2020高考英语专题十三-并列连词、复合句和特殊句式课件(85页PPT)

1、考点一并列连词1.and考点清单用法例句意为“和,并且”,当连接三个或三个以上并列的成分时,一般在最后两者之间加and,其余用逗号分开Solid,liquid and gas are the three states of matter.固态、液态和气态是物质的三种状态。“go(come,stop等)+and+动词”中,“and+动词”相当于in order to+动词Ill go and bring back your boots.=Ill go in order to bring back your boots.我去把你的靴子拿来。“动词+and+动词”,前后为同一动词,表示动作长时间地“

2、继续”或“重复”We waited and waited.我们等呀等。“祈使句+and+陈述句”相当于“if从句+主句”Work hard and you will succeed.=If you work hard, you will succeed.努力工作,你就会成功。第1页，共85页。2.or3.表示对比、转折关系的并列连词有but,yet,whereas,while等。Jane said she was ill,yet I saw her in the street just now.简说她生病了,但刚才我在街上看到了她。He likes pop music,while I am f

3、ond of folk music.他喜欢流行音乐,而我喜欢民间音乐。Some of the studies show positive results,whereas others do not.有一些研究结果令人满意,然而其他的则不然。用法例句表示选择,意为“或,还是”Would you prefer tea or coffee?你喜欢茶还是咖啡?“祈使句+or(else)+陈述句”相当于“if.not.+主句”Dress warmly, or else youll catch a cold.穿暖和点儿,否则你会感冒的。第2页，共85页。此外but还可用于“Im sorry but.”,“

4、Excuse me but.”句型中。I am sorry but I wont be able to come tonight.对不起我今晚不能来。4.表示因果关系的并列连词有so,for等。It must have rained last night,for it is wet all over.昨晚一定下雨了,因为到处都是湿的。The shops were closed,so I didnt get any milk.商店都关门了,所以我没买到牛奶。5.when也可用作并列连词,常用于下列句式:when.第3页，共85页。We were having a meeting when som

5、eone broke in.我们正在开会,这时有人闯了进来。We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.我们正打算动身,突然下起了雨。I had just finished my homework when Tom came to me.我刚写完作业,Tom就来找我了。6.both.and.,neither.nor.,not only.but also.等。He spoke with both kindness and understanding.他说话既亲切又善解人意。Neither Tom nor Helen is har

6、d-working.汤姆和海伦都不勤奋。第4页，共85页。Not only men but also women were chosen.选中的不仅有男性还有女性。They have a flat in town as well as in the countryside.他们在城里有一套公寓,在乡村也有。题组训练用并列连词填空Shall we go out to the cinemaorstay at home?There are many kinds of sports,but my favorite is swimming.Henry is very smart,somany of hi

7、s classmates like him.Work hard and you will be admitted to a key university.Hurry up or you will miss the bus.第5页，共85页。考点二定语从句一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别He has two sons,who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班。He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more

8、than two sons.)他有两个儿子在同一家公司上班。 分类用法限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。在非限制性定语从句中,先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等第6页，共85页。He failed in the match,which was a great pity.(非限制性定语从句,先行词为前面的句子)(=He failed in the match,and it was a great pity.)他在比赛中失败了,这太令人遗憾了。题组训练句型转换That is his father,and he work

9、s in Shanghai.That is his father,whoworks in Shanghai.I like the boy,who is very lovely.I like the boy,because/forhe is very lovely.He told me a story yesterday,and I thought it was very interesting.He told me a story yesterday,whichI thought was very interesting.第7页，共85页。二、关系代词的用法(一)限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法

10、 作用 先行词主语宾语定语及物动词宾语或没被提前的介词宾语被提前的介词宾语指人who/that,aswho/whom/that,aswhomwhose/of whom指物which/that,asthat/which,aswhichwhose/of which第8页，共85页。1.先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语,需用who/that引导,且不能省略。She is the girl who/that lives next door.她就是住在隔壁的女孩。2.先行词指物且在定语从句中作主语,需用that/which引导,且不能省略。The work that/which has just been

11、 finished is very important.刚刚完成的那份工作很重要。3.先行词指物且在定语从句中作宾语,用that或which引导,且可省略that/which。That is the book(that/which) I want to read.那就是我想要读的那本书。第9页，共85页。4.先行词指人且在定语从句中作宾语,用whom/who/that引导,且可省略whom/who/that。Thats the girl (whom/who/that) I teach.那就是我教的女孩。5.先行词指人或物且在定语从句中作定语,用whose或of whom/of which引导。

12、This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.=This is the scientist,the achievements of whom are well known.=This is the scientist,of whom the achievements are well known.这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。This is the house whose window broke last night.第10页，共85页。=This is the house,the window of which broke l

13、ast night.=This is the house,of which the window broke last night.这就是昨晚窗户被打破的那所房子。(注意等号后定语从句中的定冠词)6.as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式:We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)This book is not such as I expect.这不是我期望的书。(as作宾语)第11页，共85页。I have the same book as he has.我和他有同

14、样的书。(as作宾语)题组训练用who,whom,that,which,whose,as填空The house whosewindows face the north belongs to him.The manwho/whom/thatyou met just now is my old friend.The manwho/thatis walking in the playground is my old friend.Take the bookwhich/thatis lying on the table.She is such a girlasis always finding fau

15、lt with other people.第12页，共85页。 作用先行词主语宾语定语及物动词宾语被提前的介词宾语指人whowho/whomwhomwhose/of whom指物whichwhichwhichwhose/of which句子which,as(二)非限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法第13页，共85页。1.关系代词在任何情况下都不能省略。I want to buy a dictionary,which is valuable to my learning.(which不能省略)我想买本字典,字典对我的学习很有价值。2.who(主语,宾语),whom(宾语),which(主语,宾语)不

16、能用that代替。This is New York,which I have visited for several times.(which不能用that代替)这就是纽约,我参观过这里好几次了。3.which引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词可以是一个词,也可以是个句子。He was late again,which made the teacher very unhappy.(先行词为整个主句)他又迟到了,这使老师很不高兴。第14页，共85页。4.关系代词as也可引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为句子,as在从句中作主语、宾语等。As we know,China is a developing c

17、ountry.我们知道,中国是个发展中国家。As is known to us all,China is in the east of Asia.众所周知,中国在亚洲的东部。(三)关系代词除上面的基本用法外,还有下列特殊用法:1.有时为了使表达的意思更清楚,用“which+名词”引导定语从句。He advised me to hide behind the door,which advice I took at once.他建议我躲在门后,我立即照着做了。2.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句第15页，共85页。(1)当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词常用which或whom,并且不能省略。H

18、e paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows,most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.他付给男孩10美元擦洗10扇窗户,这10扇窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。In the dark street,there wasnt a person,to whom she could turn to.在黑暗的街道上一个人也没有,她没有人可以求助。(2)在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词

19、可以省略。第16页，共85页。This is the hero we are proud of.这是我们引以为荣的那个英雄。This is the pen I wrote the letter with.这是我写信时用的那支钢笔。(3)在非限制性定语从句中,“介词+which/whom”中的介词不能移到从句的后面。He has visited Guan No.One High School for several times,in which he has many friends.(in不能放在定语从句句末)第17页，共85页。他已经参观固安一中几次了,在那里他有很多朋友。(4)“复合介词短

20、语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。(5)“介词+which/whom+不定式”结构。The poor man has no house in which to live.=The poor man has no house (that/which)he can live in.=The poor man has no house in which he can live.=

21、The poor man has no house to live in.那个穷人没房子住。第18页，共85页。题组训练单句填空He may win the competition,in which case he is likely to get into the national team.Franks dream is to have his own garden in which to produce many beautiful flowers.(四)几组关系词的辨析1.关系代词that 和which的区别(1)在限制性定语从句中,用关系代词that不用which的情况:第19页，共

22、85页。情况例句当先行词是不定代词all,little,few,much,everything,anything,nothing,none,some等时Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗?当先行词被the only,the very(恰恰,正好),any,every,no,all,few,little,much,the right,the last,just 等词修饰时This is the very bus that Im waiting for.这就是我正在等的公共汽车。当先行词是形容词最高级

23、或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是已经用过的抗污染的最好的办法。当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时This train is the first that will go to Suzhou.这是去苏州的第一趟火车。当先行词既有人又有物时Do you know the persons and things that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗?当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时Which is the bike tha

24、t you lost?哪辆是你丢的自行车?有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词宜用which,另外一个宜用thatThey secretly built up a small factory,which produced things that could cause pollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂,这家工厂生产会造成污染的东西。当先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词在从句中也作表语时Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时,用that不用which

25、引导There is a seat in the corner that is still available.在那个角落还有一个座位可用。第20页，共85页。(2)当先行词指事/物时,定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况:情况例句在非限制性定语从句中,只用which,不用thatThe sports meeting was put off, which astonished me.运动会被推迟了,这使我很吃惊。当动词短语中的介词提前时,只用which,不用that注意:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前This is the hou

26、se in which Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。()This is the pen(which/that)Im looking for.这是我正寻找的那支笔。()This is the pen for which Im looking.先行词后面有插入语时,只用which,不用thatHere is the English grammar book which,as Ive told you, will help You improve your English.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书,它能帮你提高英语。先行词本身就是that时,只用which,不用

27、thatWhats that which flashed through the sky just now?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么?第21页，共85页。I refuse to accept the blame for something thatwas someone elses fault.Whenever I met her,which was fairly often,she greeted me with a sweet smile.All the presents that your friends gave you on your birthday should be put

28、 away.This is the very book that I have been looking for.He was late for the opening ceremony,which was very surprising to me.题组训练用关系代词that或which填空第22页，共85页。2.关系代词as和whichas和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句或主句中的一部分内容,先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,as与which均不可省略,有时两者可以互换。He married her,as/which was natural.他跟她结婚了,这是很

29、自然的事。(1)下列情况通常只用as而不用which:1)当定语从句置于主句前面时,用as不用which。As you see,the Chinese people are hard-working.(定语从句在句首)正如你所知道的,中国人民是勤劳的。注意下面句子的多种表达方法:第23页，共85页。题组训练用as,it,what填空Whatis known to us all is that China has the largest population in the world.Itis known to us all that China has the largest populati

30、on in the world.第24页，共85页。Asis known to us all,China has the largest population in the world.2)先行词作主语且定语从句使用被动语态时,通常用as不用which,从句谓语通常为:be known,be said,be reported,be announced,be men-tioned等。如果从句是主动语态,一般用which作主语。She has been absent again,as is expected.她又缺席了,这在预料之中。Tom has made rapid progress,whic

31、h makes me very happy.汤姆进步很快,这使我很高兴。另外,as常用在下列习惯用语中:as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as(it)was printed out,as(it)was said earlier,as I remember(it),as I understand(it),as(it)appears,as is often the case,as anybody can see,as we have expected。第25页，共85页。Jack has won first prize,as it often happe

32、ns.像往常一样,杰克得了一等奖。She has read widely in Romantic Literature,as it appears from her essay.她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学,这从她的文章中可以看出来。(2)下列情况通常用which而不用as:用法例句关系代词代替前面主句中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语动词后有复合宾语时I dont think that he will come to see me,which makes me sad.我认为他不会来看我了,这使我伤心。主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时Tom was late for school again a

33、nd again,which made his teacher very angry.汤姆一次又一次上学迟到,这使得他的老师很生气。当非限制性定语从句是否定句时He pretended not to know me,which I didnt understand.他假装不认识我,我真不明白。非限制性定语从句中的be动词不能省略时,用which;反之用asJane told me she won the match,which was a lie.简告诉我她赢了这场比赛,这是谎话。(was不可省略)As(was)planned,we met at the airport.按照计划,我们在机场相

34、见了。(was可省略)第26页，共85页。题组训练单句填空 A lot of language learning, as has been discovered,is happening in the first year of life,so parents should talk much to their children during that period. There is no simple answer, as is often the case in science.三、关系副词的用法(一)当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的介词(如:in,at

35、,on,during等)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on,under等)+which;why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which。I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。第27页，共85页。Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)你能告诉我他工作的办公室吗?Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for whic

36、h)你知道他缺席的原因吗?此外,当先行词为situation,case,stage,point等,且关系词在定语从句中作状语时,也要用关系副词where引导。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。第28页，共85页。题组训练单句填空He wrote a letterwherehe explained what had happened in the accident. Sales director is a positionwherecommunication

37、ability is just as important as sales skills.(二)where/when=介词+关系代词(which),有时为表达清楚,还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等。China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spreads to Japan,Thailand, India and so on.中国是风筝的发源地,从这里放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等国家。(三)关系副词when,where可用于非限制性定语从句中,而关系副词why不可以。第29页，共85页。四、注意w

38、ay和time后接定语从句的情况1.当先行词是way(意为“方式,方法”)时,引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.让我吃惊的不是他说的话,而是他说话的方式。注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同,试比较:The way he explained to us was quite simple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。第30页，共85页。The way he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand

39、.他向我们解释句子的那种方式不难理解。2.先行词是time,若time作“次数”讲,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间”讲且作状语,应用关系副词when或“介词at/during+which”引导定语从句。This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。This was at a time when/during which there were no radios,no telephones or no TV sets.这是在一个没有收

40、音机、没有电话,也没有电视的时期。第31页，共85页。题组训练用适当的关系代词、关系副词或“介词+关系代词”填空 I dont like the waythat/in whichhe laughs at her.This is the second timethatI have been here.Can you still remember the timethat/whichwe spent together in our childhood?五、定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的比较引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词除了起连接主句和从句的作用外,它们还有一个最重要的作用,那就是它们分别在定语从

41、句中作成分。具体地说,关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语,而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此,在选择关系词时,最重要的是分析一下定语从句中所缺的成分,若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,那么需用关系代词;若从句中缺状语,那么需用关系副词。第32页，共85页。试比较下面的句子:(1)Do you still remember the days (that/which) we spent in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗?(2)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qing

42、dao?你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗?在句(1)中,定语从句中缺宾语,因此可用关系代词that/which来引导从句,也可省略;在句(2)中,定语从句中缺时间状语,因此需用关系副词when来引导从句。题组训练用that,when,why,where,which填空I want to know the datewhenyou were born.第33页，共85页。I have forgotten the datethat/whichyou told me.Do you know the reasonwhyhe is absent today?That is the reasonthat/w

43、hichI want to know.Many countries are now setting up national parkswhereanimals and plants can be protected.This is the factorythat/whichhis father built.第34页，共85页。考点三名词性从句一、名词性从句的结构和功能总述名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。名词性从句主要有四种从句结构:以that引导的从句;以whether/if引导的从句;以连接代词/副词who,where,why

44、等引导的从句;以what或wh-ever等引导的名词性关系从句。此外,as if/as though也可引导表语从句。具体用法见下表:第35页，共85页。 主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句作及物动词宾语作介词宾语that一般不省略可以省略一般不省略一般不省略一般不省略whether/if(是否)放于句首时常用whether用whether/if均可,但有区别常用whether常用whether常用whether连接代词/副词注意语序要用陈述句语序名词性关系从句注意语序要用陈述句语序第36页，共85页。题组训练完成下面句子Can you tell mehow I can(我如何能)get to

45、 the railway station?These photographs will show youwhat our village looks/is like(我们村看上去是什么样子的).二、以that引导的从句(一)主语从句1.that从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,常见的句型有:句型例句It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,pos-sible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that 从句It is certain that she will do well in h

46、er exam.可以肯定她会考得很好。It+be+名词(词组)(no wonder,an honor,a good thing,a pity,no surprise,etc.)+that 从句Its no surprise that our team has won the game.我们队已经赢了那场比赛并不令人惊奇。It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,ar-ranged,etc.)+that从句It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.据说格林先生已经到

47、北京了。第37页，共85页。2.在口语中,that常可省略,尤其是在非常短的句子中,但that从句位于句首时,that是不能省略的。Its a pity(that)youre leaving.你要离开,真遗憾。That we are invited to the concert this evening is good news to us.我们被邀请去参加今晚的音乐会,这对我们来说是个好消息。第38页，共85页。结构例句 +that从句Do you know(that)he has joine d the army?你知道他参军了吗? +it+宾补+that从句He has made it

48、clear that he will not give in.他不会屈服的,这一点他已明确表示了。(二)that从句作宾语从句1.that从句可作及物动词的宾语,常用的结构有:第39页，共85页。2.that从句作介词宾语,常用结构有:结构例句in/except+that从句He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless.他是个好学生,就是有点儿粗心。He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to read-ing.他和他的同学不同

49、的地方在于他把空闲时间用在了读书上。其他介词+it+that从句You may depend on it that I shall always help you.你可以相信我会一直帮助你的。第40页，共85页。从句用法例句表语从句that从句作表语从句,that一般不可省略My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow morning.我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。同位语从句that从句作同位语从句,that不可省略Theres a feeling in me that well never know w

50、hat a UFO is.我有一种感觉,我们将永远不会知道不明飞行物是什么。(三)that引导的从句作表语从句、同位语从句第41页，共85页。(四)that引导同位语从句与that引导的定语从句的区别题组训练单句填空It is obvious to the studentsthatthey should get well prepared for their future.The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 从句用法例句同位语从句对前面的名词起补充说明的作用同位语从句不缺任何成分The news that ou

51、r football team won the match was encouraging. 我们足球队赢了比赛的消息令人鼓舞。定语从句对先行词起修饰限制的作用定语从句是残缺的句子The news(that)we heard on the radio was not true. 我们在收音机里听到的那则消息不是真的。第42页，共85页。从句用法例句表语从句只用whetherThe problem is whether the meeting will be held.问题是是否要举行会议。同位语从句只用whetherI have no idea whether the meeting will

52、 be held.我不知道会议是否会举行。三、以whether/if(是否)引导的从句(一)whether/if(是否)引导的表语从句、同位语从句第43页，共85页。(二)whether/if(是否)引导的主语从句条件连接词例句句首whetherWhether the meeting will be held is still a problem.是否要开会仍然是个问题。it作形式主语,主语从句置于句末与or not直接连用whetherIt makes no difference whether or not he comes.他是否来无关紧要。与表示选择的or.连用whetherIt ma

53、kes no difference whether he comes or leaves.他是来还是去无关紧要。与or not不直接连用whether或ifIt makes no difference whether/if he comes or not. 他是否来无关紧要。第44页，共85页。引导词条件例句只用whether不用if与or not直接连用I dont care whether or not he comes.我不在乎他是否来。与表示选择的or.连用I dont care whether he will leave or stay.我不在乎他是去还是留。为了强调宾语从句将宾语从

54、句提前时Whether he will come I am not sure.他是不是来我拿不准。Whether he is married I dont know.他是否已婚我不清楚。(三)whether/if(是否)引导的宾语从句第45页，共85页。只用whether不用if用if表示“是否”容易产生歧义时Please let me know whether you need help.请告诉我你是否需要帮助。对比:Please let me know if you need help.如果你需要帮忙请告诉我。/请告诉我你是否需要帮助。后加不定式I dont know whether to

55、 go there.我不知道(我)是否去那里。作介词宾语It depends on whether you can do the work well.那取决于你是否能做好这项工作。作discuss的宾语We are discussing whether we will accept his offer.我们正讨论是否接受他的帮助。只用if不用whether宾语从句为否定句I dont care if he doesnt come. 我不在乎他是否来。用if或whether均可宾语从句中不含or(not)He didnt tell me if/whether he would come.他没告诉

56、我他是否来。与or not不直接连用I dont care whether/if he comes or not. 我不在乎他是否来。第46页，共85页。题组训练用whether/if填空It is still under discussionwhetherthe old bus station should be re-placed with a modern hotel or not.I am not surewhether/ifhe will come here or not.This decision will have an effect onwhetheror not he wil

57、l succeed.四、连接代词/副词where,who,how,why等引导的从句(一)连接代词/副词引导的主语从句连接代词/副词引导主语从句时,常用it作形式主语。如:It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meeting.由谁来主持第47页，共85页。会议还没有决定。(二)连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句1.能接连接代/副词引导的宾语从句的动词有很多,常见的有see,tell,ask,know

58、,decide,imagine,suggest,doubt,wonder,show,discuss,understand,in-form,advise等。I cant imagine how he did it.我不能想象他是如何做的这件事。They couldnt understand why I refused it.他们不明白我为什么拒绝这件事。2.作介词宾语。如:It all depends on how we solve the problem.第48页，共85页。这完全要看我们如何解决这个问题。We are worrying about what we should do next

59、.我们正在为下一步该做什么而烦恼。(三)连接代词/副词引导的表语从句、同位语从句The problem is where we should stay.问题是我们应该待在哪里。(表语从句)The question how I shall get in touch with him has not been answered.我如何能和他取得联系的问题还没有得到答复。(同位语从句)第49页，共85页。题组训练单句填空Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer,which iswhyhe never finished anything.Many young

60、 people in the West are expected to leavewhatcould be lifes most important decisionmarriagealmost entirely up to luck.五、以what或wh-ever等引导的名词性从句what可用来引导名词性从句,此时what=the thing(s)which/that,有时what可以用作前置定语,如what help,what funny stories等。此外,whoever=anyone who;whichever=anyone who/anything that(whichever也