澳大利亚的性格和种族问题

1、Unit 3The Australian People共九十六页Comparison between western and eastern characteristics共九十六页What kind of national characters does this paragraph reflect?Australians are, I have found, ready to laugh at themselves if they think that the joke is funny and the humor not ill-directed. And the ability to

2、be self-deprecating is the mark of confidence; it is, as much as anything else, the yardstick by which a society measures how tolerant and self-assured is. -Soumya BhattacharyPRELUDE共九十六页what kind of people do you think make Australia their home? “I live in Port Hedland, Western Australia, and have

3、lived in the Northern Territory, Queensland, and New South Wales. Australia is made up of many races, and generally we are a happy lot. Very laid-back and casual. I wouldnt live anywhere else in the world, (I have traveled the world too by the way), the people are fantastic, and I love it here. Come

4、 for a visit and see for yourself.”PRELUDE共九十六页Traits of AustraliansBritish Characteristics: the leading factor of compositionSelf-deprecationGood sense of humorSport-loving peopleDeveloped social welfare system and one of greatest economic powersLaid-back raceBright and gay nationGamblersMusic-lovi

5、ng nationReading lovers (yellow-back variety)共九十六页Short history freedom from restraints of conventionalismCrave for newness, new sensationsWant of veneration and contempt for ageNot cultured people, scorn politeness and etiquette and ridicule old-fashioned mannerisms and customsInfluence of squatter

6、sSelf-relianceClimatic and geographical influenceEnergetic; sport-loving; open-minded; generousTraits of Australians共九十六页A Young and Unique NationAustralia is a nation in his infancy.The unique characteristics, tastes, and tendencies which the Australians possesses form the nucleus of their deep-roo

7、ted typical character. Para 1共九十六页Inheritance and InnovationThe Australians have inherited from their British progenitors many old-world tastes and habits.They have added a multitude of new and unconsidered characteristics. Para 2共九十六页A Free NationThere is no civilized country in the world whose inh

8、abitants enjoy greater freedom from the restraints of conventionalism than we fortunate denizens of Australia. Para 3共九十六页The Climate Moulds HabitsClimatic influence is as great a factor in molding our habits, and customs, and tastesperhaps a greater factor than anything else. An abundance of open-a

9、ir exercise is essential to the bodily health and mental vigor.Para 4共九十六页A sport-loving people; a nation of athletes Sports play an integral role in the lives of many Australians. Organized sports, including tennis, swimming, golf, basketball, and horse racing, flourish throughout the country. The

10、major summer sport is cricket. Para 5共九十六页Which one of the following sports might not be very popular in Australia?ABDCPara 5共九十六页Sports in Blue Mountains Bush Walking HikingTrekkingCanoeingHorse ridingRock ClimbingBlue MountainsPara 5共九十六页Sports in the Great Barrier ReefScuba DivingSnorkeling Jet S

11、kiing (水上摩托艇运动)Parasailing (帆伞运动)Para 5共九十六页A Gambling People They gamble from the pure, unadulterated love of the thing, for the love of the excitement it produces; and perhaps not the least powerful incentive is the hope of gaining unprecedented wealth without the pain of working for it. Para 6共九十

12、六页A Gambling PeopleFrom racetracks to lotteries, gaming machines and casinos, gambling is one of the most distinctive aspects of Australian life. Australians are such enthusiastic gamblers. And Australian society is also characterized by an unusual degree of toleration of gambling. Para 6共九十六页ManlyM

13、anly is one of Sydneys most popular seaside destinations. Full of attractions and exciting activities including Manly Beach, Ocean world, kayaking, swimming, tennis, golf, beach volleyball, roller blading, scenic and historical walks, art, parasailing, scuba diving, fishing, dining and so much more.

14、 Manly is the perfect destination for your next Sydney escape.Para 7共九十六页 A Music-Loving People The humblest cottage can boast a piano, and where that is a luxury in the regions of the unattainable. The mouth organ and concertina are indispensable on the occasion of a holiday outing. Para 8共九十六页Mout

15、h organ and concertinamouth organPara 8concertina共九十六页A Music-Loving PeopleIt is in the bloodand the warm, generous sunshine of our comparatively cloudless skies keeps our hearts, too, warm, and sends us singing in concert with the locust and the bird throughout our most uncongenial labors. Para 8共九

16、十六页A Flower-Loving PeopleWe are, too, fond of flowers. The smallest child just learning to toddle has a rapidly developing taste in this direction. Of course, like many an older child, he has little thought beyond that of immediate possession, and is not in the least concerned about any ultimate res

17、ults. Para 9共九十六页A Sensation-Loving PeopleWe are a sensation-loving people. We crave for newnessnew sensations, new crazes, new buildings, and anything and everything fresh.Old customs and traditions rapidly make way before the sturdy march of progress. For we are nothing if not progressive, and we

18、sadly lack the bump of veneration. Para 10共九十六页No appreciation to the things old and customsWe are young, and that is the key-note to this lack of appreciation of things old and customs venerated by our fathers. We have no traditions to speak and point with any degree of pride and to provoke enthusi

19、asm in the way of old buildings and land-marks. We have not only a want of veneration, but a contempt for age. Para 11共九十六页A Literary-Loving People We are a literary-loving people. That we are a reading people I grant. But what do we read? Mainly, novels of the yellow-back variety, sporting papers,

20、and publications of the “Ally Sloper” type. It is a good feature of the national character that we do readsomething. For it is only a question of time when we shall develop a literature of our own, pregnant with local color, and, there is no reason to doubt the ultimate elevation of the literary tas

21、tes of our people to, at least, that level, if no higher. Para 12共九十六页“Ally Sloper”Alexander Ally Sloper is one of the earliest fictional comic strip characters. Red-nosed and blustery, an archetypal lazy schemer often found sloping through alleys to avoid his landlord and other creditors,Para 12共九十

22、六页Para 12共九十六页Not a Cultured PeopleBut we are not a cultured people. We scorn the first principles of politeness and etiquette. And there is nothing that bores your youthful know-all more than being compelled to be under the necessity of observing certain of the unwritten, though necessary, laws of

23、polite society. He prefers to create a system and a code of manners for himself, and merely regards as food to ridicule many old-fashioned mannerisms and customs. Para 13共九十六页Establishing the national character on its own basisOut of this heterogeneous mass of habits and tastes and customs, it is no

24、t hard to determine what the national character will be when firmly established on its own basis and without the influences of old-world ideas. Para 14共九十六页Literature in Australia共九十六页Literature in Australia Background Information and Major Themes in Australian Literature Australian literature began

25、 soon after the settlement of the country by Europeans. Common themes include indigenous and settler identity, alienation, exile and relationship to place Diversified themes 共九十六页Literature in Australia Patrick White- Patrick Victor Martindale White (28 May 1912 30 September 1990 from 1935 until his

26、 death, he published 12 novels, two short-story collections and eight plays. Whites fiction employs humor, florid prose, shifting narrative vantage points and a stream of consciousness technique. In 1973, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the only Australian to have been awarded the priz

27、e.共九十六页Patrick White共九十六页Thomas Keneally i:Thomas Keneally, (born 7 October 1935) is an Australian novelist, playwright and author of non-fiction. He is best known for writing Schindlers Ark, the Booker Prize-winning novel of 1982 which was inspired by the efforts of Poldek Pfefferberg, a Holocaust

28、survivor. The book would later be adapted to Steven Spielbergs Schindlers List, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.共九十六页Thomas Keneally共九十六页Text B The National Psyche共九十六页bruschetta共九十六页Macchiato共九十六页Akubra共九十六页Tanned共九十六页共九十六页crocwrestler共九十六页brusche-and-macchiato共九十六页The National Psyche1

29、.Hardship3.Humor4.Social interaction2.Modest5.A melting pot共九十六页Despiteitssophisticatedlifestyles,theAustralianlandscapehasshapedanationalcharacterthatisusedtohardship.Livingwithadversityhasalsohelpedmouldananti-authoritarian,rebelliousnaturerootedinadown-troddenpast.MostAussiesprefertosupporttheund

30、erdogoversomeonewhohasbecometoosuccessful,toopopularor“toobigfortheirboots”. 共九十六页Australiansalsotendtobemodestandnotcrowaboutsuccess.Boastingisanunforgivablesininasocietywhereegalitarianvaluesareheldinhighregard. 共九十六页Humor共九十六页Australiansoftenusehumorasasociallevelingtool.Forthosenotfamiliarwithit

31、suniquecharacter,afirstencounterwithAussiehumorcanbeaconfusing experience. Aussiekidsareinfusedwiththeessentialcharacteristicsofthelocalhumorself-deprecation,blackhumor,sarcasm,ironyandtheoccasionalobscenity.OneoftheworstsocialfauxpasinAustraliaisto takeyourselftooseriously,andyoungstersmustlearnhow

32、“totakeajoke”alongwithhowtowalkandtalk.共九十六页Socialinteraction,particularlyatthepub,isoftenamixofjokes,amusinganecdotesandpersonalteasing.Visitorscanbeshockedtohearbestmatestradinginsults(“takingthepiss”)orlabelingeachothera“bastard”,untiltheyrealizeitismeantinthenicestpossibleway.Swearwordsareoftenu

33、sedastermsofaffection,andifyouarebeingteaseditusuallymeansthatarelikedandarebeingacceptedinthegroup 共九十六页Melting pot共九十六页Alongwithitsindigenouspopulation,asteadystreamofimmigrantscontinuestomakeitsimprintonAustralianculture,withlargepopulationsofBrits,Irish,NewZealanders,continentalEuropeansandAsian

34、sbringingtheirownuniquehistories,stories,foodandculturestothemeltingpot.Tomanymigrants,Australiaisalandofopportunity,aperfectplacetostartanewlife.SowhileonyourtravelsinAustraliayoumaystillhear“gday”fromanAkubra-wearing,laconic,sixth-generationbushlarrikin,buthisvoicewillbejustoneamongmany.共九十六页 1.De

35、spite its sophisticated lifestyle , the Australian landscape has shaped a national character- ?hardship共九十六页2.Australians often use ( ) as a social leveling tool.Humor 共九十六页 3.One of the worst social faux pas in Australian is ( ),and youngsters must learn ( ) along with how to walk and talk.To take

36、yourself too seriouslyhow to take a joke 共九十六页4.To many migrants, Australian is a land of ( ), a perfect place to ( ). opportunity start a new life 共九十六页6.Living with adversity has also helped mould an anti-authoritarian, rebellious nature rooted in a down-trodden past.T共九十六页7.Australian tend to be

37、modest and not crow about success.T共九十六页8.Social interaction, particularly at the family, is often a mix of jokes, amusing anecdotes and personal teasing.F共九十六页8.Swear words are often used as terms of affection , and if you are being teased it usually means that are being unaccepted in the group.F共九

38、十六页Text C Australian Indigenous People: An OverviewEarly HistoryLocationLanguageSpiritualityArt and culture共九十六页Early HistoryTime : spanned 40,000 to 45,000 years.Way: lived as nomads (游牧民，流浪者)and hunter-gatherers .Clothe: cloaks ;skirts; beltsSurvival: dependence on the land and their agriculture ;

39、learnt to adapt the changing climate conditions; constructed shelters and windbreaks.Tool: boomerangs回旋(huxun)镖; spears; nets; fish hooks。共九十六页Mungo Man蒙哥人Mungo Man, whose remains were discovered in 1974 near Lake Mungo in New South Wales, is the oldest human yet found in Australia. He is at least 4

40、0,000 years old. Stone tools also found at Lake Mungo, to be about 50,000 years old. 共九十六页LocationNew South Wales or Queensland: lived more than half of Australias Indigenous population.Northern Territory: has the highest proportion of Indigenous people.共九十六页Lake MungoSince Lake Mungo is in south-ea

41、stern Australia, many archaeologists have concluded that humans must have arrived in north-west Australia at least several thousand years earlier. Lake Mungo共九十六页Language SpokenBefore Europeans arrived in Australia, about 250 diverse Indigenous languages were spoken. However, some of these have died

42、 out.In 2006, 55,695 percent of Indigenous people spoke an indigenous language at home.Indigenous languages were more likely to be spoken in the centre and north of Australia than in the southern cities.共九十六页Before the dawn of the present age was the Dreaming, or the Alchera of the Aranda, a time wh

43、en the ancestors of the Aborigenes wandered over a featureless land. These ancestors were unlike people of today ; they possessed special powers and were so intimately associated with certain animals and plants that an ancestor of the kangaroo totem many sometimes be spoken of either as a man-kangar

44、oo or as a kangaroo-man. As the ancestors journeyed over the land, their actions gave if form, created the natural features such as rivers and ranges. The land they shaped is today occupied by their descendants. Dreamtime共九十六页ArtThe earliest Indigenous art forms were paintings and engravings on boul

45、ders, rock shelters and cave walls, some of which date back 30,000 years.Body painting, tree carving, bark painting, weaving and sculpture are other traditional indigenous art forms.共九十六页1.Traditonal Indigenous music was predominantly vocal, but musical instruments like didgeridoos were used as acco

46、mpaniments.2.Today, new styles of Indigenous music have developed and merged with other musical genres, like rock music.Music共九十六页didgeridoo共九十六页didgeridoo共九十六页ceramicsfabric printing共九十六页printmaking共九十六页1.The first ancestors of Australia s Indigenous peoples arrived on the continent up to _ years a

47、go. A.80000B.65000 C.60000D.55000C共九十六页2.Before _ arrived in Australia , about 250 diverse Indigenous language were spoken.A. AmericansB. Asians C. MartiansD. EuropeansD共九十六页3.Most Indigenous belief systems centre on the _ or _ to explain life and the origin of the world .A. Dreaming , DreamtimeB. D

48、reaming , Dreamland C. Dreamtime , DreamlandD. Dreamer , DreamingA共九十六页4.In what year did the European settlement of Australia start? A. 1829B. 1803 C. 1788D. 1606C共九十六页5. What is Australias national language? A. Australia has no official national language B. Aboriginal C. AustralianD. EnglishD共九十六页

49、6. What made Australias first European settlers unique? A. They were convictsB. They were AmericanC. They were EnglishD. They were supermen A共九十六页7. How long have Indigenous Australians been living in Australia? A. Over 80,000 yearsB. Between 60,000 and 80,000 yearsC. Between 40,000 and 60,000 years

50、D. Between 20,000 and 40,000 yearsC共九十六页8. Half of Australia s Indigenous population lives in either New Wales or Queensland.F more than half共九十六页9. Australian Indigenous art is the oldest continuous art traditions in the world. F one of the oldest共九十六页10. Modern Indigenous paintings are the most re

51、cent expression of this tradition , which is now acclaimed in Australia and internationally. T共九十六页Text D Issues concerning Australian Indidenous People Today共九十六页Stolen Generation共九十六页EducationFewer Indigenous students attend and finish school than ono-Indigenous studentssecondary education(12years

52、)reading benchmarksnumeracy benchmarksIndigenous49 percent71 percent52 percentnon-Indigenous87 percent91 percent82 percent共九十六页Health1.Indigenous have shorter life spectancy than non-Indigenous.2. also hopitalized at higher rates than non-Indigenous. In 2004 to 2005, 65 percent of Indigenous people

53、had at least one long term health condition, and have higher rate to get kidney disease and diabetes.time Indigenous non-Indigenous1996-2001womammanwomanman65598277共九十六页HousingIndigenous people experience lower housing standerds than other Ausralians. Overcrowded is the main problems.共九十六页The Austra

54、lian Government is committed to the process of reconciliation between Indigenous and a non-Indigenous Australian. The Australian Government takes a leading role in reconciliation through its pursuit of practicl and symbolic measures that have a positive effect on everyone lives of indigenous Austral

55、ians,共九十六页politication 强制(qingzh)同化reason土著人的抗争澳大利亚社会对土著劳动力的需求(xqi)国际社会的压力受到同声谴责。一些非洲国家把澳大利亚说成是“亚洲的南非”。名声而影响与北方近邻的交往”。这使澳大利亚的国际影响力也大打折扣共九十六页实施(shsh)1931年土著种族(zhngz)保护协会的成立成为澳大利亚种族(zhngz)隔离政策向同化政策转变的标志二战后,土著人问题显得更加紧迫,19481951年联邦政府与各州政府的代表就土著人政策举行了几次会议,最终在1951年各州和联邦政府代表举行的一次协调会上,与会代表接受了同化原则,正式推行同化政策。1

56、972年,澳大利亚政府还废除了教师手册中关于学校和教师可以拒绝接受土著儿童上小学的条款。共九十六页Australias Stolen GenerationFOR the pain, suffering and hurt of these stolen generations.we say sorry, said Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd in an official statement in Parliament last week. Lots of Australians have been waiting for the apology fo

57、r four decades.The Stolen Generation refers to Aboriginal children in Australia who were forcibly removed from their families to institutions run by the church or state between 1910 and 1970. Some of the children were adopted into white families. People have claimed that the government hoped to brin

58、g extinction to the Aborigines by this policy of assimilation.The policy was not fully recognized until a decade ago. The government was encouraged to apologize and make financial reparations. Former Prime Minister John Howard, however, refused to offer an apology. He argued that the current generation should not be blamed for past misdeeds and i