以至少两种不同的运输方式，由多式联运经营人把货物从一国境内接运货物的地点运至另一国境内指定交付货物的地点”须有一个多式联运合同，约定经营人和托运人间的权利、义务、责任和豁免须是国际间两种或两种以上不同运输方式的连贯运

43、输须使用一份包括全程的多式联运单据，并由多式联运经营人对全程负责国际货运全程单一运费率。多式联运经营人multimodal transport operator本人或通过其代表订立多式联运合同的任何人，他是事主而非发货人的代理或代表或参加多式联运的承运人的代理人或代表，并负有履行合同的责任，可以是实际承运人（办理全程或部分运输业务），也可是无船承运人（non-vessel operation common carrier/NVOCC），即将全程运输交由各段实际承运人来执行。 The use of container provides a highly efficient form for tr

44、ansport by ship, by road, by rail and by air, though its fullest benefits are felt in shipping, where costs may be reduced by as much as one half. Therefore, nowadays, it it has become very convenient and modern transport methods in international practice. Containers are constructed of metal and of

45、standard lengths, mostly ranging from ten to forty feet. 6 Container Transport 集装箱运输container transport集装箱的规格：ISO推荐三个系列13种规格的货柜，主要使用20尺和40尺；还分为干货、罐式、冷藏、框架、平台、通风、牲畜、散装、挂式货柜等。TEUtwentyfoot equivalent unit集装箱运输货物的交接Full Container Load/FCL整箱货Container Yard/CY集装箱堆场Less Than Container Load/LCL拼箱货/零担Contai

46、ner Freight Station/CFS集装箱货场CY-CY,CY-CFS, CFS-CFS, CFS-CY and Door-to-door集装箱运费：由船舶运费和有关杂费组成，包括内陆或装运港市内运费、拼箱服务费、堆场服务费、海运费、集装箱及设备使用费等。两种计费方法：传统的件杂货运费率加附加费；集装箱包箱费率。最低运费规定：起码运费Land bridge transport is a mode of transport that connects the ocean transport on the two sides of the land by the railway and

47、land which runs across the continent, i.e., ship-train-ship. Land bridge transport uses the container as a medium, so it has all advantages of container transport.7 Land Bridge Transport There are 3 main land bridges in the world:a. American land bridge;b. Siberian land bridge.c. The New European- A

48、sia land bridge. 大陆桥运输land bridge transport交付条件：货物交接美国OCP条款Overland Common Points，凡使用美国西海岸航运公司船舶，经西海岸港口，转往美国内陆地区（以洛基山为界的东部2/3区域）的货物可比一般直达西海岸港口享受较低的海运和内陆运输优惠费率。做法上，要在合同和信用证的目的港上加注OCP字样。优点有：对卖方：货物卖断西海岸，无需承担其他责任、风险对买方：买方享有转运内陆的运费率3-5%，低于当地铁路运输的费用8 Pipelines transport Pipelines are used for transporting

49、 commodities, such as crude oil and gases etc., long distances over land and under the sea. Rising fuel costs make pipelines an attractive economic alternative to other forms of transport in certain circumstances. Safety in transferring flammable commodities is another important consideration. Secti

50、on Two Shipping Documents International trade attaches so great importance to shipping documents that, to a certain degree, it can be called trade of documents, or “symbolic” trade. This is because shipping documents represent the title to the goods. For example, under letter of credit, the buyer ca

51、nnot take the delivery of the goods until he obtains the shipping documents; on the other hand, only if the seller releases the shipping documents can he receive the payment. What documents to be used and how to carefully and accurately complete them deserve our adequate attention. Generally, commer

52、cial invoice, bill of lading, insurance policy or certificate, packing list, and weight memo etc, are called shipping documents. In addition, other documents required by the buyers and related to the matter of duty to be paid on the imported goods, sometimes, are also included in shipping documents,

53、 they are the pro forma invoice, consular invoice, certificate of origin, certificate of value, certificate of inspection. Variety of documents (Leading)Bill of exchange InvoiceBill of ladingInsurance policy装运条款贸易合同与海运合同的关系两个合同相互独立贸易合同是买卖双方达成的海运合同是船、货双方达成的贸易合同内容决定海运合同装运条款装运时间装运期，卖方将合同规定的货物装上运输工具或交给承

54、运人的期限。是买卖合同中的要件。“交货时间time of delivery”vs. “装运时间time of shipment”在象征性交货合同中二者相同在D组术语成交的合同中，二者不同装运时间包括：“装船loading on board vessel”、 “发运dispatch”、“收妥待运accepted for carriage”、“邮局收据日期date of post receipt”、“收货日期date of pick-up”、“接受监管taking in charge”等装运条款装运时间的规定规定明确、具体的装运时间：shipment during Jan. to March or

55、 shipment at or before the end of Oct.规定收到信用证后若干天装运：shipment within 30 days after receipt of L/C，但为了防止买方拖延开证，可加订the relevant L/C must reach the seller not later than 规定近期装运，但国际上没有统一解释，易造成争议，少用：immediate/prompt shipment or shipment ASAP1 The time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the

56、seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place by the agreed methods. There are the following ways to stipulate the time of delivery in the contract. (1) Stipulate the definite time of delivery -Stipulate a fixed time (2) Stipulate a period of fixed time, the seller can arrange ship

57、ment during whichever date (3). Stipulate shipment within days after receipt of the letter of credit(4). Stipulate the goods shall be shipped in the near future,Section Three Terms of Transportation 装运条款中注意的问题与海运合同的衔接（B/L的签发日期必须在贸易合同规定的装运期内）贸易合同中的装运期，在海运合同中为班轮开航挂靠时间（船期表）要与贸易合同中装运期一致。租船的船期与装期（船期lay d

58、ays租船最早到港和最迟离港的时间段）船期装期不能晚于装运期船期：可在装运期的前后，但不早于货物已装船完毕而装运期未到；不晚于装运期已临近期限而使迅速装船无法在期内完成并取得B/L装期：下限须在装运期内注意货物的季节性、商品的性质注意交货港、目的港的季节因素2 Place of shipment & UnloadingPort of ShipmentGuangzhou Shanghai/Xiamen/Dalian Guangdong Port(s) China Port(s)Port of DestinationLondonEMP装运港和目的港规定装运港/启运地原则：一般由卖方提出，经

59、买方同意后确定方法一般情况下，规定一个装运港和启运地规定几个装运港和启运地作笼统规定，在装运或发货前由卖方选定后通知买方注意点：出口：以接近货源地港口为主运输条件、运费水平考虑港口条件进口FOB合同：考虑港口水深、装卸条件、费用等因素若规定两个以上装运港，合同应规定卖方通知选定装运港的期限不接受诸如“欧洲主要港口”“美国主要港口”等条款装运港和目的港规定目的港/目的地的方法原则：由买方提出，经卖方同意后确定方法：只规定一个目的地（港）规定两个或以上目的地（港），在合同中规定装运期前天由买方选定后通知卖方装运港和目的港注意点：出口时不接受以我国政府不允许进行贸易的国家或地区港口或地方为目的地规定

60、目的地须明确具体，一般不使用“欧洲主要港口”等若须规定贸易直达船或有直达船但航次很少的港口为目的港时，应在合同中规定“可以转船”选定的目的港须是船舶可以安全停泊的除非通过联合运输且联运承运人能够接受全程运输，一般不接受内陆城市为目的港对进口中间商，为了方便其卖路货，可根据其要求采用“选择港”但选择港一般不要超过三个被选港口须是用同一航线且一般班轮公司船只能挂靠在核算出口价和运费时，应按备选港口中最高的运费和附加费计价进口时，选择接近用货单位或消费地区的港口大宗货物进口，采用CIF或CFR术语的，最好争取规定几个选择港装运港和目的港与海运合同的衔接班轮的挂靠港口port of call在海运合同中须选择贸易合同中在装