商务英语翻译第六章商务合同翻译剖析课件

1、商务英语翻译Translation of Business EnglishHomework注册会计师史密斯先生已被任命为本公司结束业务的清算人，他将代理本公司清偿一切债务并收取一切应收的欠款。所有报价以我方最后确认为准。除非另有说明或经双方商定，所有价格都是不含佣金的. 你方应在交货期前15天前将全部货款电汇我方是达成这笔交易的基础。因为这次交易额大，而且目前国际金融市场不稳定，所以我们除以信用证付款外，不能接受别的付款方式。再说，你们对中国出口的出口商也同样在坚持以信用证方式付款。因为贵方订单数量很大，我们目前不能满足需求，但是我们将尽最大努力为贵方获取货源，一旦情况好转，一定告知。请将船期

2、延展至11月30日，有效期延展到12月10日，并尽快给我方答复。由于制造商遇到不可预见的困难，我方不能在本月底前装船。如贵方将信用证中装船日期和有效期分别展延至下月中旬和月底，将不胜感激。我们希望这批货物会安全抵达贵方并符合贵方的期望，包括提单、发票、装箱单和检验证书在内的装运单据副本今日航邮你处。统保单对出口贸易至关重要。它实际上是货物保险中的一种便利的办法，特别适合于分不同的时间出口的一批类似货物，如，当被保险方根据独家代理协议书向国外的进口方供货，或在国外委任了销售代表，设立分支机构时用之。保单或保险证书1式3份，投保一切险和战争险包括破碎险，损失有5%绝对免赔率，按全部货物计算，仓至仓

3、条款到买方在香港的仓库为止。To give you a general idea of the products we handle, we enclose a brochure and a price list.Upon receipt of your confirmation, we shall establish with the Bank of China ,London a confirmed, irrevocable L/C in your favor, payable by draft at sight.We wish to draw your attention to the

4、fact that 500 sets of Sewing Machines under Contract No. xxx have been ready for shipment, but we have not yet received your covering L/C to date.Please see to it that your L/C is opened at the beginning of next month, allowing partial shipment and transshipment. Please insure the goods for 10% abov

5、e invoice value. 第六章 商务合同与协议翻译商务合同与协议的词汇特征商务合同与协议的文体特征商务合同与协议的翻译商务合同Contract: an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations.合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民

6、事权利义务关系的协议。商务合同的构成国际通用的英文商务合同内容大致可以分为三个部分： 一、 约首(the head): 包括合同标题和前言。前言中包括 1） 订约时间 date of signing 2) 订约地点 place of signing 3) 合同当事人 signing parties 4) 当事人合法依据 each partys authority 5) 定约缘由 Recitals of “whereas” Clause商务合同的构成国际通用的英文商务合同内容大致可以分为三个部分： 二、 本文(the body): 1) 一般条款 general terms and condit

7、ions 2) 特殊条款三、约尾（the tail): 合同份数、使用的文字及其效力、合同附件的效力、签名、盖章条款等。商务合同及协议的词汇特征1 使用古体词e.g. 1) This agreement shall begin on the date hereof and shall continue for 5 years thereafter.2) In the event of the death of any partner, this partnership shall not be thereby dissolved.3) For any business transacted b

8、etween governments of both Parties, Party A may handle such direct dealings as authorized by Party As government without binding himself to this Agreement. Party B shall not interfere in such direct dealings nor shall Party B bring forward any demand for compensation wherefrom.aforesaidaforementione

9、dforthwithhereafterherebyhereinhereon 前述的 上述的 随即 之后 据此 本文件中 于是；关于这个 hereofthereintheretothereinaftertheretoforethereuntothereupon 于此 在其中 到那里 以下；在下文 直到那时 在那里 就该事 therewiththereonhereunderherewithheretoforehereinbeforehereinafterthereabout 与此 关于 在下文 随附 迄今为止 此前 大约thereafterthereatwhereaswhereonwherebyw

10、hereinhithertowhereasin witness whereof 此后，据此 因此 鉴于 关于那；在其上 由是；凭那个 在其中 迄今鉴于以兹为证合同中还会出现一些少见的词汇 e.g. The total Contract price to be paid by Party A pursuant to the Content and Scope of the Contract as stipulated in Section 2 of the Contract is _. 按本合同第二章规定的合同内容和范围，甲方向乙方支付的合同总价为_。 pursuant to: accordin

11、g to商务合同及协议的词汇特征2 使用外来词 pro rate tax rate 比例税率 in lieu of 代替 force majeure 不可抗力 agent ad litem 委托代理人 insurance premium per capita 人均保险费商务合同及协议的词汇特征3 选词正式 因为财务年度末在之前关于开始停止做事实上认为愿意做 by virtue of at the close of the fiscal year prior to as regards/concerning/relating to commencement cease to do in effe

12、ct deem intend/desire to do商务合同及协议的词汇特征3 选词正式 赔偿出租终止违约理解合同其他事项何时开会并由某某主持 indemnities lease terminate breach construe/comprehend a contract miscellaneous the meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.商务合同及协议的词汇特征3 选词正式 e.g. Any event or circumstance beyond the control of the Parties shall be deeme

13、d an event of Force Majeure and shall include, but not be restricted to, fire, storm, flood, earthquake, explosion, war, rebellion, insurrection, epidemic and quarantine restriction. 双方如遇有无法控制的事件或情况应视为不可抗力事件，但不限于火灾、风灾、水灾、地震、爆炸、战争、叛乱、暴动、传染病及瘟疫。 商务合同及协议的词汇特征4 多用术语e.g. In processing transactions, the m

14、anufactures never have title either to the materials or the finished products.在加工贸易中，生产方对原材料和产成品都没有所有权。The lead Partner submits a copy of the short term cash flow which covers the period September 2005 to February 2006. Mr. Smith highlights the main items of the cash flow which are the Endowment fun

15、d the Advance Payment as far as the Receipt is concerned and the down payment for TBMs and plants, purchase of fixed assets and the advance payment to subcontractors for the Expenditures. 责任方递交了一份从2005年9月到2006年2月间的短期现金流量表。史密斯先生强调指出：主要的现金流就收入款项而言有集资款和预付款，就支出款项而言有TBM(隧洞掘进机）设备定金、固定资产购置费和分包商预付款。商务合同及协议的

16、词汇特征4 多用术语Ex Works (named place) 工厂交货（指定地点）FCA: Free Carrier (named place) 货交承运人（指定地点）FAS: Free Alongside Ship(named port of shipment)船边交货（指定装运港）FOB: Free On Board(named port of shipment) 船上交货（指定装运港）CFR: Cost& Freight (named port of destination)成本加运费（指定目的港）CIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight (named por

17、t of destination) 成本，保险加运费（指定目的港）商务合同及协议的词汇特征4 多用术语CPT: Carriage Paid To (named place of destination) 运费付至（指定目的港）CIP: Carriage and Insurance Paid To (named place of destination) 运费保险费付至（指定目的港）DAF: Delivered at Frontier (named place) 边境交货（指定地点）DES: Delivered ex Ship(named port of destination) 船上交货（指定

18、目的港）DEQ: Delivered ex Quay (named place of destination)码头交易（指定目的地）DDU: Delivered Duty Unpaid (named place of destination) 未完税交货（指定目的地）DDP: Delivered Duty Paid (named place of destination) 完税后交货（指定目的地）商务合同及协议的词汇特征 5 多用并列结构e.g. This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B

19、.本协议由甲方和乙方共同制定。This agreement and any rights or obligations hereunder are not transferable or assignable by one party to this Agreement without the consent of the other party hereto.本协议以及本协议所规定的权利或义务，未经另一方同意不得擅自转让。The buyer is responsible for the following costs and charges in the sale and transport

20、 of goods.买方承担货物运输和销售中的成本和费用。商务合同及协议的词汇特征 6 May, shall, must, may not (或shall not) 的使用 may 旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么）shall约定当事人的义务（应当做什么时候） must 用于强制性义务（必须做什么） may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务（不得做什么）may do 不能说成can do，shall do，不能说成should do 或ought to domay not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not，但绝不能用can not do或must not。Case

21、 StudyThe parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitra

22、tion clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。 Practice下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品。合同生效后，当事人就质量、价格或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的，可以协议补充。买卖双方同意按下述条款购买出售下列产品并签订合同。The undersigned hereb

23、y agrees that the new products are to be made in China.If, after the contract made by and between the parties becomes effective, there is no agreement regarding quality, price, or remuneration and place of performance, etc.or such agreement is unclear, the parties may, through consultation, agree up

24、on supplementary terms and provisions.This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Sellers agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.PracticeThis letter of intent is confidential and shal

25、l not be disclosed to anyone other than the parties and their employees, attorneys and accountants and the possible lenders of the Possible Buyer. The terms of the transaction being discussed are attached hereto, but the terms (and the possible sale itself) are not binding unless and until they are

26、set forth in a written contract signed by the Possible Seller and the Possible Buyer.本意向书为保密文件。除了本意向书双方及其雇员、律师、会计师和可能买方的可能贷款方之外，任何一方不得向任何其他第三方透露。随附本次协商交易条款，但除非且直到可能的买卖双方签署书面协议，这些条款（及可能销售本身）将不具有约束力。商务合同与协议的文本特征1 多用陈述句和现在时陈述句： 阐述、解释、说明、规定和判断，语言显得比较客观、平实。现在时：在合同所涉及的内容中，将来的事情远远多于现在，但是对此类事物的讲述一律用现在时，而不用将

27、来时。商务合同与协议的文本特征2 多用条件句In case a third party brings a charge of infringement, licensor shall be responsible for dealing with the third party and bear full legal and financial responsibilities which may arise.若第三方起诉侵权，出让方应负责处理第三方事物，并承担全部相应的法律和财政责任。商务合同与协议的文本特征2 多用条件句Should the effect of Force Majeure

28、continue more than one hundred consecutive days both parties shall settle the further execution of the Contract through friendly negotiations as soon as possible.如不可抗力事故延续到一百天以上时，双方应通过友好协商尽快解决继续执行合同的问题。商务合同与协议的文本特征2 多用条件句Where there come up special requirements or questions in relation to local circ

29、umstances, the Chinese Party may take them into consideration in preparing the design. 若遇有特殊要求及涉及地域性问题，中方可在设计中加以考虑。Title will be transferred to the buyer while goods are delivered to New York port, provided that the buyer has paid.如果买方已向卖方付款，在货物到达纽约港时所有权转至买方。商务合同与协议的文本特征3 多用被动语态 Any dispute arising

30、out of or in connection with this Contract shall be submitted to the competent court in the Peoples Republic of China.因本合同产生的或与本合同有关的任何争议，都应交由中华人民共和国有管辖权的法院管辖。It is understood that the Seller shall not be liable for any discrepancy of the goods shipped due to the causes for which the Insurance Compa

31、ny, Shipping Company, other transportation organizations and Post Office are liable.卖方对于由保险公司、船舶公司和其他转运单位或邮政部门造成的损失不承担责任。商务合同与协议的文本特征3 多用长句 In the event of a Subcontractor having undertaken towards the Contractor in respect of the work executed; or the goods, materials, Plant or services supplied by

32、 such Subcontractor, any continuing obligation for a period exceeding that of the Defects Liability Period under the Contract, the Contractor shall at any time, after the expiration of such period, as sign to the Employer, at the Employers request and cost, the benefit of such obligation for the une

33、xpired duration thereof.当分包商在所进行的工作，或其提供的货物、材料、工程设备或服务等方面，为承包商承担了合同规定的缺陷责任期限结束后的任何延长期间须继续承担的任何连续义务时，承包商在根据雇主的要求和由雇主承担费用的情况下，在缺陷责任期满之后的任何时间，将上述未终止的此类义务的权益转让给雇主。Case StudyParty A further unconditionally and irrevocably agrees to indemnify Party B against all actions, proceedings, claims, demands, loss

34、es, liabilities, damages, costs, charges and expenses of whatever nature which may result or which Party B may incur or sustain directly or indirectly arising from or in connection with the Guarantee and to repay to Party B immediately all amount paid by Party B in connection with said Guarantee, to

35、gether with all costs of collection, including reasonable attorneys fees if permitted by law, which may be incurred by way of legal proceedings or otherwise.甲方进一步无条件和不可撤消地同意就任何性质的直接或间接因有关保证引起或与有关保证相关而可能导致或乙方可能招致或蒙受的一切诉讼、法律程序、索赔、要求、损失、法律责任、损害赔偿、成本、收费和支出向乙方作出赔偿，并连同所有收款费用，包括法律程序或其他方式可能发生并为法律所容许的合理的律师代理

36、费，立即向乙方偿还乙方就上述有关保证支付的所有款额。商务合同与协议的文本特征5 条目化和程式化A) subject to/without prejudice toe.g. The determination of quality of Rock Phosphate is subject to the results of analysis of the representative samples drawn from the actually landed cargo, conducted by the China Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine B

37、ureau after arrival of the goods at destination.磷酸岩质量的确定，以代表性样品的化验结果为准。代表性样品在货物达到目的地后自实际到货中抽取，抽样及化验均由中国出入境检验检疫局办理。商务合同与协议的文本特征5 条目化和程式化A) subject to/without prejudice toe.g. Subject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are predicted by

38、 rules made under subsection.在符合本条的规定下，上诉须按根据款订立的规则内订明的方式提出，并须受该规则所订明的条件规限。Without prejudice to your powers and discretions, we hereby authorize you or your agents to take any actions including but not limited to the following.不使贵行权利和任意决定受到损害，本公司兹授权贵行或贵行代理，采取包括但不限于以下的任何行动。商务合同与协议的文本特征 5 条目化和程式化B) ot

39、herwise e.g. Unless otherwise specified in the Contract, the supplied goods shall be packed by standard protective measures.除非合同另有规定，卖方所提供的全部货物，均应按标准的保护措施进行包装。No claim shall be recoverable hereunder if the benefit of the contract herein contained shall become vested in any other person or persons at

40、 law or in equity otherwise than by will or operation of law, unless the written consent of the insurer thereto shall have first been obtained.如果本单所包含的合约利益，不用遗嘱或不运用法律的方式归于正在打官司的其他任何人，就不可取得所索的赔偿，除非首先得到承保人对此的书面同意。商务合同与协议的文本特征 5 条目化和程式化C) for the purpose of e.g. For the purpose of this Agreement, each

41、of the following terms shall have the following meaning respectively.就本协议目的而言，下列各用语分别具有下述意义。For the purposes of subsection (3) permission shall be in writing and 就第（3）款而言，许可须为书面形式而且商务合同与协议的翻译1 谨慎选用极易混淆的词语 英译商务合同时，常常由于选同不当而导致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。如下列词语： Ashipping advice 与 shipping instructions

42、 Babide by 与 comply with C. change A to B 与 change A into B D. ex 与 per E. in 与 after F. on/upon 与 after G. by 与 before A shipping advice 与shipping instructionsshipping advice: 装运通知，是由出口商发给进口商的。shipping instructions: 装运须知，是进口商发给出口商的。vendor& vendee: 卖主& 买主consignor& consignee: 发货人&收货人B abide by与compl

43、y withabide by: 遵守，主语须是“人”comply with: 遵守，主语是非人称。e.g. Both parties shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。C change A to B与change A into Bchange A to B: 把A改为Bchange A into B: 把A折合成/兑换成Be.g. Both parties agree that change

44、 the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into RMB.交货期改为8月并将美元折合成人民币。D ex与perex: 由某轮船“运来”的货物per: 由某轮船“运走”的货物by: 由某轮船“承运”e.g. The last batch per/ex/by S.S. “Victoria” will arrive in London on October 1st.由“维多利亚”轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于10月1日抵达伦敦。E in与afterin: “多少天之后”的确切的一天after:“多少天之后”的不确切的任何的一天e.

45、g. The goods shall be shipped per M.V. “Dong Feng” on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rotterdam in 41 days.该货于11月10日由“东风”轮运出，41天后抵达鹿特丹港。F on/upon与afteron/upon: 到后，就after: “之后”的时间不明确e.g. The invoice value is to be paid on/upon arrival.发票货值必须货到付给。G by与beforeby: 在翻译终止时间时，比如在“某月某日之前”，如果包括所写日期，就用by.

46、before: 如果不包括所写日期，即指到所写日期的前一天为止，就用before.e.g. The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15（before June 16)卖方须在6月15日前将货交给买方。2 慎重处理合同的关键细目 A. 限定责任 a. and/or e.g. 如果上述货物对船舶和（或）船上其他货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。 The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and /or cargo

47、on board.b. by and between e.g. 买卖双方同意按照下述条款购买、出售下列商品并签订本合同。This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell under mentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.2 慎重处理合同的关键细目 B. 限定时间 a. on and afte

48、r/on or before e.g. 自9月20日起，甲方已无权接受任何订单或收据。 Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。 Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1st.2 慎重处理合同的关键细目 B. 限定时间 b. not (no) later than e.g. 本合同签字之日起

49、一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。 Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e., not later than December 15.2 慎重处理合同的关键细目 B. 限定时间 c. include的相应形式： inclusive; including; included.e.g. 本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。 This credit expires till January 1st (inclusive) /till and inclu

50、ding January 1st for negotiation in Beijing.如果不包含1月1日，则翻译为 till and not including January1st2 慎重处理合同的关键细目C. 限定金额 a. 大写文字重复金额 e.g. 聘方每月付给受聘方美元500元整。Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US $500 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY).2 慎重处理合同的关键细目C. 限定金额 b. 正确使用货币符号 $ 即可以代表“美元”也可以代表其他地方的货币。金额数字必须紧

51、靠货币符号 e.g. US$400. 此外，还要注意小数点和逗号，务必看清楚。涉外商务合同翻译中句子成分的转换1） 主语的转换 A. 主语转换为谓语原文的主语为动作性的名词，且采用被动语态。译成汉语时，须将英语的被动语态调整为汉语的主动语态，进行翻译转换。Case StudyDelivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order, otherwise the Buyer may at its option cancel the order without cost to him, and charge the

52、 Seller for any loss incurred as a result of the latters failure to make such delivery.卖方必须在购货订单规定的时间内交货，否则，买方可取消合同，而不承担任何损失，并要求卖方赔偿由不交货所造成的一切损失。B. 主语转换为宾语原文的主语往往为普通名词，且常常采用被动语态。译成汉语时，将英语的被动语态改译成汉语的主动语态，主语转换为宾语。如：Should all or part of the Contract and its appendices be unable to be fulfilled owing t

53、o the fault of one party, the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused.由于一方过失，致使不能履行或不能完全履行本合同及其附件时，由过失方承担违约责任。C. 主语转换为定语如果主语和宾语之间的关系密切，或宾语本身就是主语的一部分，译成汉语时，为使译文符合汉语的表达习惯，往往把原文的主语转换为定语：Each Party is liable to the Joint Venture Company only up to the limit of the capital subscribed

54、by it.各方对合资公司的责任以各自认缴的出资额为限。2） 宾语的转换A. 宾语转换为主语合同英语中的某些动词宾语，在逻辑上是应说明的主体，为使其突出醒目，翻译时一般将其转换为汉语的主语。Party A shall send twice its technical personnel to Party Bs factory for training, and the total number of the participants shall not exceed 320 (excluding the interpreter).甲方的技术人员将分两批赴乙方接受培训，参加培训人员不超过320人

55、（翻译人员除外）。B. 宾语转换为谓语如果原文的谓语动词不易处理成汉语的谓语，而原文中的宾语又是含有动作意义的名词，那么在汉译时可以将原文中的宾语转换成汉语的谓语，或与原文动词一起合译为汉语的谓语。如：The Licenser will, at its own cost, take such actions to eliminate infringement of the Licensed Patents as may be reasonably necessary and proper in its own opinion. 许可方应在其认为有必要的时候，以适当的方式，自费采取行动，消除对特

56、许专利的侵权。3） 表语的转换A. 表语转换为主语在英语中，当用名词作表语时，主语和表语所表达内容往往是一致的。在译成汉语时，为使上下文连贯，或突出表语所述内容，可将原文句中的表语转换为汉语的主语。 This is the final arbitration award and binding on both Contracting Parties. 这一仲裁是终局性的，对双方均有约束力。B. 表语转换为谓语当介词和名词构成短语作表语时，其功能类似于汉语的谓语部分，一般可选择一个适当的汉语动词作为谓语来处理译文。 In the course of arbitration, the Contra

57、ct shall be continuously executed by both parties except the part of the Contract which is under arbitration.在仲裁过程中，除了正在仲裁的部分条款外，合同的其他条款应继续执行。4） 定语的转换在汉语中，形容词是可以作谓语的。因此，当英语的形容词作前置定语时，很难将其译成通顺的汉语。此时，如果将定语转换为汉语的谓语，使之和所修饰的名词一起构成汉语的主谓词组，则可使译文流畅规范。 The sample of the machine submitted by the Seller is featured by novel shape, easy operation, high calorific efficiency and low fuel consumption.卖方提交的样机的特点是造型新颖、操作简便、热效率高、油耗低。Practice 车辆租用协议书姓名证件类型证件号代办人（证件号）租用期 由 年 月