参考讲稿生物学

1、动物学：biologybaldi生物学 speciology spi:ildin. 物种学 zoology zuldin.动物学microbiology,makrobaldi微生物学 marine biology 海洋生物学entomology entmldin. 昆虫学ornithology,rnldi n.鸟类学cell biology sel-baildi n.细胞生物学 biochemist baiukemist n.生物化学家 paleontologist peilintldist n.古生物学者 creature kri:t n.生物anism:gnizmn.有机物，微生物 mic

2、robemakrob微生物pltonplktn浮游生物 invertebrate inv:tibrt n.无脊椎动物 vertebratev:tbrt, -bret脊椎动物hibian mfibinn.两栖动物 reptile reptailn.爬行动物 herbivore h:biv:n. 食草动物herbivorous: h:bivrsa.食草的，草食的 carnivorekrnvr食肉动物omnivorous amnivrsa.杂食的 ruminant ru:minntn.反刍动物 mollusk mlsk n.软体动物land creature lnd kri:t陆地生物cold ku

3、ld blood animal bld nimln.冷血动物 warmw:m blood animal bld nimln.热血动物 mammal mmln. 脊椎 哺乳动物primates pramts灵长目动物 endangered species 濒危动物 speciesspi:i:zn.物种 breedbri:dn.品种monogamous 一夫一妻的/一雌的polyandrous,plndrs一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的polygamousplgms一夫多妻的/多雌的community kmjunti动物的群落或人的部落 flockflk（牛、羊等）群herd hd兽群hordes/swa

4、rms hrd/swrm（昆虫等）群生理生化：respiratory system rispairtri-sistm n.呼吸系统 digestive system 消化系统nerve system n:v n.神经系统 circulatory skjltrisystem 循环系统hormonalhrmonl system 内系统reproductive system 生殖系统、 urinary system 泌尿系统immune system imju:n sistmn.免疫系统 motor system n.运动系统breed brid (名词)品种，（动词）繁殖 multiply / r

5、eproducemltpla/,riprdus繁殖 offspring fsprin.后代crossbreed kr:sbri:d v.（使）杂交 sperm sp:mn. spawnspn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵fertilizer ftlaz使n.肥料unfertilized eggnftlazd未 fertilized egg f:tilaizd-eg n. pregnant pregnnta. 怀孕的 embryo embriu n.胚胎卵卵hatchling htlin. 刚孵化的幼体 incubation,kjuben孵化 fledglingsfledlin.雏鸟cell sel n.

6、细胞.蜂房cytoplasm saitplzm n.细胞质cell membrane sel-membrein n.细胞膜 cell wall sel-wl n.细胞壁nucleus nju:klis n.细胞核 anelle :nel n.细胞器skin cells skin selzn.皮肤细胞 nerve cells n:v selzn.神经细胞unicellular ju:niseljul adj.单细胞的 multicellular mltiseljul adj.多细胞的 renewing rinju:in.更新metabolism mtblizmn.新陈代谢 hormone h:m

7、unn.激素，insulin insjulin n.胰岛素secretion sikri:nn.，物anatomy ntmi n. an :gnn.vestige vstdn. liver liv n.肝脏g l n.肺 kidney kidni n.肾stomachstmkn.胃 pancreaspkrsn.胰 tie tiu:, -sju:n.组织 vevesl n.tendon tendn n.腱解剖membrane membrein n.膜 gland lnd n.腺digestive glandlnd digestive enzyme 消化酶tentacle tentkl n. 触角

8、，触须jaw d: n.颌, 颚 tongue t n.舌头 valve vlv n.瓣膜 17 / 29学科词汇分类(新版)TPOskeletal skelitladj. 骨骼的vertebra v:tibr n. 脊椎骨= spinal spanlcord rib rib n.肋骨脊椎rfigprn.fingnail neil n.指甲dividivin n.部分 beak bi:k n.喙，（鹰等的）嘴 bill bl（鸟）嘴tooth tu: -teethti:n.牙齿 toothless tuls adj. 无齿的 compound eye kmpaund ain.复眼 fin fi

9、n n.鱼鳍scale skeil n.鱼鳞 forelimb f:lim n.前肢 limb limn. 肢，臂；分支 wing win.翅膀feather fe n. 羽毛tail teil n.尾卫生与疾病：hygienehadin卫生hygienic haidi:nik adj.卫生学的（hygiene haidi:n卫生学）saniion,snten公共卫生；卫生设施 disease dizi:z n.疾病diagnose dainuz v. drug dr n.药物medicine medisin n.医学，药 dental clinic 牙医诊所surgeon sd()n n.外

10、科医生 vairs n.fungi fndai n.真菌类 yeastjist酵母（菌） parasite prsatparasitic prsitika. 寄生的，inflection 传染 /paralysis prlisis n.麻痹, 瘫痪 cardiac k:dik adj.心脏(病)的 antibiotic ntibaitikn.抗生素的antibody ntibdi n.抗体 vaccine vksi:n n.fungicide fndisaid n.杀真菌剂营养学：nutrient nju:trint n. 营养物质calorie klri卡路里（热量 protein prut

11、i:n n.蛋白质 starch 淀粉glucose lu:kus n.葡萄糖）carbohydrate (starch) 碳水化合物（淀粉）vitamin vitmin, vai-n.维生素，维 malnutrition mlnjutrinn.营养不良，营养 decaffeinated di:kfineitidadj. 不含toxic tksik adj. toxin 毒素植物学：botany 植物学的botanical / botanic 植物学的 botanist btnist n.植物学家 herb h:bn.草本植物parasite plantrn 寄生植物 aquaticnjul

12、plant 水生植物 horticulture hrtklt园艺学 system 系统forest frist n.森林 jungle dgln.热带丛林tropical rain forest trpikl-rein-frist n.热带雨林 Tropical savanna forest trpikl-svn-fristn.热带稀树草原deciduous forest disidus-frist n.落叶林 Deciduous monsoon forest disidus-mnsu:n-f ristn.落叶Temperate rain forest temprit-rein-fristn.

13、温带雨林 Temperate evergreen forest temprit-ev ri:n-f ristn.温带绿叶林subarctic sb:ktik adj.带flowering tree flauri:i tri:n.会开花的树 lumber lmb n.木材lawn ln草坪grassland r:slnd n.草原 meadowmedun.草地；牧场 prairie prerin.大草原；牧场 ranch r:ntn.大农场；大牧场 shrub rb = bushbr 灌木丛clusterklstzn.串，簇；群，组 vi.群集，丛生 marshm:n.沼泽；湿地beachbi:

14、tn.海滩alpine region lpain-ri:dn n.高山区 blossombrn花root ru:tn. 根 stem stem n.茎 stalkstk杆petal petl n.花瓣 18 / 29学科词汇分类(新版)TPObud bd花蕾 columnklm花柱 pistil pistil n. stamen steimen n.wither / shrivel / fade 凋谢seed si:dn.germinate d:mineitvi. 发芽.shoot (sprout ) utsprat嫩芽，抽枝 rhizome raizumn. 根茎，根状茎， trunk tr

15、k树干bark brk树皮 crown kraun n.树冠茎canopy knpi n.天篷：树林中最上面一层 branchbrnt树枝twig tw小树枝leaf li:f（leaves 复）n.叶子 leafletliflt小叶 peel(skin)pil果皮huskhsk（干）果壳/（玉米）苞叶s(硬) l果壳barrenbrn贫瘠的；不 pesticide pestisaidn.的| 杀虫剂insecticide insektisaidn. 杀虫剂， granary(grain store) grnri粮仓 annual 一年一生的 perennialprnl多年一生的 rosett

16、erozt（叶的）丛生mutualism mju:tjulizm,mju:tulizm n.共生 symbiosis simbiusisn.共生，共生关系 symbiotic simbaitik adj.共生的考过的动物：reptile reptailn.爬行动物 rodentrudntn.啮齿动物 gorilla 大猩猩 chimpanzeetimpnzi:n.黑猩猩 baboon bbu:nn.狒狒anthropoid nrpida.类人猿的beast bist野兽 wolfwulfn.狼 cheetah tit 猎豹 bearbvt.熊 lionslainn.狮子rat rt=mouse

17、 maus（复数 mice）n.鼠 squirrelskwirln.松鼠kgru:n.袋鼠 marmot m:mtn.土拨鼠 chipmunktipmkn.花栗鼠 meerkatmiktn.猫鼬 elephant elifntn.大象mammothmmn.猛犸象，长毛象 cattle ktln.牛bison baisn n.美洲野牛 bulo bflun.水牛rhinoceros rainsrsn.犀牛 zebrazi:br, ze:-n.斑马hippopotamuses hipptms =hippohipun.河马deerdin.鹿camel kmln.骆驼 anopentlop羚羊 rab

18、bitrbitn.兔子pigeoninn.鸽子crowkrun.乌鸦 eaglei:gln.鹰 hawkh:kn.鹰 owlauln.猫头鹰songbird sb:d n.鸣禽 hummingbird hmib:dn.蜂鸟 bat btn.蝙蝠colubridklbrd, klj-n.无毒蛇类venomouake venmssneikn. dinosaurdains:n.恐龙的蛇Tyrannosaurus rex tairns:rs reksn.霸王龙 alligator ligeit= crocodilekrkdailn.鳄鱼 turtlettl龟snake sneikn.蛇 frog fr

19、gn.青蛙 chameleon 变色龙 lizardlizdn.蜥蜴 snailsneiln.蜗牛penguin pegwinn.企鹅 otter tn.水獭 shrimprimpn.虾crayfish kreifi n.龙虾 clam klmn.crab krbn.螃蟹 coralkrln.珊瑚 beaver bi:vn.海狸 dolphindlfinn.海豚 starfishstrfn.海星 octopusktpsn.章鱼 whalehweiln.鲸鱼eel i:ln.鳗鱼flounder flaund n. 比目鱼squid skwid n.鱿鱼 jellyfish delifi n.水

20、母 oyster ist n.牡蛎 spongeslo海绵insect insektn.昆虫 bug b n.虫子 wormwm虫/蠕虫 19 / 29学科词汇分类(新版)TPOcatillar ktpil n.毛虫 pest pest n.害虫parasite prsatser spaid n.蜘蛛 cockroachkkrut n.蟑螂 ant ntn.蚂蚁termite t:maitn.白蚁 fly flain.hornet 大黄蜂 mosquitomski:tun.蚊子 moth mn.飞蛾 butterfly btflai n.蝴蝶考过的植物：paleontologypliuliik

21、a.古生物 vegeionvediteinn.植物rain forest rein - frst n.雨林 deciduous tree disidjusa.落叶/阔叶树 birchb:tn.桦树eucalyptus ju:kliptsn.桉树 maplemeipln.枫树 oakukn.橡树conifer tree knf针叶树 softwood sftwud n.针叶树 evergreen 常青树redwood 红木树pine needle ni:dl painn.松叶/松针algae ldi:n.藻类 fungusfgsn 真菌，菌类fungi . fgain.真菌；菌类；蘑菇 lich

22、en laiknn.地衣；青苔moss msn.青苔，藓类 cropkrpn.农作物grain (cereal) ren srl 谷物，谷粒millet mlt粟，小米 wheat wit小麦corn k:n =maize meizn.玉米 poo pteitun.土豆 onion njnn.洋葱tomato tm:tun.番茄Nightshade family naiteid fmlin.茄科 lettucelts莴苣pumpkinpmpkn南瓜 tuliptju:lip, tu:-n.郁金香 cactus kktsn.仙人掌 orchid :kid n.兰花spartinasp:tainn

23、.大米草（盐滩） Animal Behavior:动物行为passive psiva.的的/enactive inktiv a.主动habi selection hbitt sileknn.栖息地选择 habihbittn.息地recreaterekrieitv.再建（栖息地） burrow brun.nest nest n.巢 survivalsvaivln.生存territorialterit:rila.领地的 communal kmjunl adj.群居的 sol 群居solitary 独居circumstance s:kmstns = environmentinvair nmntn.环

24、境population density ppjulein densitin.居住密度 quiescent kwiesnt adj.休眠的 hibernatehabnet n.冬眠；蛰伏migrate maireit v.迁徙 soar s: v.振翅飞行glide laid v. 滑行nomadicnmdkadj.游牧的；流浪的 domesticate dmstketv.驯养 flexible fleksbl adj.柔韧的stretch stret n.伸展 exhale eksheil v.呼气inhale inheil v.吸气 forage frid v.觅食 diving 潜水 /

25、跳水mating ritualmeiti ritul求偶仪式 mate meitn.交配stimulus stimjulsn.刺激 drivedraiv =urge:dzn.驱动，驱动望expel ikspel v. 喷出，发射 displacement displeismntn.取代，换位 grooming gru:min.整理（羽毛） reproduceri:prdju:sv.繁殖20 / 29，愿学科词汇分类(新版)TPOlags eggsli:kdz下蛋 incubate inkjbeit v.孵化 offspring fsprin.后代 larva l:vn.幼虫molting mu

26、lti n.蜕皮 fledglingsfledlin.雏鸟 hatchling htlin.刚孵化的幼体 tend tend v.照顾pollinate plineit v.授粉，传粉 agent eidntn.中介spread spred v.扩散， camouflage kmfl:vt. shield i:ld v.防御，保护 defend difend v.防卫 protective camouflage n.保护色predator-prey predt -prei捕食者 enemy enimin.敌人pursue psju: v.追捕, 追击sting sti v.螫 injury i

27、ndri n.eliminate ilimineit v.除去食者prime praima.首要的，最好的/ secondary sekndri,-deri a.次要的，第二的higher hai a.较高/ lower lua.较低 irrelevant irelivnta.不切题，不相关 inappropriateinprupriit adj.不恰当. horizontal hrizntla.水平的 verticalv:tikla.垂直的 underneathndni:n.下面适应：Adapionthe weather , i: we =climate klaimit n.气候 micro

28、climatemaikruklaimitn.小气候harshh: a.（气候）恶劣的 primitive primitiva.远古的 hibernation haibneinn.冬眠 burrow brun. territorialterit:rila.领地的 absorb bs:b v.吸收soak upsok pv.吸收respirationrespreinn.呼吸作用 photosynthesisfutusinsisn.光合作用 photolysisfutlisisn.光解作用chlorophyll klrflchloroplast kl:ruplst n.叶绿体 pigment pim

29、nt n.色素catalyst ktlist n.催化剂 crossbreed kr:sbri:d v.（使）杂交 yield ji:ld n.产量 v.产出，生出 dehydratedi:haidreitvi.脱水 edibleedbla.可食的 greetinggri:tin.打招呼 ceremonyserimnin.仪式，典礼individual individuln.colonize klnaizvt.殖民，个人colonist klnist /colonizerklnaizn.殖民者 osmosis zmusisn.渗透，渗透作用进化 : Evalutionantry nsstri,

30、 nsestri =antornsstn.祖先evolution i:vlu:nn.演变，进化 evolve ivlv v.(使)演变，进化the missing link , i: misi likn.进化缺环Darwinism drwnzm species spi:si:z n.物种 survival svavln. 幸存，生存 victim viktim n.牺牲品die out / extinctionkstkn学说mass extinction ms-ikstikn n.大量消亡he number 数量减少decline交流：Communication 21 / 29学科词汇分类(新

31、版)TPOvocalization ,vuklaizn,-liz-n. acoustic ku:stika. 声学，听觉的，acoustic spectrumku:stik spektrmn.声谱 sound waves saund weivzn. 声波 infrasound infrsaundn.次声ultrasound ltrsaund n.超声波.reflection rifleknn.反射echolocation ekulukeinn. 回声定位ground clutter graund kltn.地面杂乱回波high frequency sounds hai fri:kwnsi sa

32、undzn.频率ultrasonic pulse , i: ltrsnik plsizn.脉冲 vivinn. 视力生物工程 DNA.遗传变异：speciology spi:ildin.物种学 bio-diversity 生物多样性heredity hireditin.遗传，遗传性 duplicate dju:plikit v.descendant disendntadj. 下降的；子孙DNA 脱氧核糖核酸 chromosomeskrumsumzn. sequensi:kwnsizn.序列的|n. 后裔；infectious agent infeks-eidnt n.传染因子 heredity

33、: hireditin.遗传，遗传性gene di:nn.，遗传因子genetic dinetikadj. 遗传的； genetic code dinetik kudn. genetic engineering 遗传工程的；代码的genetic material dinetik-mtiril n.遗传物质 genetic structure dinetik-strkt n.遗传结构genic muion denik mju:teinn. variation,vren变异muion of species 物种变异amino acid,mi:nu sid n. 生化 氨基酸nucleic acid

34、 nju:kli:ik-sid n.核酸突变ribonucleic acid raibnju:kli:ik-sid n.核糖核酸(略作 RNA)enzyme enzaimn.酶omerasetlmreizn.端粒酶（核糖体蛋白酶）Displacement Activity TPO 4-1mating ritual, PreengroomingOk, the next kind of animal behavior I want to talk about might be familiar to you. You may have seen, for exle, abirdtshe middl

35、e of a mating ritual, and suddenly it stops and preens, you know, it takes a few moments to straightenits feathers, and then returns to the mating ritual. This kind of behavior, thisplace, is what we call a Displacement Activity.ng somethingt seems compley out ofDisplacement activities are activitie

36、st animals engage in when they haveing drives. If we take our exlefrom a minute ago, if the bird is afraid of its mate, itsed. It wants to mate but its also afraid and wants to run away.So, instead, it starts grooming itself. So, the displacement activity, the grooming, the straightening of its feat

37、hers, seems tobe an irrelevant behavior.Indicate whether each of the activities below describes a displacement activity.Clickhe correct box for each phrase.YesNoAn animal attacks the ground instead of iemy.An animal falls aslen the middle of a mating ritual.An animal eats some food when confronted b

38、y it enemy.An animal takes a drink of water after grooming itself.ecolocation TPO 7-2Echolocation n. 回波定位；回声测距；回声定位能力（鲸和蝙蝠等所具备得一种机能）navigationn. 航行；航海Orienion n. 方向；定向；适应；情况介绍；向东方Predatorn. 动 捕食者；动 食肉动物；掠夺者Preyn. 捕食；牺牲者；食的动物Carol: Well, bats, since they are all blind, bats have to use sound for, you

39、 know, to keep from flyingo things.Pro:t is echolocation. Echolocation is pretty self-explanatory; using echoes reflected sound waves to locate things.As Carol said, bats use it for navigation and orienion. And whase? Mike.Mike: Well, finding food is always important, and I gueoting food for other a

40、nimals.Pro: Right, on both counts. Avoiding othredators, and locating prey, typically insectst fly around at night. Nowbefore I go on, let me just respond to something Carol was saying- this ideat bats are blind. Actually, there are somespecies of bats, the onest dont use echolocationt do rely on th

41、eir vifor navigation, but it is truet for manybats, their viis too weak to count on.foraging behavior tpo 16-3Foragingn. 觅食（forage 的 ing 形式）；觅食力As an exle, lets look at foraging behavior among beavers.Beavers eat plants, mostly trees. And they also use trees and tree branches to construct their home

42、s in streams and lakes.So when they do forage for food and for shelter materials, they have to leave their homes and go up on land where theirmain predators are. So there are a number of choive to be made about foraging.So for exle, um. they need to decide what kind of tree they should cut down. Som

43、e trees have higher nutritionalvaluen others, and some are better for building material, and some are good for both. um.aspen trees. Beavers peel offthe bark to eat and they also use the branches for building their shelters. So aspens do double duty. But ash trees, beaversuse ash trees only for constructi