世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆

1、Chapter 2 Translation on Lexical LevelV. The Translation of Empty Words1Possible Translations世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。 The first generation of museums are what might be called natural museums which, by means of fossils, specimens and other objects, introduce to people the evoluti

2、onary history of the Earth and various kinds of organisms. The first generation of museums belong in natural museums, which give people introductions to the evolutionary history of the earth and kinds of organisms by way of fossils, specimens and so on.2Possible Translations第二代属于工业技术博物馆，它所展示的是工业文明带来

3、的各种阶段性结果。 The second generation belong in industrial and technological museums, which illustrate various phased achievements that industrial civilizations bring us.The second generation are those of industrial technologies which present the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at different sta

4、ges of industrialization. 3Possible Translations这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。 Those two generations of museums serve to spread scientific knowledge, but they have viewed visitors as passive bystanders.Despite the fact that those two generations of museums help to propagate scientific know

5、ledge, they nevertheless treat visitors merely as passive viewers. 4Possible Translations中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆！ The Chinas Museum of Science and Technology is precisely one of them.它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。 5Possible TranslationsIt has drawn strengths from many internati

6、onally famous museums, designed and manufactured exhibition works for mechanics, optics, electrical science, thermology, acoustics, and biology, and demonstrated scientific principles and advanced sci-tech fruits.It has incorporated some of the most fascinating features of those museums with interna

7、tional reputation. Having designed and created exhibits in mechanics, optics, electrical science, thermology, acoustics, and biology, it demonstrates scientific principles and presents the most advanced scientific and technological achievements. 6Revision Questions We can classify four-character phr

8、ase into four. WHAT are they?Suppose our translation aim is to transmit the essence of our Chinese culture into English speaking readers. WHICH translation method should we choose, literal or free translation?WHAT is our chief strategy for advertising translation?In class we have summarized four tec

9、hniques for the translation of four-character phrases. WHAT are they?7Introduction to Empty Words从语法功能上来看，汉语的词可分为两类，即实词和虚词。实词表示具体概念，能单独充当句子成分，包括名、动、形、数、副、代、量。虚词不表示具体概念，不能单独充当句子成分，包括助、连、介、叹。尽管虚词无具体概念，但与实词连用，能更清楚、更准确地表达语言符号之间的关系、语气和情感。汉语虚词通常一词多译。8Examples on the translation of empty words1、“的”的英译“的”字可

10、译成名词、代词、名词加从句、名词加分词、谓动加状语、代词加名词、形容词加名词、从句等。凡是存在的未必全是合理的。Whatever exists is not all right他说他的，你干你的。 Let him say what he likes；you just get on with your work 9Examples on the translation of empty words2、“得”的英译（1）“得”表示许可的英译：表示许可时，多以“不得“的形式出现。一般可译作英语情态动词，也可按照英语习惯用法来译。这笔钱非经批准不得动用。This fund may not be dra

11、wn on without permission 10Examples on the translation of empty words（2）“得”表示可能、能够的英译：汉译英时，可利用can (could)，be able to，be capable of，也可借助带后缀-able或-ible表示可能的形容词。这次踢主场，咱们可输不得。This time we are the host team，and we cant afford to lose the game（3）“得“表示程度、结果的英译：表示程度、结果的“得“英译时，方法比较多。 11Examples on the transl

12、ation of empty words例子多得不胜枚举。Instances are too numerous to list3、“着”、“了”、“过”的英译（时态助词）（1）“着”的英译：“着”表示持续，一般与英语进行体对应。她听着音乐睡着了。She fell asleep while listening to music 12Examples on the translation of empty words（2）“了”的英译：“了”的基本意义是表示动作或状态的完成，多与过去时或完成体对应。水位已上升到了警戒水位。The water level has risen to the warni

13、ng stage此外，“了”附加在形容词后表示既成事实，英译时，可用比较级转换。长大后，他出息了好多。He became more agreeable when he grew up13Examples on the translation of empty words(3) “过”的英译: “过”表示一度或曾经发生的行为或状态，表明主语的一种经验，多与英语现在完成体对应。他经历过的世事太多了，不可能不痛感于斯。He has seen only too much of life to feel it keenly4、“把”的英译 14Examples on the translation of

14、 empty words他们还没把保税仓库的设计做好。They havent got the design of the bonded warehouse ready.那位“香港小姐”的风采把大家迷倒了。 The elegant demeanor of the Miss Hong Kong enchanted all present 不要把书上的一切都奉为金科玉律。Dont accept all youve read from books as infallible as law 15Examples on the translation of empty words5、表示强调的汉语语气词的

15、英译在对表示强调的语气词进行英译时，除采用表示强调的英语词汇外，还可以利用倒装或强调句式等句法手段。他可不就是白手起家的么。 Indeed he simply built up from nothing他们不仅抢劫了你的钱财，还把东西都砸了呢。 Not only did they rob you，they smashed everything，too16Examples on the translation of empty words6、时间副词的英译很多情况下，汉语时间副词可转换成英语的时态。这几年我们一直强调科技在农业发展中的作用。For years we have been stres

16、sing the important role of science and technology in the development of agriculture升旗仪式就要开始了。 The flag-raising ceremony is about to start17Examples on the translation of empty words7、表示强调的语气副词的英译 这类词有“可、倒、竞、偏、也、决不、究竟、只好、难道”等。汉译英时，除译成表示强调的词汇外，还可借助疑问句、感叹句、倒装句或把被强调部分置于主语或表语的位置上等手段。 你可来了!So you are here

17、 at last.他偏偏两天就把活干完了。To everyones surprise,he finished the work in two days.18Examples on the translation of empty words8、连词的英译（1）译为关系从句：英语关系从句可表示转折、条件、假设等关系。关系从句的适当运用，可使译文更自然、流畅。无论谁去，我都没意见。Whoever goes, I shall have no objection.（2）译为“and”：汉语中的许多连词都可译成and。他会世界语，而且说得很好。He speaks Esperanto, and that very well.19Examples on the translation of empty