运动解剖学骨骼学课件

1、运动解剖学绪论人体的构成解剖学基本术语人体的构成细胞组织器官系统构成人体的组织上皮肌肉神经结缔组织人体的系统运动系统消化系统呼吸系统泌尿系统生殖系统脉管系统神经系统感觉器官内分泌系统免疫系统解剖学基本术语Descriptive anatomical termsThe anatomical position: (解剖学姿势) The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms are turned forward, with the thumbs laterally. Anatomical axes and p

2、lanes （轴与面）Axis 轴：Vertical axis 垂直轴Sagittal axis 矢状轴Coronal axis 冠状轴Plane面:Sagittal plane 矢状面Coronal plane 冠状面Horizontal plane 水平面 或transverse plane 横切面轴和面轴垂直轴 vertical axis矢状轴 sagittal axis冠状轴 frontal axis轴和面面矢状面-正中矢状面冠（额）状面水平面纵切面横切面The terms of the direction (方位术语)superior 上, inferior 下anterior (v

3、entral) 前 ( 腹侧 ) posterior (dorsal) 后 ( 背侧 )medial 内侧, lateral 外侧internal 内, external 外superficial 浅, profound 深proximal 近侧, distal 远侧ulnar 尺侧, radial 桡侧tibial 胫侧，fibular 腓侧The Locomotor System 运动系统The Locomotor System 运动系统运动系统由bone 骨、joints关节和muscles 骨骼肌组成，占成人体重60%骨起杠杆作用关节是运动的枢纽骨骼肌是动力器官功能: support

4、支持Protection 保护Locomotion 运动The Locomotor System 运动系统骨学关节学肌肉学Introduction of the osteology 骨学总论Bones in adult are 206 in number.Classification of bone 骨的分类 Bones are classified according to their position and shape The position can be:skull 颅骨bones of trunk 躯干骨appendicular skeleton 四肢骨Types of shape

5、 include: long bone 长骨short bone 短骨flat bone 扁骨 irregular bone不规则骨sesamoid obone籽骨 General structures of bone骨的构造Bone substance 骨质Periosteum 骨膜Bone marrow 骨髓General structures of bone骨的构造Bone substance 骨质compact bone 骨密质spongy bone 骨松质 呈海绵状，由trabeculae骨小梁构成In the flat bones of the skull, the layers

6、of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate外板和内板, while the layer of spongy bone is called the diplo 板障 Periosteum 骨膜: Outer or fibrous layer Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts(成骨细胞)Bone marrow 骨髓Red marrow 红骨髓: haemat

7、opoietic 造血Yellow marrow黄骨髓: fatty General structures of bone骨的构造 Chemical composition and physical properties骨的化学成分和物理性质Organic material有机质： 主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。 Inorganic salts无机质： 主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度（抗压力15kg/mm）和脆性。 Organic materialInorganic saltsChildren 1 1Adult 3 7Old 1 4骨密度（BMD）骨密度(BMD)

8、的定义:bone mineral density骨骼矿物质密度骨密度低于正常值30%时，X光片才能看到骨质疏松体重短期下降过快会影响骨密度，导致骨质疏松：人身上适当的脂肪组织能通过生化作用转化成雌激素等，增加肠钙的吸收，促进骨的形成，防止骨质疏松。体瘦的人脂肪组织和肌肉菲薄，当发生摔倒或受暴力作用时，易遭骨折危害。 锻炼腹肌的同时，往往需要做弯曲脊柱的动作，使脊柱承受很大的张力，因此，骨密度偏低的人或患有骨质疏松症的人就很容易发生严重的背痛，甚至脊柱骨折。 绝经后妇女骨折发生率是男性的 3倍骨密度（BMD）人体骨密度最低的部位是在腰部和髋部。骨密度值是一个绝对值，以每平方厘米克(g/cm2)表

9、示。不同的骨密度检测仪的绝对值均不相同。所以人们通常用T值来判断自己的骨密度是否正常。T值是一个相对值，正常值参考范围在-1至+1之间。当T值低于-2.5时为骨质疏松。一般而言，运动可以促进钙的吸收，有利于增加骨密度和骨骼强度，防止和延缓骨质流失。当骨密度受到某些因素的影响，如: 雌性激素下降、钙的摄入量不足等而出现偏低情况（俗称“缺钙”）时，应增加钙的摄取量并加强体育锻炼。 骨的功能支持功能运动功能保护功能造血功能储备钙和磷的功能骨骼Skull 颅骨Bones of trunk 躯干骨The Bones of Limbs 四肢骨颅骨Bones of trunk 躯干骨Bones of tru

10、nk 躯干骨组成Composition: vertebrae椎骨、sternum胸骨 、ribs肋骨Vertebrae 椎骨There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows:Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 C.7Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.12Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L.5Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 Co.34 coccyx尾骨椎骨的一般结构General features of vertebraeVe

11、rtebral body 椎体Vertebral arch 椎弓Vertebral foramen 椎孔 Vertebral canal 椎管Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔Sacrum 骶骨Anterior surface: 前面观 promontory岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔(four pairs) Posterior surface: 后面观 median sacral crest 骶正中嵴Transsacral (epidural) anasthesiaCornua palpationSacral hiatus Sternal

12、angle 胸骨角Sternal angle 胸骨角Ribs肋骨: 12 pairGeneral features一般特征Ribs 17 called true ribs真肋Ribs 810 called false ribs 假肋Ribs 1112 called floating ribs 浮肋The Bones of Limbs四肢骨Bones of upper limbs上肢骨Bones of upper limbs上肢骨Composition:Should girdle 上肢带骨clavicle锁骨，scapula肩胛骨Bones of free upper limb 自由上肢骨Hum

13、erus肱骨 in armRadius桡骨 and ulna尺骨 in forearmCarpal腕骨, metacarpals掌骨 and phalanges指骨 in hand Clavicle 锁骨Sternal end胸骨端 medially and acromial end肩峰端 laterally“S” shaped，中外1/3容易骨折 Scapula 肩胛骨Three borders三缘Upper border上缘 , Lateral (axillary) border腋缘Medial (vertebral) border脊柱缘Three anglesSuperior:上角 op

14、posite to the 2nd rib Inferior: 下角 opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals spaceLateral:外侧角 glenoid cavity关节盂, Two surfaces两面Anterior surface concave: subscapular fossa肩胛下窝Posterior surface: supra- and infraspinous fossae冈上、下窝, spine of scapula 肩胛冈, acromion 肩峰Radius桡骨Upper end: head of radius桡骨

15、头, neck of radius桡骨颈, radial tuberosity 桡骨粗隆, and articular circumference环状关节面Shaft：interosseous border骨间缘Lower end: styloid process 茎突 carpal articular surface腕关节面Ulnar尺骨Upper end: olecranon鹰嘴 coronoid process 冠突 trochlear notch滑车切迹 radial notch 桡切迹ulnar tubersity尺骨粗隆 Lower end styloid process 尺骨茎突

16、head of ulna 尺骨头Carpal bones 腕骨Proximal row (lateral to medial) scaphoid手舟骨, lunate月骨, triquetral三角骨 and pisiform豌豆骨Distal row (lateral to medial) trapezium大多角骨, trapezoid小多角骨, capitate头状骨 and hamate钩骨Metacarpal bones掌骨Numbered one to five from thumb to little fingerStructure of eachbase (proximally

17、), shaft, and head (distally)Phalanges of fingers 指骨Consist of 14 two for first digit (thumb) and three for each of other four digitsStructure of each base (proximally), shaft, and trochlea of phalanx (distally), tuberosity of distal phalanx远节指骨粗隆Bones of Lower Limb下肢骨Bones of Lower LimbComposition:

18、 组成 Pelvic girdle:下肢带骨Hip bone髋骨Bones of free lower limb:下肢自由骨Femur股骨 in thigh ( patella髌骨)Tibia胫骨 and fibula腓骨 in leg Tarsals跗骨, metatarsals跖骨, phalanges of toes趾骨 in footHip bone 髋骨Consisting of three fused bones：ilium髂骨, ischium坐骨, pubis耻骨Ilium髂骨to form superior 2/5 of acetabulum髋臼iliac crest 髂嵴,

19、anterior superior iliac spine 髂前上棘 anterior inferior iliac spine 髂前下棘tubercle of iliac crest髂结节posterior superior iliac spine 髂后上棘posterior inferior iliac spine 髂后下棘Hip bone 髋骨Ischium 坐骨ischial tuberosity 坐骨结节Pubis 耻骨symphysial surface耻骨联合面obturator foramen 闭孔Acetabulum 髋臼formed by bodies of ischium

20、, ilium and pubis Femur 股骨Upper end: femoral head股骨头neck of femur 股骨颈greater trochanter 大转子lesser trochanter 小转子Lower end: medial and lateral condyles内、外侧髁 medial and lateral epicondyles内、外上髁Fracture of the femoral neckTibia 胫骨Upper end: medial and lateral condyles 内、外侧髁, Shaft: interosseous border