人体寄生虫学课件：蝇flies

1、FliesGeneral remarks1. A large group of dipterous insects.2. Medical importance1) blood sucker2) mechanical vector3) parasites ( myiasis)我国有记录蝇种约1600种，与卫生有关蝇类亦称住区蝇类寄生性蝇种幼虫致蝇蛆症吸血性蝇种生物性传播疾病携带病原性蝇种机械性传病（我国蝇类传病以此为主）与健康与医学有关的蝇种分为：昆虫纲双翅目环裂亚目一、分类地位及形态住区蝇类花蝇科厕蝇科蝇科丽蝇科麻蝇科幼虫期呈专性寄生狂蝇科皮蝇科胃蝇科其它亦可Outstanding shape

2、1.Stout(肥胖)body with short abdomen, usually with metallic luster.2.short antenna, only 3 segments, an arista arising from dorsal side of third segment.3.characterized wing venation.4.lapping mouthparts in majority.5.hairy body and sticky legs, long bristles, tenuous hairs on pulvilli.6.sexes: width

3、of frons(额): separate in females, close together in males. rostrumhaustellumlabella 生活史（完全变态）卵幼虫蛹成虫俗称：蛆家蝇幼虫期的发育必须在有氧环境中Biology1. Holometabola: 8- 12 daysEgg1 daylarvae(3 stage)30 C 5 d pupa3-4 d adult.Egg1) Banana shaped, whitish colored 1-2 mm long.2) Hatches in 8-12 hrs.1)shape: conical, slender,

4、creamy white with pointed head and blunt end. 12 mm long, no eyes.2)3 instars in a duration of 4-8 ds.3)Breeding places: (a) feces (b) garbage (c) crop residues (d) decaying animal and fish.Larva ( maggot 蛆)人粪类 禽畜粪类腐败植物质类腐败动物质类垃圾类 孳生物质与孳生地蝇类适应性较强，（居住区）对孳生地要求并非十分严格。掌握不同孳生物质中常见蝇种对防制有重要意义垃圾类成分复杂，常是以上几类

5、的混合物，在城镇中日产量大，不易管理，是城市蝇类幼虫孳生的主要场所蝇 蛹Pupa1) Ellipsoidal, dark brown in color.2) 3-6 ds for transformation to adultAdult Food taking1) Synanthropic: 2) Feed human food and excrement alike. Feed on manure, decaying organic materials, excreta and all animal discharges and all kinds of delicious food.多数蝇

6、类为杂食性(舐吸式口器)取食：边吃边呕吐（形成吐滴）边吃边排粪习性休息时洗刷全身鬃毛的习性， 食性吸血蝇 有刺吸式口器，如厩螫蝇、舌蝇（采采蝇），这类蝇可生物性传播疾病。不食蝇类 此类蝇的幼虫能致人、畜蝇蛆病，如羊狂蝇、纹皮蝇、牛皮蝇。3) Methods of ingestion: first dissolve the solid food by regurgitating (or omit) a part of its liquid from the mouth and then ingest by lapping. The vomit spots and food prints are

7、left where the fly craws. The fly defecates randomly. Furthermore, the fly always brushes its body with its legs at any movement. All these favor the transmission of all kinds of pathogens.成蝇活动场所极为广泛白昼活动，夜间栖息活动受光线温度影响 活动与栖息成蝇趋光性，白天活动。夜间停落在人房、食堂、厨房天花板、电线或悬空绳索上秋凉时节刮风天，大量侵入室内；炎炎夏日家蝇也寻觅纳凉之地家蝇喜入人房，绿蝇、丽蝇多

8、栖息室外成蝇的生活习性 活动栖息 蝇与温度的关系：9C能爬行、12C能飞行、15C开始进食、17-18C开始产卵。Proliferous fecundity 2000 eggs / female, 7-8 generations in a fly season, April-August. 1.91x 1020 , cover the earth to a depth of 47 feet. Range of flight about 300 m 1500 m and influenced by wind and traffic.蝇以孳生地为中心向取食场所扩散，善飞翔蝇主要活动于取食场所周围1

9、-2km以内，有效扩散直径约1.5km风向、风速，食物、孳生物质气味均影响蝇的种群迁飞蝇的远距离扩散借助交通工具（汽车、火车、轮船、飞机、 季节消长 Seasonal distribution: they appear from April to November, and are most prevalent in summer and autumn. 随季节(温度)变化, 蝇的种群与数量出现的变化 按繁殖盛期蝇可分为：春秋型；夏秋型；夏型和秋型四类。 越冬Hibernation: Pupa, adult, and larva in some spp.多数以蛹越冬，通常离地10 cm温暖地区

10、少数以成蝇越冬，多在温暖避风的地下室、厨房、仓库等以幼虫（蛹）越冬者多在泥土、垃圾堆、禽畜棚垫料中家蝇 可以幼虫、蛹、成虫越冬Flies with medical importance95% indoor flies , dull in color, efficient disease carrierchecked scale in dorsal abdomen, larvae lives in watery feces or in salty vegetabledeep reddish compound eyes, yellow cheeksignificance in medical Ju

11、risprudence厩螫蝇（Stomoxys calcitrans）体长58mm，暗灰色，形似舍蝇，刺吸式口器，胸部背面有不清晰的4条黑色纵纹，第四纵脉末端呈弧形弯曲。幼虫主要孳生在禽、畜粪或腐败的植物质中，成虫在室外活动，刺吸人畜血液。主要蝇种形态比较种类体型颜色金属光泽第4纵脉触角芒胸背纵纹其它舍蝇中小灰黑无弯曲突然与第3纵脉靠近羽毛状4条等长等宽黑色绿蝇中型绿色有，铜绿兰绿同舍蝇同舍蝇无白脸金蝇大型绿色有，兰绿同舍蝇同舍蝇无黄脸大红眼丽蝇大型胸灰黑背深兰色同舍蝇同舍蝇3条黑脸颊毛粗多麻蝇大型灰黑无同舍蝇末端无毛3条腹背棋盘斑螫蝇中小灰黑无弯曲柔和一侧无毛中2长外2断口器为刺吸式 蝇与疾

12、病 机械性传播疾病肠道传染病呼吸道传染病皮肤传染病眼病肠道寄生虫病眼结膜吸吮线虫的中间宿主非洲锥虫病（睡眠病） 媒介：舌蝇 生物性传播疾病西非睡眠病典型病例呈慢性，病程数月数年 分布：非洲西、中部媒介：须舌蝇东非睡眠病典型病例呈急性 分布：非洲东部媒介：刺舌蝇 舌蝇 俗称：采采蝇 testes fly晚期患者 蝇蛆症（Myiasis)眼蝇蛆病口腔、耳鼻咽蝇蛆病胃肠蝇蛆病皮肤蝇蛆病创伤蝇蛆病泌尿生殖道蝇蛆病蝇蛆病因蝇幼虫作为病原，去除蝇蛆，清洗伤口，即可痊愈。除局部或严重损伤脏器外，一般无后遗症羊狂蝇幼虫（采自患者眼结膜）我国迄今已报道因羊狂蝇幼虫引起的眼蝇蛆病达560余例，偶见有家蝇、丝光绿蝇

13、蝇蛆侵害人体的病例。Relation to diseases1. Blood sucking fliesGlossina: cyclodevelopmental transmitter of African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness.2. Non-piercing or contaminating flies1) Bacterial enteric infections, cholera, yaws, eye-diseases, typhoid paratyphoid, poliomyelitis and other enteroviral in

14、fection. TB. Amoebae, helminthes.2) As the intermediate host of Thelazia callipaeda.3. Myiasis: the disease produced by maggot parasitic in the host tissues on open wound, stomach or intestine and nasopharynx, eyes etc.Control1. Two principles1) begin early in the season before fly population abunda

15、nt.2) Concentrate primarily on sanitation to prevent larval development rather than on destruction of the adult fly.2. Disposal of animal manure.3. Sanitary disposal of human excrement.4. Sanitary disposal of garbage.5. Control of the adult.6. Eliminating pupae.苍蝇与人类的现代生活关系 敢叫苍蝇为食品 用苍蝇治病不是梦 苍蝇：“福尔摩斯”们的新线索 苍蝇：检测农药残毒之主角 蝇可成为人类保健食品的来源之一 蝇蛆干粉中含粗蛋白质 61.2% 粗脂肪 23% 钙、镁、磷等微量元素敢叫苍蝇为食品从苍蝇体内分离出抑制病原菌和病毒的抗菌肽抗菌肽分子量小、热稳定、 水溶性好、毒性低、抗 菌谱广、不易产生耐性用苍蝇治病不是梦甲壳素人造皮肤的材料壳聚糖抑制癌细胞分裂作用可治疗胃病、降血糖作用，并具广谱抗菌性科学家认为苍蝇可能是提取甲壳素、壳聚糖、抗菌肽的理想载体利用昆虫学知识帮助解决司法问题根据蝇类的生长规律利用昆虫（蝇）在尸体上的演替规律观察蝇在尸体上生长发育的时间节点推断人的死亡时间苍蝇：“福尔摩斯”们的新线索 在法医鉴定上可利用的