第二章英汉对比(下)

1、第二章 英汉对比(dub)（下）共三十四页上节回顾(hug)英汉语言对比（1）主语与主题（2）形合与意合（3）树状与竹状（4）静态(jngti)与动态英汉文化对比（1）文化心理（2）价值取向（3）风俗习惯共三十四页本节要点(yodin)英汉思维(swi)对比（1）思维方式差异的原因（2）思维方式差异在语言中的体现共三十四页什么(shn me)是思维方式？ 思维方式是人们大脑活动的内在程式，它对人们的言行(ynxng)起决定性作用。 思维方式是看待事物的角度。不同国籍、文化背景的人看待事物的角度不同，便是思维方式的不同。 共三十四页How is the world observed and vi

2、ewed in both cultures?在中西两种文化中人们(rn men)是怎样看待世界的？中西(zhngx)宇宙观差异思维方式差异的原因共三十四页Man and Nature人 与 自 然共三十四页中西(zhngx)宇宙观差异Linear division and circular enclosure（线分环合(hun h)） 西方：一分为二 中国: 合二为一共三十四页西方(xfng)：线分Ancient Greek Philosophers 古希腊哲学家Thales泰勒斯（624 547 BC）Heracleitus赫拉克利特（540 480 BC）Plato柏拉图（427 347

3、BC）共三十四页Thales, the first Greek philosopher 泰勒斯古希腊第一位哲学家Mind shaped and created all things from water.Element Vs. Soul (元素(yun s)与灵魂）共三十四页Heracleitus, one of the founders of dialectics 赫拉克利特辩证法的奠基人之一Everything is in a state of flux. We both step and do not step in the same river. All things come int

4、o being by conflict of opposites, and the sum of things flows like a stream. 共三十四页The development of western philosophy is a series of footnotes to Plato. - Whitehead 西方哲学的发展(fzhn)是对柏拉图的一系列脚注。 怀海德共三十四页 Platos distinction between the sensible world and the ideal world 柏拉图关于感觉世界与理念(l nin)世界的区分 Platos

5、Theory of Forms contrasts reality with phenomena; soul with body; knowledge with opinion; reason with sensation; and rationality with emotion. 柏拉图的理念论把实在和现象、灵魂和肉体、知识和意见(y jin)、理性和感觉、理智和激情相对应。共三十四页Modern PhilosophersDescartes笛卡尔(1596 1650)Kant康德(kn d)(1724 1804)Russell罗素(1872 1970)共三十四页Descartes （Fre

6、nch)Father of Modern Philosophy Hegel （黑格尔）Je pense, donc je suis. I think, therefore I am. I am thinking, therefore I exist. 我思故我在。 Perception through senses is unreliable, but thinking is indubitable. 共三十四页 Substance dualism （实体(sht)二元论）: Descartes divided the world into extended substance (matter

7、) and thinking substance (mind), and these two have mutually incompatible properties. Accordingly the soul is entirely distinct from the body. 笛卡尔把世界划分为广延的实体(物质)和能思维的实体(心灵)，这两种实体的性质是不相容的。因此(ync)，灵魂与身体是截然区分的。 The body works like a machine, with the material properties of extension and motion, and it

8、follows the laws of physics. The mind (or soul) is a nonmaterial entity that does not follow the laws of physics. 共三十四页Kant（康德(kn d), German） Phenomenal world vs. noumenal world（现象(xinxing)世界与本体世界）Russell （罗素, British） Causal dualism（因果二元论）: physical causal laws vs. psychological causal laws(物理因果律与心

9、理因果律）共三十四页中国(zhn u)：环合中华第一(dy)图太极图 环性中国文化的象征共三十四页Philosophical Concept: Tao （道）易经(y jn)：一阴一阳之谓道。共三十四页老子：道生一，一生二，二生三，三生(sn shn)万物。万物负阴而抱阳,冲气以为和。道德经第42章 老子(lo zi)（571- 471 BC)共三十四页 天地(tind)与我并生，而万物与我为一。 道的普遍性、永恒性和深奥(shn o)性庄子（369 286 BC）共三十四页天人合一(tin rn h y)天人感应 天地(tind)之气，合而为一，分为阴阳，判为四时，列为五行。 天亦有喜怒之气

10、，哀乐之心，与人相副。以类合之，天人一也。董仲舒179 104 BC共三十四页思维方式(fngsh)差异在语言中的体现正反与虚实褒贬与曲直直率与含蓄(hnx)客体与主体逻辑与感悟抽象与具体整体与局部分析与综合共三十四页正反与虚实(xsh)正反转换(zhunhun)Thelecturewas interesting, but as far as I am concerned the speaker was speaking over my head.这讲座很有趣，但对我来说，讲座太深了，听不懂。 Hedivedintothewaterfullyclothedandrescuedthechildr

11、en他衣服没脱就跳入水中，把孩子救了上来。 Everyone felt nervous that afternoon and they all went about their work in unusually careful manner.那天下午，大家都感到紧张，干活时特别小心谨慎。The scientist must approach the familiar just as carefully and cautiously he does the unfamiliar.科学家在处理熟知的事物时，必须像处理陌生的事物一样小心谨慎。 共三十四页虚实(xsh)转换In the end, t

12、hings will mend.车到山前必有路。He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.他想学习，增长知识，也愿意把知识教给别人。These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.这些(zhxi)问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。共三十四页褒贬(bobin)与曲直He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was

13、 not deserved.他是一个正直的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信这种坏名声是不该有的。He is always saying the usual polite nothings.他老是说那些(nxi)寻常的客套话。With determination, with luck, and with the help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes.凭着我的决心，我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于得以东山再起。共三十四页直率(zhshui)与含蓄There are many wonderful sto

14、ries to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.我访问过一些地方，遇到过不少人，要谈起来，奇妙(qmio)的事可多了。There was nothing inherently wrong with the sentence you said, but it was wrong of you to speak without taking notice of the setting at the time.你说的话本质上没错，但是说话不注意场合就是你不对了。共三十四页客体(kt)与主体The bad weather pre

15、vented him from attending the meeting.天气不好，他没去开会。Memories of that historic and happy occasion still linger.人们对那次历史性的盛会记忆犹新(j y yu xn)。That night sleep eluded him. 那天夜里他没睡好。Alarm began to take entire possession of him. 他开始变得惊恐万状。共三十四页逻辑(lu j)与感悟他来了，我走。-如果他来了，我就走。If he comes, I will go.-既然(jrn)他来了，我可以

16、走了。Since he comes, I will go.-当他来时，我就走。When he comes, I will go.-因为他来，所以我走。As he comes, I will go.共三十四页抽象(chuxing)与具体He was always an unwelcome intruder.他经常冒冒失失地闯进人家的家里。He can see beyond the simple happenings to their farthest implications.他能透过(tu u)简单的事件看到其最深远的含义。She talked to him with brutal frank

17、ness.她对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。共三十四页整体(zhngt)与局部意义表达句子形态汉语整体把握化整为零英语局部分析化零为整共三十四页They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the kitchen.他坐在那儿(nr)双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着厨房的一角。共三十四页分析(fnx)与综合Somebody lied, if he said my life is a happy little tale, or he told you Im just an ordinary guy in the world.如果有人说我的一生是一部(y b)喜剧，或者说我是个普通人，他都在撒谎。共三十四页作业(zuy