机械专业英语

1、机械专业英语机械专业英语学习要求 1、了解科技英语的表达方式和方法,能够阅读和翻译较简单的本专业相关的科技文章。 2、了解英语科技文章的结构，掌握与本专业有关的英语词汇和专业术语。 3、在学习专业英语的同时，掌握获取外文专业资料及阅读能力。Part 1 Materials & Hot workingLesson 4 Metals Lesson 6 Plastics and Other MaterialsLesson 9 CastingLesson 11 ForgingLesson 4 Metals Vocabulary：1. toughness n. 韧性 2.corrosion n.

2、腐蚀3.dump v. 倾倒，堆放 4.recycle n. 铁5. copper n. 铜6.aluminium n.铝7. bronze 青铜8. alloy 合金9. wear 磨损10. metallic 金属的11. specification 操作规程，技术说明Vocabulary：12. extract 提炼13. iron 铁14.carbon n.碳15.ferrous a. 铁的；二价铁的 ferrous metals 黑色金属16.nonferrous metals 有色金属17.lead n.铅18.zinc n.锌19.tin n.锡20.ore n.矿；矿砂21.i

3、mpurity n.杂质；不纯22.mineral a. 矿物的翻译技巧1翻译标准与过程翻译标准准确明白通顺严密简练全面翻译过程理解阶段表达阶段校核阶段Metals and Ferrous Metals Metals are divided into two general types-ferrous and nonferrous. Ferrous metals are those which contain iron. Nonferrous metals are those which do not contain iron. However, some nonferrous metals

4、may contain a small amount of iron as an impurity. Steel and cast iron are the most common ferrous metals in general use. Steel is an alloy containing chiefly iron, carbon, and certain other elements in varying amounts. A wide range of physical properties may be obtained in steel by controlling the

5、amount of carbon and other alloying elements and by subjecting the steel to various heat treatments. Plain carbon steel usually contain, besides iron and carbon, small amounts of silicon, sulphur, phosphorus（磷）, and manganese（锰）. Alloy steels are formed by the addition of one or more of the followin

6、g elements: nickel（镍）, chromium（铬）, molybdenum（钼）, vanadium（钒）, tungsten（钨）, manganese, silicon, and small amounts of other alloying elements. Low-carbon steels are usually used for low-strength parts requiring a great deal of forming. Medium-carbon steels are used for forgings and other application

7、s where increased strength and a certain amount of ductility are necessary. High-carbon steels are used for high-strength parts such as springs, tools, and dies. The following list is a classification of ferrous materials according to the carbon content. Ferrous Material Carbon Content Low-carbon st

8、eel 0.04 to 0.30% Medium-carbon steel 0.30 to 0.60% High-carbon steel 0.60 to 1.70%Lesson 6 Plastics and Other MaterialsVocabulary：1.preferable a. 更可取的2.traditional a. 传统的；惯例的3.corrode vt. 腐蚀4.inorganic a. 无机的；inorganic acid 无机酸5.sulphuric a. 硫的 sulphuric acid 硫酸6. hydrochloric a. 盐酸的；氯化氢的；hydrochlo

9、ric acid 盐酸7.deform v. （使）变形8.solvent a. 溶解的；溶剂的9.tetrachloride n. 四氯化物10. rigid a. 刚性的Vocabulary：11. decoration n. 装饰；装布景12. fabricate vt. 制造，生产13. injection moulding 注射模塑法14. blow moulding 吹塑法15. compression moulding 压型法16. extrusion n.挤压17. vacuum forming 真空成型18. power metallurgy 粉末冶金19. constitu

10、ent 组成，组元20. simultaneously 同时21. subsequently 随后22. coherent 协调一致的23. fusion 熔化24. crystalline 结晶25. sinter 烧结翻译技巧2词义选择法1.根据学科、专业选择词义 “carrier” 词义：“搬运工”（交通）“支架”（机械）“母舰”（军事）“载体”（化学）2.根据上下文选择词义 “article” 词义：文章；本文“器件”； develop：In order to develop our electronic industry, we must lay stress on the deve

11、lopment and production of ICs.3.根据搭配习惯选择词义 large: large loads (重载）；a large pressure(高电压） a large current(强电流）General Properties of Nonmetallic Materials Nonmetallic materials have varied properties, and few characteristics are applicable to all of them. Two that are most universal are low electrical

12、 and heat conductivity. With the exception of carbon, nonmetallic materials, when dry, are nonconductors. Nonmetallic materials are usually less tough and less strong than metals, except that the inorganic materials normally have very high compressive strengths. The inorganic materials also have sup

13、erior high-temperature properties. Resistance to corrosion is a common property with many nonmetallics. Ease of fabrication is a property shared by polymers, wood, and some other organic materials. Lesson 9 CastingVocabulary：1.casting 铸造2.diecasting 模铸3.foundry 铸造4.pour 浇注5.suitability 适应性6.pig iron

14、 生铁7.cupola 化铁炉8.erosion腐蚀9.ladle 铁水包Vocabulary：10 graphite 石墨11. solidify 使凝固12. disjoin 拆散，分开13. ingot （钢）锭14. destructive 破坏性的15.retard 使延缓，推迟16. solvent 溶剂17. copper-base alloy 铜基合金翻译技巧3词义引申法1、技术性引申 Casting is the introduction of molten metal into a cavity(型腔） or mold.2、修饰性引申This machine is simp

15、le in design(结构), yet it is efficient in operation.3、具体化引申The major contributors(作用) in component technology have been in the semiconductor.4、抽象化引申VLSI is still in its infancy(发展初期）. Definition of Casting Casting is the introduction of molten metal into a cavity or mold where, upon solidification, i

16、t becomes an object whose shape is determined by mold configuration. Casting offers several advantages over other method of metal forming: it is adaptable to intricate shapes, to extremely large pieces, and to mass production; it can provide parts with uniform physical and mechanical properties thro

17、ugh out and , depending on the particular material being cast, the design of the part, and the quantity being produced, its economic advantages can surpass other processes.Lesson 11 ForgingVocabulary：1.press 压力机；压锻2.forging 锻造，锻造的3.closed impression dies 封闭式型腔模具4.stroke 冲程 冲击5.ram 锤头；冲头6.dies 模具，模子7

18、.cavity 腔；中空8.block 坯料；毛坯9.drop forging 落锤锻10. roughly 粗糙地；大体上Vocabulary： 11. desire 愿望；要求12. shape 形状；模形13. exact 精确的；强制要求14. the finished piece 成品15. drawing the dies together 使两模合拢16. forced to take this form 压力成形17. brass 黄铜；黄铜制品18. hydraulic 液压的；液压传动装置19. instead of 代替着；而不是20. draft 牵引力21. comp

19、licate 使复杂化22. extrude 挤压，模压23. impact 碰撞；冲击Vocabulary：24. hammer 落锤，锤头25. symmetrical 对称的26. irregular 不规则的27. sizing operations 精锻工艺28. indicate 指示；显示29. by a press goes deeper 深度持续施压30. can take 能处理（拿下）31. rolling 压光，扎制32. the final forging 终锻；精锻33. overheat 过热34. judge 判断35. furnace （熔，炼，高）炉36.

20、pyrometer 高温计Forging Processes Metal flow during the forging process normally falls into two categories:upsetting and extrusion. Upsetting occurs when the metal is compressed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the workpiece. This action enables the metal to flow freely in one direction as in open-

21、die forging, or it can be restrained as in impression-die forging. Extrusion occurs when the metal is compressed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the workpiece and allowed to flow through an orifice(孔) in the die cavity. 锻造工艺中，金属流动通常分为两类：镦粗和挤压。当金属沿平行于工件纵轴线方向被压缩时是镦粗。这一行为使金属能沿一个方向自由流动如开式模锻，或者方向被限制

22、如模膛模锻。当金属沿平行于工件纵轴线被压缩且允许沿模腔的孔流动时是挤压。 自主学习安排翻译 Lesson 12 下次上课上交预习 Lesson 15 and Lesson 18 Lesson 15 Introduction of Mechanismmechanism kinematic kinematic chainlinkdefiniteconstrainedunconstrainedlinkagejointpinrevoluteprismaticnonlinearfour-bar-linkageprime movercouplerpivotconfigurationinversionsli

23、der-crank mechanismmultiloopsketchskeleton diagramenvisionbinaryternaryternary linksquaternaryquaternary linkscamcan followersgearsprocketbeltpulleysphericalhelicalthree-dimensionalintuitivelysynthesiskinematicianinnate1.A kinematic chain is a system of links, that is , rigid bodies, which are eithe

24、r jointed together or are in contact with one another in a manner that permits them to move relative to one another. 运动链是一个构件系统装置，即若干刚体，它们或者互相铰接或者互相接触，方式上是允许它们彼此间产生相对运动。2.A mechanism or linkage is a constrained kinematic chain,and is a mechanical device that has the purpose of transferring motion an

25、d /or force from a source to an output. 机构或连杆构件是一个可约束的传动链而且是一个从输入到输出以传递运动或力为目的的机械装置。 3. The simplest closed-loop linkage is the four-bar linkage, which has three moving links(plus one fixed link) and four pin joints. 最简单的封闭式的连杆机构就是四杆机构，四杆机构有三个运动构件（加一个固定构件）并且有四个销轴。四杆构件4.The link that is connected to

26、the power source or prime mover and has one moving pivot and one ground pivot is called the input link. 连接动力源或第一动件并且具有一个移动铰和一个固定铰的构件叫做输入构件。5.The slider-crank(or crank and slider) mechanism is a four-bar chain with a slider replacing an infinitely long output link. 曲柄滑块（即曲柄和滑块）机构是一个以一个滑块替换一个无限长的输出件的四

27、杆机构.6.The skeleton diagram serves a purpose similar to that of the electrical schematic or circuit diagram in that it displays only the essential skeleton of the mechanism, which, however, embodies the key dimensions that affect its motion. 示意图用于电路图解类似的目的，即仅仅表示机构本质的意图，然而，它要体现影响其运动的关键的尺寸。7.By degree

28、of freedom we mean the number of independent inputs required to determine the position of all links of the mechanism with respect to ground. 依据自由度，我们可以预定需要的独立输入的数目，以确定所有构件相对于地面的位置，7. In kinematic analysis, a particular given mechanism is investigated based on the mechanism geometry plus possibly oth

29、er known characteristics(such as input angular velocity, angular acceleration, etc) 在运动分析中，根据机构的几何形状加上可能知道的其他特性（如输入角速度，角加速度等）来研究确定一个具体的机构。8. The ability to visualize relative motion, to reason why a mechanism is designed the way it is, and the ability to impove on a particular design are marks of a

30、successful kinematician. 想象相对运动的能力，能推想出之所以这样设计一个机构的原因和对一个具体设计进行改进的能力是一个成功机构学家的标志。Four-bar mechanism When one of the members of a constrained linkage is fixed, the linkage becomes a mechanism capable of performing a useful mechanical function in a mechine. On pin-connected to the fixed link; the inpu

31、t and output links are usually pivotally connected to the fixed link;the connecting links(couplers) are usually neither inputs nor outputs. Since any of the links can be fixed, if the links are of different lengths, four mechanisms,each with a different input-output relationship, can be obtained wit

32、h a four-bar linkage. These four mechanisms are said to be inversions of the basic linkage. 当受约束的连杆机构的一个构件被固定时，连杆机构就变成机器里一个可能完成某种有用机械功能的机构。在销接的连杆机构上，输入和输出连杆通常铆接在固定连杆上，连接连杆通常即不是输入连杆也不是输出连杆。由于任一连杆都可以固定，如果连杆长度不同，通过一个四连杆机构可以获得4种机构，每种机构都有不同的输入输出关系。这4种机构可以说是基本连杆的转换。Lesson 16 Movement Analysis1、The four-ba

33、r linkage may take form of a so-called crank-rocker or a double-rocker or a double-crack(drag-link) linkage, depending on the range of motion of the two links connected to the ground link. 四杆机构可具有一种被称为曲柄摇杆机构的形式，或者双摇杆机构，或者双曲柄（拉杆）机构，致于称作那一种形式的机构，取决于跟固定构件相连接的两杆的运动范围。Lesson 18 Cams and gearscamgeargroov

34、ematenormal complementcollinearlateralstemguideintermittentdwellinertialengagerackconjugatecycloidalinvolutetolerancespur gearoffsetdisk camtangentconcentriccamshaftpitch curveherringboneintersectparallel helical gearcrossed helical gear wormskew bevelhypoid gearaddendumprojectclearancedidendumtooth

35、 spacebacklash1.In the case of a disk cam with a radial(in-line) translating roller follower the smallest circle that can be drawn tangent to the cam surface and concentric with the camshaft is the base circle. 对于一个对心直动滚子从动件盘形凸轮，可以画出的与凸轮表面相切且与凸轮轴同心的最小圆是基圆。2.A typical example will call for a rise-dwe

36、ll-return and perhaps another dwell period of a specified number of degrees each, together with a required follower displacement measured in centimeters or degrees. 一个典型的例子将要求一个含上升停歇返回和可能的另外一个停歇周期，每阶段经过一个指定的角度，伴随着一个所要求的从动件的位移，这个位移以厘米或度来测量。3. In order to maintain a constant angular velocity,the indiv

37、idual tooth profile must obey the fundamental law of gearing: for a pair of gears to transmit a constant angular velocity ratio, the shape of their contacting profiles must be such that the common normal passes through a fixed point on the line of the centers. 为了保持恒定角速度，各个齿轮齿廓必须服从齿轮啮合的基本规律：对于一对传递恒定角

38、速度比的齿轮，它们接触齿廓的形状必须是这样：公法线经过两齿轮中心连线的固定点。4.The clearance is the amount by which the dedendum (tooth height below the pitch circle) in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its mating gear. 间隙是一个给定齿的齿根高（节圆以下的齿高）大于与其相啮合齿轮的齿顶高的差值。Gears Gears are direct-contact bodies,operating in pairs, that transmit moti

39、on and force from one rotating shaft to another, or from a shaft to a slide (rack), by means of successively engaging projections called teeth. There are four main types of gears: spur, helical,worm,and bevel. 齿轮是直接接触的物体，成对工作。它利用被称为齿的渐进啮合的突出物将运动和力从一个旋转轴传递到另一个，或从旋转轴传递到滑板（齿条）。齿轮有四种类型：直齿轮，斜齿轮，蜗轮蜗杆和锥齿轮。

40、Lesson 23 Fundamental of machine tools1.A machine tool provides the means for cutting tools to shape a workpiece to required dimensions; the machine supports the tool and workpiece in a controlled relationship througth the functioning of its basic members. 机床通过切削工具去使得工件成型以达到所需要的尺寸提供了手段；它通过基础构件的功能作用，

41、以控制相互关系方式支持（夹紧）工具和工件。2. Angular displacements take place about an axis of rotation; the position of this axis must be constant within extremely fine limits in machine tools, and is ensured by the provision of precision spindles and bearings. 角位移是围绕一个旋转轴线产生的；该轴线的位置必须在机床中极端精确的限度内保持恒定，而且是靠精密的主轴和轴承来提供保证

42、。3. The degree of precision achieved in any machining process will usually be influenced by the magnitude of the deflections, which occur as a result of the force acting. 任何加工过程所获得的精度通常将受到由于力的作用所引起的变形量的影响。4.The movement generally takes the form of translation in a straight line,but is sometimes angu

43、lar rotation, e.g. tilting the wheel-head of a universal thread-grinding machine to an angle corresponding with the helix angle of the workpiece thread. 运动一般采取在直线上运动，但有时是旋转，例如，对应于工件螺纹螺旋角方向而翻转万能螺纹磨床上砂轮头一个角度。5. To facilitate assembly,maintain accuracy and eliminate “play” between sliding members after

44、 wear has taken place, a strip is sometimes inserted in the slides. 为了便于装配、保持精度和发生磨损后减小滑移构件之间的“窜动”，有时在拖板里加入扁条。6.Hence in practice slide surfaces are either ground using the edge of a cup wheel,or scraped. （注意：ground是grind 的过去分词） 因此在实践中滑移表面是使用凹面砂轮的刃进行磨削或者刮削。Lesson 24 Lathes1.It is commonly used for t

45、he production of flat surface by facing, in which the workpiece is rotated while the cutting tool is moved perpendicularly to the axis of rotation. 车床借助端面切削也普遍用于加工平面，在端面切削加工中，工件旋转，而刀具作垂直于旋转轴方向的移动。2.The cross feed is provided with a hand wheel and feed screw for moving the compound rest perpendicular to the lathe way. 以手轮和使小刀架垂直于车床导轨移动的拉杆来提供横向进给。3. Although a large amount of time is consumed in setting up