中国海洋大学2005年博士英语真题

1、PARTICloze(15)Directions:Thereare15questionsinthispartofthetest.Readthepassagethrough.Then,gobackandchooseonesuitablewordorphrasemarkedA,B,CorDforeachblankinthepassage.BlackenthecorrespondingletterofthewordorphraseyouhavechosenonyourAnswerSheet.AtleastsincetheIndustrialRevolution,genderroleshavebeen

2、inastateoftransition.Asaresult,culturalscriptsaboutmarriagehaveUndergonechange.Oneofthemoreobvious1hasoccurredintherolesthatwomen2Womenhavemovedintotheworldofworkandhavebecomeadeptatmeetingexpectationsinthatarena,3maintainingtheirfamilyroles.ofnurturingandcreatinga(n)4thatisahavenforallfamilymembers

3、.5manywomenexperiencestrainfromtryingtodoitall,theyoftenenjoy.theincreased6thatcanresultfromplayingmultipleroles.Aswomensroleshavechanged,changingexpectationsaboutmensroleshavebecomemore7.Manymenarerelinquishingtheirmajorresponsibility8thefamilyprovider.Probablythemostsignificantchangeinmensroles,ho

4、wever,isintheemotional9offamilylife.Menareincreasingly10tomeettheemotionalneedsoftheirfamilies,11theirwives.Infact,expectationsabouttheemotionaldomainofmarriagehavebecomemoresignificantformarriageingeneral.Researehon12marriagehaschangedoverrecentaecadespointstotheincreasing,importanceoftheemotionals

5、ideof-therelationship,andtheimportanceofsharingintheeemotionwork13tonourishmarriagesandotherfamilyrelationships.Menandwomenwanttoexperiencemarriagesthatareinterdependent,14bothpartnersnurtureeachother,attendandrespondtoeachother,andencourageandpromoteeachother.Wearethusseeingmarriagesinwhichmensandw

6、omensrolesarebecomingincreasinglymore.1.A.incidentsB.changesC.resultsD.effects2.A.takeB.doC.playD.show3.A.byB.whileC.henceD.thus4.A.homeB.gardenC.arenaD.paradise5.A.WhenB:EventhoughC.SinceD.Nevertheless6.A.rewardsB.profitsC.privilegesD.incomes7.A.generalB.acceptableC.popularD.apparent8.A.asB.ofC.fro

7、mD.for9.A.sectionBconstituent:C.domainD.point10.A.encouragedB.expectedC.advisedD.predicted11.A.nottomentionB.aswellasCincludingD.especially.12.A.howB.whatC.whyD.if13A.butB.only.C.enoughD.necessary14.A.unlessB.althoughC.whereD.because15.A.pleasantB.importantC.similarD.manageablePARTIIReadingComprehen

8、sion(30)Directions:Thereare5readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.Passage1Thefirstnavigational

9、lightsintheNewWorldwereprobablylanternshungatharborentrances.ThefastlighthousewasputtipbyMassachusettsBayColonyin1716onLittleBrewsterIslandattheentrancetoBostonHarbor.Paidforandmaintainedbylightduesleviedonships,theoriginalbeaconwasblownupin1776.Bythentherewereonlyadozenorsotruelighthousesinthecolon

10、ic.Littleoveracenturylater,therewere700lighthouses.ThefirsteighterectedontheWestCoastinthe1850sfeaturedthesamebasicNewEnglanddesign:aCapeCoddwellingwiththetowerrisingfromthecenterorstandingcloseby.InNewEnglandandelsewhere,though.,lighthousesreflectedaVarietyofarchitecturalstyles.Sincemoststationsint

11、heNortheastwerebuilt.onrockyeminences,enormoustowerswerenottherule.Someweremadeofstoneandbrick,othersofwoodormetal.Somestoodonpilingsorstilts:somewerefastenedtorockwithironrods.Farthersouth,fromMarylandthreughtheFloridaKeys,thecoastwaslowandsandy.Itwasoftennecessarytobuildtalltowersthere-massivestru

12、ctureslikethemajesticCapeHatteras.NorthCarolina.lighthouse,whichwaslitin1870.At190feetitisthetallestbricklighthouseinthecountry.NOtwithstandingdifferencesinappearanceandconstruction,mostAmericanlighthousessharedseveralfeatures:alight,livingquarters,andsometimesabell(or,later;afoghorn).Theyalsohadsom

13、ethingelseincommon:akeeperand,usually,thekeepersfamily.Thekeepersessentialtaskwastrimmingthelanternwickinordertomaintainasteady,brightflame.Theearliestkeeperscamefromeverywalkoflife-theywereseamen,farmers,mechanics,roughmillhands-andappointmentswereoftenhandedoutbylocalcustomscommissionersaspolitica

14、lplums.Aftertheadministrationoflighthouseswastakenoverin1852bytheUnitedStatesLighthouseBoard,anagencyof.theTreasuryDepartment,thekeepercorpsgraduallybecamehighlyprofessional.16Whatisthebesttideforthepassage?TheLighthouseonLittleBrewsterIslandB:TheLifeofaLighthouseKeeperEarlyLheUnitedStatesTheModemPr

15、ofessionofLighthouse-KeepingWhydoestheauthormentiontheMassachusettsBayColony?Itwas.theheadquartersoftheUntiedStatesLighthouseBoard.Manyofthetauest.lighthouseswerebuiltthere.Thefirstlanternwicksweredevelopedthere.ThefirstlighthouseinNorthAmericawasbuiltthere.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatlighthous

16、esintheNortheastdidnotneedhightowersbecause.shiptherehadhighmastscoastalwatersweresafethecoastwasstraightandunobstructedthelighthousewerebuiltonhighplacesAccordingtothepassage,wherecanthetallestbricklighthouseintheUnitedStatesbefound?LittleBrewsterIslandTheFloridaKeysCapeHatterasCapecodInthesecondse

17、ntenceofparagraph3,whichofthefollowingdoesthewordTheyreferto?LighthousesDifferencesQuartersFeaturesPassage2Everylivingthinghasaninnerbiologicalclockthatcontrolsbehavior.Theclockworksallthetimeevenwhentherearenooutsidesignstomarkthepassingoftime.Thebiologicaldocktellsplantswhentoformflowersandwhenthe

18、flowersshouldopen.Ittellsinsectswhentoleavetheprotectivecocoonandflyaway.Andittellsanimalswhentoeat,sleepandwake.Itcontrolsbodytemperature,thereleaseofsomehormonesandevendreams.thesenaturaldailyeventsarecircadianrhythms.Manhasknownaboutthemforthousandsofyears.ButthefirstscientificobservationofCircad

19、ianrhythmswasnotmadeuntil1729.InthatyearFrenchastronomer.Jean-JacquesdOrtousdeMairan,notedthatoneofhisplantsopeneditsleavesatthesametimeeverymorning,andclosedthematthesametimeeverynight.Theplantdidthisevenwhenhekeptitinadarkplaceallthetime.Laterscientistswonderedaboutcircadianrhythms.inhumans.Theyle

20、arnedthatmansbiologicalclockactuallykeepstimewith-adayof-alitdelessthan25hoursinsteadofthe24hoursOnaman-madeclock.AboutfouryearsagoanAmericandoctor,Eliot.Weitzman,establishedalaboratorytostudyhowourbiologicalclockworks.Thepeopleinhisexperimentsareshutofffromtheoutsideworld.Theyarefreetolistentoandli

21、vebytheircircadianrhythms.Dr.Weitzmanhopeshisresearchwillleadtoeffectivetreatmentsforcommonsleepproblemsandsleepdisorderscausedbyagingandmentalillness.ThelaboratoryisintheMontefloreHospitalinNewYorkCity.Ithastwolivingareaswiththreesmallroomsineach.Thewindowsarecovered,sonosunlightormoonlightcomesin.

22、Therearenoradiosortelevisionreceivers.Thereisacontrolroombetweenthelivingareas.Itcontainscomputers,one-waycamerasandotherelectronicdevicesforobservingthepersoninthelivingarea;Theinstrumentsmeasureheartbeat,bodytemperature,hormonesintheblood,othersubstancesintheurineandbrainwavesduringsleep.Adoctoror

23、medicaltechnicianisondutyinthecontrolroom24hoursadayduringanexperimentTheydonotworkthesametimeeachdayandarenotpermittedtowearwatches,sothepersoninthelaboratoryhasnoideawhattimeitis.Inthefirstfouryearsofresearch,DrWeitzmanandhisassistanthaveobserved16menbetweentheagesof21and80.Themenremainedinthelabo

24、ratoryforaslongassixmonths.Lastmonth,asciencereporterforTheNewYorkTimesnewspaper,DavaSobol,becamethefirstwomantotarepartintheexperiment.SheenteredthelaboratoryonJune13thandstayedfor25days.MissSobolwrotereportsabouttheexperimentduringthattime,whichwerepublishedintheNewspaper.Thebiologicalclockisbelie

25、vedtoplayanessentialroleintheregulationofbodytemperaturethesecretionofhormonesanimalreproductionmanyaspectsofplantandanimalphysiology,Inhisobservation,theFrenchscientistnoticedthattheleavesofacertainplantmaintaineditsopening-and-closingcyclesevenwhenitwaskeptinamurkyplacealldayevenifitwasplacedinthe

26、moonlightevenwhenhewasobservingitfromadarkplaceevenduringthenighttimeThesentenceTheyarefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythms.(InParagraph4)probablymeansTheycanleadtheirdailylivesaccordingtotheirbiologicalclocks,withoutreferringtoaman-madeclock.Theycanlistentothewonderfulrhythmsofthebiological

27、clockandliveclosetothem,Theycanlivebyregulatingtheir.owncircadianrhythmsTheyarefreefromtheannoyingrhythmsofeverydaylife.IntheexperimentconductedbyMr.Weitzman,thedoctorwhois.ondutydoesnotworkthesametimeeachdayinordertoobservetheabnormalbehaviorofthepeopleatdifferenttimessoasnottoherecognizedbythepeop

28、lesoastoavoidindicatingtothepeoplewhattimeitiswhenhestartsworksoastoleavethepeoplescircadianrhythmsindisorderWhatisMr.Weitzmansultimatepurposeofestablishingalaboratory?Hewanted,tohavehisexperimentreportpublishedinthe.newspapersPeoplearefreetolistentoandlivebytheircircadianrhythmsHewantedtofindawayto

29、treatpeoplesdiseases-.HecouldgainsomereputationforthefirstscientificobservationofcircadianMissSobo1leftthelaboratoryonJune13thB.onJune25thC.attheendofJuneD.onJuly7thpassage3Thereisconfusednotioninthemindsofmanypersons,thatthegafheringofthepropertyofthepoorintothehandsoftherichdoesnoultimateharm,sinc

30、einwho,severhandsitmaybe,itmustbespentatlast,andthus,theythink,returntothepooragain.This.fallacyhasbeenagainandagainexposed;butgrantingthepleatrue,thesameapologymay,ofcourse,bemadeforblackmail;oranyotherformofrobbery.Itmightbe(thoughpracticallyitneveris)asadvantageousforthenationthattherobbershouldh

31、avethespendingofthemoneyheextorts,asthatthepersonrobbedshouldhavespentit.Butthisisnoexcuseforthetheft.IfIweretoputaturnpikeontheroadwhereitpassesmyowngate,andendeavortoexactashillingfromeverypassenger,thepublicwouldsoondoawaywithmygate,withoutlisteningtoartypleasonmypartthatitwasasadvantageoustothem

32、,intheend,thatIshouldspenttheirshillings,asthattheythemselvesshould.Butif,insteadofoutfacingthemwithaturnpike,Icanonlypersuadethemtocomeinandbuystones,oroldiron,oranyotheruselessthing,outofmyground,Imayrobthemtothesameextentand,moreover,be,thankedasapublicbenefactorandpromoterofcommerCialprosperity.

33、And.thismainquestionforthepoorofEngland-forthepoorofallcountriesiswhellyomittedineverytreastiseonthesubjectofwealth.Evenbythelaborersthemselves,theoperationofcapitalisregardedOnlYinitseffectontheirimmediateinterests,neverinthefarmoreterrificpowerof-itsappointment.ofthekindandtheobject-oflabor,Itmatt

34、erslittle,ultimately,howmuchalaborerispaidformakinganything,butitmattersfearfullywhatthethingiswhich.heiscompelledtomake,Ifhislaborissoorderedastoproducefood,freshair,andfreshwater,nomatterthathiswagesarelow;thefoodandthefleshairandwaterwillbeatlastthere,andhewillatlastgetthem_Butifheispaidtodestroy

35、foodandfreshair,ortoproduceironbarsinsteadofthem,thefoodand.airwillfinallynotbethere,andhewillnotgetthem,tohisgreatandfinalinconvenience.Sothat,conclusively,inpoliticalasinhouseholdeconomy,thegreatquestionis,notsomuchwhatmoneyyouhaveinyourpocket,aswhatyouwillbuyWithitanddowithit.Wemayinferthattheaut

36、horprobablylivedinthe.1960sintheUnitedStates.earlydaysofBritishindustrialization.18th-centuryFrance.GoldenAgeofGreece.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorprobablyfavors.capitalism.totalitarianism.socialism.anarchism.According.tothepassage,theindividualshouldbeparticularlyconcernedwith.howmuchwealthhecanaccu

37、mulate.theacquisitionoflandpropertyratherthanmoney.chargingthecustomerafairprice.thequalityofgoodsWhichheputchaseswithhisfunds.workingashardaspossible.30Thepassageimpliesthat.AllswellthatendsWell.Itisgetterlatethannever.Hewhostealsmypursestealstrash.Nonebutthebravedeservethefair.31.Itcanbeinferredth

38、atinregardtotheaccumulationofwealththeauthorequatestherichwiththethief.indicatesthattherearefewhonestbusinessmen.condonessortiedishonestyinbusinessdealings.believesdestructionof-propertyisgoodbecauseitcreatesconsumerdemand.32Whatisthemainquestionforthepoorreferredtobytheauthorinthepassages?A.theuset

39、owhichthelaborercanputhismoney.B.themethodsbywhichcapitalmaybeaccumulated.theresultsoftheirworkandtheirlackofauthoritytodeterminetoWhatendstheirwork.shallbeput.whetherfull-measureofrecompenseshallbeaccordedtothelaboring-personfortheinvestmentofhistimein,worthywork.Accordingtotheviewsexpressedinthepa

40、ssage,peopleshouldbehappiestdoingwhichoffollowing?miningoreforthemanufactureofweapons.cleaningsewagepondsatatreatmentplant.waitingtablesforarichman.helpingapoormandohisjob.Theauthoroftheabovepassagewouldprobablyre_acttoanenergyshortage-byblamingtherichfortheproblem.urgingthatenergybeusedmoreefficien

41、tlyandeffectively.supportingthesearchformoreoil,coal,andotherenergy-pro-ducing,mineraldeposits.dehyingthatthereisreallyanyshortageatall.fomentingrevolutionbythepoor.Passage4Noverysatisfactoryaccountofthemechanismthatcausedtheformationoftheoceanbasinshasyetbeengiven.Thetraditionalviewsupposesthattheu

42、ppermantleoftheearthbehavesasaliquidwhenitissubjectedtosmallforcesf0rlongperiodsandthatdifferencesintemperatureunderoceansandcontinentsaresufficienttoproduceconvectioninthemantleoftheearthwithrisingconvectioncurrentsunderthemid-oceanridgesandsinkingcurrentsunderthecontinents.Theoreticallythisconvect

43、ionwouldcarrythecontinentalplatesalongasthoughtheywereona.conveyorbeltandwouldprovidetheforcesneededtoproducethesplitthatoccursalongtheridge.Thisviewmaybecorrect;ithastheadvantagethatthecurrentsaredrivenbytemperaturedifferencesthatthemselvesdependonthepositionofthemovingplatehasanimpactontheforcesth

44、atmoveit,couldproducecomplicatedandvaryingmotions.Ontheotherhand,thetheoryisimplausiblebecauseconvectiondoesnotnormallyoccuralonglines,anditcertainlydoesnotoccuralonglinesbrokenbyfrequentoffsetsorchangesindirection,astheridgeis.AlsoitisdifficulttoseehowthetheoryappliestotheplatebetweentheMid-Atlanti

45、cRidgeandtheridgeintheIndianOcean.ThisplateiSgrowingonbothsidesandsincethereisnointermediatetrench,thetworidgesmustbemovingapart;Itwouldbeoddiftherisingconvectioncurrentskeptexactpacewiththem:Analternativetheoryisthatthesinkingpartoftheplate,whichisdenserthanthehottersurroundingmantle,pullstherestof

46、theplateafterit.AgainitisdifficulttoseehowthisappliestotheridgeintheSouthAtlantic,whereneithertheAfricannortheAmericanplatehasasinkingpart.AnotherpossibilityisthatthesinkingplateCoolstheneighboringmantleandproducesconvectioncurrentsthatmovetheplates.Thislasttheoryisattractivebecauseitgivessomehopeof

47、explainingtheenclosedseas,suchastheSeaofJapan.Theseseashaveatypicaloceanicfloorexceptthatthefloorisoverlaidbyseveralkilometersofsediment.TheirfloorshaveprobablybeenSinkingfor.longperiods.Itseemspossiblethatasinkingcurrentofcooledmantlematerialontheuppersideoftheplatemightbethecauseofsuchdeepbasins.T

48、heenclosedseasareanimportantfeatureoftheearthssurfaceandseriouslyrequireexplanationbecause,inadditiontotheenclosedseasflintaredevdopingatpresentbehindislandares,thereareanumberofolderonesofpossiblysimilarorigin,suchastheGlufofMexico,theBlackSea,andperhapstheNorthSea.Accordingtothetraditionalviewofth

49、eoriginoftheoceanbasinswhichofthefollowingissufficienttomovethecontinentalplates?Increasesinsedimentationonoceanfloors.Spreadingofoceantrenches.Differencesintemperatureunderoceansandcontinents.Sinkingofoceanbasins.Itcanheinferredfromthepassagethat,ofthefollowing,thedeepestsedimentswouldbefoundintheI

50、ndianOcean.B.BlackSea.C.Mid-Atlantic.D.SouthAtlantic.Theauthorreferstoaconveyorbeltinordertoillustratetheeffectsofconvectioninthemantle.showhowtemperaturedifferencesdepend,onthepositionsofthecontinentsdemonstratethelinearnatureoftheMid-AtlanticRidge.describethecomplicatedmotionsmadepossiblebyback-co

51、upling.Theauthorregardsthetraditionalviewoftheoriginoftheoceanswithslightapprehension.B.absoluteindifference.C.guardedskepticism.D.completedisbelief.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingareseparatedbyaplatethatisgrowingonbothsides?ThePacificOceanand:theSeaofJapan.TheSouthAtlanticRidgeandtheNorth

52、SeaRidge.TheGulfofMexicoandtheSouthAtlanticRidge.TheMid-AtlanticRidgeandtheIndianOceanRidge.Whichofthefollowing,ifitcouldbedemonstrated,wouldmostsupportthetraditionalviewofoceanformation?Convectionusuallyoccursalonglines.Theuppermantlebehavesasadensesolid.Sedimentationoccursataconstantrate.Sinkingpl

53、atescoolthemantle.Accordingtothepassage,theflooroftheBlackSeacanbestbecomparedtoarapidlymovingcoveyorbelt.slowlySettlingfoundation.rapidlyexpandingballoon:violentlyeruptingvolcano.Whichofthefollowingtitleswouldbestdescribethecontentofthepassage?ADescriptionoftheOceansoftheWorld.SeveralTheoriesofOcea

54、nBasinFormation.TheTraditionalViewoftheOceans.TemperatureDifferencesAmongtheOceansoftheWorld.Passage5In1921,leadinginvestigatorsinthe.fieldofintelligenee,participatinginasymposium,IntelligenceandIts.Measurement,sponsoredbytheJournalofEducationalPsychology,definedthetitleconcept,producingalmostas.man

55、ydefintionsasthereweredefiners,butreachednoconsensus.Onecontemporaryobserverwaspromptedtoquipthatintelligenceseemedmerelytobethecapacitytodowellonanintelligencetest.Now,sixtyyearslater,thesituationseemslittlechanged.AsYaleSRobertJ.Steinberg,aninfluentialcognitivepsychologist,warns,Ifwearetoseekgenui

56、neunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweennaturalintelligenceandmeasuredintelligence(IQ),thereisoneroutethatclearlywillnotleadustotheheartoftheproblemandthatwemustavoidatallcosts.Thisrouteisdefiningaway(ratherthandefining)intelligenceaswhateveritisthatIQtestsmeasure.Thedominantapproachfollowedbyresearc

57、hersattemptingtodefineintelligencehasbeenfactoranalysis,astatisticalmethodthatexaminesmentalabilitytestscoreswithaneyetodiscerningconstellationsoftestscoresthatarecloselyrelatedtoeachother.Theunderlyingthesisisthatwhereacorrelationappearsamongthescoresofmanypeopleontestsofdifferentmentalabilities,as

58、inglefactorofintelligencemustbecommontoperformanceonthosetests.CharlesSpearman,originatoroffactoranalysis,heldthattwokindsoffactorsformthebasisofintelligenceageneralfactorandspecfficfactors.Subsequenttheoristsdividedthegeneralfactorintotwoormoresub-factors,thetwomostgenerallyagreeduponbeingverbal,ed

59、ucationalandpractical-mechanicalabilities.Factoranalysishaslistedmanydiscretementalabilitiesandproducedmodelsthatshowhowtheycombine,hutithasnotsuggestedhowtheseabilitieswork,norhasitbeenproductiveindealingwithadaptationalabilityOrpracticalproblemsolving.Amorerecentapproachisprocessanalysisorinformat

60、ionprocessing,whosethrustoftestperformance.Processanalysts,saysDr.Sternberg,donotrejectthefindingsoffactoranatyslsbutrather,seektosupplementourunderstandingofthefactorsofintelligencewithanunderstandingoftheprocessesthatareresponsibleatleastinpartforthegenerationofthesefactorsassourcesofindividualdif