级七词义变化新

1、第七章词义的变化1词义变化的方式1.词义的扩大2.词义的缩小3.词义的升格P1224.词义的降格5.委婉语2Euphemism P123英文euphemism（委婉语）一词系源自希腊语。词头“eu-”的意思是“good”（好），词干“phemism”的意思是“speech”（言语），整个字面意义是“word of good omen”（吉言）或（好的说法）Euphemism-a figure of speech, a round way to say something, or to use good words to express something unpleasant3Some exa

2、mplesSenior citizens are respected in our country There are several pensioners in my school These special men support their family by themselves4Take deathfor example如：to go West，to pass away，to be gone，to be at rest，to be in Heaven，to fall asleep，to breathe ones last，to be in Abrahams bosom，to go t

3、o see Confucius，to have the curse，to shake the dew off the lily 1. He worked until he breathed his last 2.The child is now in Abrahams bosom(heart of sb.) 3. His grandfather was gone last night with all his family at his dying bed5委婉语也同样出现在教育生活中Underachievers是学习上一无建树的学生，他们是exceptional students，成绩差的学

4、生是 below average student或working on his own level，而can do better with help则指反应比较迟钝的学生。学生上课是参加classroom learning experience，学生考试作弊则冠以to depend on others to do his her work。6词义的变化方式1.The shift of meaning 词从“字面意义”(literal meaning)转移到“比喻意义”。(figurative meaning)指的事物类别完全不同了，词义发生了转移，词义的转移是词义变化的重要方式。词义的转移方式

5、：(从修辞学方面讲，应称为修辞方法) See P. 1287词义的转移Different types of rhetorical devices隐喻：Metaphor-a figure of speech, it is the comparison of two objects without using words “like, as ,as if ”. 隐喻是以相似和联想为基础的。它不直接提出本体与喻体相比，而是巧妙地通过人们熟悉的形象、特征、动作或哲理去暗示人们尚不熟悉或不易把握的对象。It differs from the simile .而明喻也是以相似和联想为基础的。它直接提出本体

6、与喻体相比，用 as, as if, as though , like etc. 来表示。8Examples of simile:e.g. as busy as a bee as cunning as a foxas timid as a hare as strong as a horseas cool as a cucumber as quiet as a mouse 9 Examples of metaphor: e.g.1. A The news is as a dagger to his heart.B. The news is a dagger to his heart. 2. A.

7、 John fought like a loin. B. John was a lion in the battle. 3. A. Learning is like climbing up a mountain. B. Learning is climbing up a mountain.4. Life was like a journey full of pitfalls.5. A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face. 6. Exams are the harvest season

8、of a student.7. The world is like a stage.8. The world is a stage. People are the actors and actress on the stage.10Four major groups of metaphors I. Personification. A figure of speech, and the inanimate objects have the characteristic of human being. may belong to this type.P.128.产生形象感和生动感。111, Th

9、e sun kissed the green fields.2.The youth were singing, laughing and playing the music instruments. The trees and flowers around them danced heartily as if touched by merry mood.3.The thirsty desert drank up the water.4.The birds greet me with its sweet singing.12II.Anthropomorphic metaphor.与人有关的比喻,

10、表示人体各个部分的词几乎都有隐语。E.g. eye, foot, mouth, lip etc. may be applied to a wide range of objects . the eye of a needle the eye of axe the eye of a potato the eye of the hurricanethe eye of a flower the eye of a peacocks tailtooth of a comb the mouth of a river /volcanothe leg of a table the hand of a cloc

11、k the apple of ones eye Adams apple13III.Animal metaphor: a large group of animal names can be transferred into words indicating persons.An ass-a stupid foolish personA cat-a nasty personA rat-a low worthless disloyal manA lion-a famous and important personA fox-a person who deceives others by means

12、 of clever tricks.A tiger-a person like such animal in fierceness ,courage.A donkey-a foolish slow-thinking person or one who refused to do as he is told.A black sheep-a person regarded with disfavor or shame compared to others in a group.A dark house-a person whose abilities are hidden or unknownAn

13、 owl-a Solemn person, wise-looking A monkey-a child who id full of annoying playfulness and tricks.A parrota person who repeats, often without understanding, the words or actions of another.A dog-a person who is royal and faithful14 IV. Synaesthetic (Synesthetic) metaphor 联想 used to refer to a direc

14、t association between the form and the meaning of language. That is to say, this types of metaphor is based on the similarity of two things.Warm or cold temperature Warm or cold voice ( metaphorical use)Loud musicLoud colors ( m.)Sweet teaSweet sound and music ( m.)A stormy day a stormy quarrel (m.)

15、A golden crown a golden opportunity (m.)A stony ground a stony face (m.)15II. Metonymy-(转喻，借代) 不直接说出要说的人或事物的本来名称，而借用和该人或爱事物密切相关的词去代替。Metonymy 的作用在于：突出描述对象的特征，引发读者联想。Metonymy-a very common, useful and effective language device. Metonymy is also an important factor in the shift of meaning that involve

16、s substitution of the name of one thing for that of another closely associated with it.16（1）according to names of persons:Uncle Sam-the United States governmentJohn Bull _the English nation . the English people, or a typical Englishman. Shakespeare -Shakespeares plays17（2）according to names of anima

17、ls:the British Loin -Englandthe Bear- the Soviet Union18（3）according to names of parts of the body:foot-infantry.Heart-feelingHead-mind, brain It never entered his head to help me.Brainmind, intelligenceHe is nice, but he hasnt got much brain.To give tongue-to speak out loudlyTo see eye to eye with

18、-to agree completely . have the same position19（4）according to locations of government, business, etc.White House_the official home of the President of the US. Whitehallthe British governmentDowning street-the government of Great Britain.Hollywood, Wall Street, the Pentagon 20（5）according to the con

19、tainer for the thing contained:The kettle is boiling.He drank a cup.His favorite dish is fried steak.He must have been spoilt from the cradle.21（6）according to the material for the thing made.The pen is stronger than the sword.Copper-coin made of copper or bronzeSilver-silver coins or silver money Iron-a heavy object used for making clothing smooth.The grey hair should be respected.What is learned from the cradle is carried to the grave.22III Synecdoche-（提喻）is a figure of speech that i