跨文化商务沟通chapter2.课件

1、 Chapter 2Understanding Cultures and Their ValuesLearning ObjectivesBy the end of this chapter, you should be able toDefine culture and cultural valueIdentify the ingredients and the characteristics of cultureAppreciate the basic values of your own culture and the culture of othersUnderstand how cul

2、tural differences in work-related values shape behaviorCulture DefinedOrigin of CultureCulture: derived from the Latin word “colere”, which could be translated as “to build”, “to care for”, “to plant” or “to cultivate”. Thus, “culture” usually referred to something that is derived from or created by

3、 the intervention of humans.From Intellectual PerspectiveCulture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”.From Anthropologic PerspectiveCulture is “the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people”.Edward TylorCultureis

4、 that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.Edward SapirCulture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. Language is a particular way of thought.Kroeber and KluckhohnCulture cons

5、ists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts.Geert HofstedeThe collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of

6、 people from another.Culture is “software of the mind”.Samovar and PorterCulture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by

7、 a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Edward T. HallCulture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable gr

8、oup of people.Ingredients of Cultureartifacts concepts behavior Culture may be classified by three large categories of elementsAlmanet and Alwan (1982) Elements of Cultureartifacts (which includes items ranging from arrowheads to hydrogen bombs, magic charms to antibiotics to electric lights, and ch

9、ariots to jet planes);concepts ( which include such beliefs or value systems as right or wrong, God and man, ethics, and the general meaning of life);behavior ( which refers to the actual practice of concepts or beliefs).Characteristics of CultureCharacteristicsTransmitted from generation to generat

10、ionCoherent and Learned interrelated EthnocentricSubject to changeSelective Value DefinedFrom Intellectual PerspectiveOnes principles or standards, ones judgment of what is valuable or important in life.Geert HofstedeA broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others.Clyde KluckhohnA c

11、onception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of action.Value SystemA value system represents what is expected or hoped for, required or forbidden. It is not a report of

12、 actual conduct but is the system of criteria by which conduct is judged and sanctions applied.The Core of CultureCulture is like an icebergCulture is our softwareCulture is like the water a fish swims in.Symbols Symbols refers to words, gestures, pictures, or objects that carry a particular meaning

13、 only recognized by those who share the culture.Heroes “Heroes” is a term used to indicate persons, ordinary or famous, real or imaginary, as long as they possess characteristics that are highly prized and worshiped in a culture.Rituals Rituals are those collective activities that are considered soc

14、ially essential within a culture.Values Values are social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture.Categories of ValuesHow do we get our values?From ones familyFrom school education teachersFrom ones peersFrom society at largeHow to find out about peoples values?From peoples

15、behaviorFrom what people say about themselvesFrom myths, tales of heroes, and ritualsFrom folk tales, proverbs, sayingsTaxonomies used to analyze valuesKluckholn & StrodetbeckValue OrientationsHofstede & BondCultural DimensionsTrompenaarsValue DimensionsShalom SchwartzValue inventoryEdward HallHigh-

16、 and low-context OrientationKluckhohn & Strodtbecksvalue orientationValue orientationVariations Human natureevilMixed/neutralgoodRelationship to naturesubjugationharmonymasterySense of time pastpresentfutureactivitybeingBeing-and-becomingdoingSocial relationshiphierarchygroupindividualBasic Human Na

17、ture GoodPeople trust each other EvilLack of trust Mixed-NeutralGenerally trusting but need to be cautious and protect selfRelation to Nature SubjugationAccept nature; dont try to change it HarmonyCoexist with nature MasteryChange nature through technology when necessary or desirable Time Orientatio

18、n PastEmphasizes tradition PresentFocuses on short-term FutureEmphasizes long-termActivity Orientation DoingEmphasis on action, achievement, learning BeingEmphasis on social status and position Being-and-becoming No one will be the same tomorrow as todaySocialRelationships IndividualisticPeople defi

19、ne themselves through personal characteristics and achievement Group-orientedPeople relate to and take responsibility for members of the family, network, or community HierarchicalPeople value group relationships but also within the society emphasize relative ranking of groupsHofstede-Bondscultural d

20、imensionsIndividualism vs. Collectivism (U.S.)Loose or tight social bond? Power distance (Philippines)Expected social inequality? Uncertainty avoidance (Greece)Preference for structured or unstructured situations? Masculinity vs. Femininity (Japan)Expression of competitive or nurturing traits?Long-t

21、erm vs. Short-term orientation (HK)Save for the future and be persistent or “live for today?”Trompenaarsvalue orientationsUniversalistic vs. ParticularisticApplying rules objectively or subjectively?Individualism vs. CommunitarianismNeutral vs. EmotionalFeelings are openly expressed?Specific vs. Dif

22、fuse Separate work from personal?Trompenaarsvalue orientationsAchievement vs. AscriptionHow is status accorded?Attitudes to timeSequential or synchronous?Attitudes to the environmentControlling outcomes or letting things take their own course?Schwartzs Value InventoryIndividual-level analysis10 valu

23、e typesCulture-level analysis7 value typesIndividual-level analysis10 value typesPower The motivational goal of power values is the attainment of social status and prestige, and the control or dominance over people and resources. Achievement The primary goal of this type is personal success through

24、demonstrated competence. Competence is evaluated in terms of what is valued by the system or organization in which the individual is located. Individual-level analysis10 value typesHedonism The motivational goal of this type of value is pleasure or sensuous gratification for oneself. This value type

25、 is derived from physical needs and the pleasure associated with satisfying them. Stimulation The motivational goal of stimulation values is excitement, novelty, and challenge in life. This value type is derived from the need for variety and stimulation in order to maintain an optimal level of activ

26、ation. Thrill seeking can be the result of strong stimulation needs. Individual-level analysis10 value typesSelf-Direction The motivational goal of this value type is independent thought and action (for example, choosing, creating, exploring). Self-direction comes from the need for control and maste

27、ry along with the need for autonomy and independence. Universalism The motivational goal of universalism is the understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection of the welfare for all people and for nature. Benevolence The motivational goal of benevolent values is to preserve and enhance the w

28、elfare of people with whom one is in frequent personal contact. This is a concern for the welfare of others that is more narrowly defined than Universalism. Tradition The motivational goal of tradition values is respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that ones culture or religi

29、on imposes on the individual. A traditional mode of behavior becomes a symbol of the groups solidarity and an expression of its unique worth and, hopefully, its survival. Individual-level analysis10 value typesConformity The motivational goal of tradition values is respect, commitment, and acceptanc

30、e of the customs and ideas that ones culture or religion imposes on the individual. A traditional mode of behavior becomes a symbol of the groups solidarity and an expression of its unique worth and, hopefully, its survival. Security The motivational goal of this type is safety, harmony, and stabili

31、ty of society or relationships, and of self. ConservationSelf-enhancementSecurity,Tradition,ConformitySelf-transcendenceAchievement,Power,HedonismUniversalism, benevolence Stimulation, Self-direction, HedonismOpenness to changeCultural-level analysis7 value typesConservatism Intellectual Autonomy Affective Autonomy Hierarchy EgalitarianismMastery Harmony Halls high-context vs. low-context orientationHigh-context culturesChinese, Korean, JapaneseLow-context culturesGerman, Swiss, North AmericansHigh context culturesIn high-context cultures, most of the information is in the physical conte