甲型流感资料 交替传译练习

1、甲型H1N1流感又称为A (H1N1)型流感，人感染猪流感。2009年4月30日世界卫生组 织、联合国粮农组织和世界动物卫生组织宣布，一致同意使用A (H1N1)型流感指代当时 疫情，并不再使用猪流感一词。中国卫生部门则相继将原人感染猪流感改称为甲型H1N1 流感。甲型流感病毒甲型流感病毒为常见流感病毒，甲型流感病毒最容易发生变异，甲型流感病毒的亚型则被人 们成为禽流感，禽流感(Bird Flu)是由禽流感病毒引起的一种急性传染病，也能感染人类， 感染后的症状主要表现为高热、咳嗽、流涕、肌痛等，多数伴有严重的肺炎，严重者心、肾 等多种脏器衰竭导致死亡，病死率很高。此病可通过消化道、呼吸道、皮肤

2、损伤和眼结膜等 多种途径传播，人员和车辆往来是传播本病的重要因素。传染源流感的传染源主要是病人，其次是隐性感染者。动物亦可能为重要贮存宿主和中间宿主。 病人自发病后5d内均可从鼻涕、口涎、痰液等分泌物排出病毒，传染期约1周，以病初2 3d传染性最强。传播途径以空气飞沫传播为主，其次是通过病毒污染的茶具、食具、毛巾等间接传播，密切接触 也是传播流感的途径之一。传播速度和广度与人口密度有关。人群易感性对于流感病毒，人群普遍易感，感染或接种疫苗后1周出现抗体，23婴高峰，1 2个月后开始下降，1年左右降至较低水平，流感病毒3个型别之间无交叉免疫。季节性同许多其它的呼吸系统病毒性疾病相似，流感也是一种

3、季节性疾病，它在夏季的发 病率较低，冬季的发病率较高，但在某些地方这种病毒一年四季均可流行。流感的发病时间 与地理位置有关，在温带地区，流感会在整个冬季流行，北半球通常在1、2月份达到高峰， 南半球的流行时间较晚。通常在59月。在热带地区，流感病毒一年四季均存在，倾向于 雨季流行。感染表现流感发病严重程度与个体免疫状况有关，一般说来，仅约50%的感染病人会发展 成典型流感临床症状。流感典型症状以突然发热、头晕头痛、肌痛、全身症状轻、同时可伴 有喉咙痛和咳嗽、鼻塞、流涕、胸痛、眼痛、畏光等症状。发热体温可达3940C 一般 持续23d后渐退。一般是全身症状较重而呼吸道症状并不严重。预防小贴士预防

4、流感，除接种流感疫苗外，还需注意个人卫生习惯：1、注意保持个人卫生，养成良好的个人卫生习惯、勤洗手、勤洗澡、不要共用毛巾、口杯等日常用品，做到不 随地吐痰，以防接触传播流感病毒。2、居室和办公室，都要经常通风，减少室内聚集的细菌和病毒数，保持室内清新的空气。3、疾病流行期应尽量避免到公共场所，比如商场、电影院等人群密集的地方。与打喷嚏的人要保持1米以上的距离。4、到医院看病，最好戴口罩。呼吸道疾病大多由空气传染，医院就诊者多为各种疾病的患者，易被传染。 戴上口罩可以有效地阻挡细菌和病毒。同时勤洗手对预防流感有一定作用。5、一定要根据气温的变化，适当地增减衣服，防止因感冒着凉引起的免疫力低下。6

5、、日常饮食要注意营养搭配均衡，定时定量，多喝水，不吸烟，少嗜酒。同时要保证睡眠充足，避免过 度劳累。7、要加强体育锻炼，经常坚持户外运动，以增强身体抵抗力。尤其是过集体生活的大中小学的师生，要多到室外进行体育活动，劳逸结合，保持正常的学习和生活，1. Dont Rush to the ER感觉不适立刻去看急诊With the cable news networks reportingnonstop on swine flu, it feels like the disease is lurking everywhere, and that your slightest sniffle is a

6、 sign that youve contracted the virus. That would explain why people with no outward symptoms of illness are flooding emergency rooms in swine flu -affected states, afraid that they might be sick. Thats a really bad idea. 当有线电视新闻台不间断地报道有关甲型H1N1流感 的新闻时，你会感觉到这种疾病无处不在，你会觉得偶尔打的一个喷嚏就证明自己感染甲型 H1N1流感。这也就了解

7、释，在那些出现甲型H1N1流感病例的州里，有那么多没有出现患 病症状的人涌入急诊室，他们担心自己可能感染了病毒，这实际上是一个很糟糕的想法。First of all, having to examine people who arent really sick only stresses the already strained resources of hospitals that are trying to prepare for a pandemic. Plus, going to an emergency room unnecessarily may even pose a sligh

8、t risk to you. In past outbreaks, including SARS in 2003, hospitals were actually loci of infections all those sick people in close proximity and the same could be true of swine flu。首先，对那些事实上没有患病的人进行检查只会加重已经承 担很大压力的医院资源的负担，医院正在为应对疫情作准备。在过去的疫情暴发期间，包括 2003年的萨斯病毒暴发期间，医院实际上是一个容易发生感染的地点，那些得病的人都聚集 在医院里，甲型

9、H1N1流感也会出现类似的情况If you actually have flu-like symptoms a fever above 100 F, headache, sore throat, body aches, chills or fatigue and you live in an area where there have been confirmed swine flu cases, by all means report to your doctor. Otherwise, leave the hospital to the sick people。如果你真的出 现类似流感的症

10、状：体温超过37.7度，头痛、喉咙痛、身体疼痛、身体感到寒冷或者疲劳， 你居住在出现H1N1流感确诊病例的地方，那么你首先要通知你的医生，否则，请把医院留 给那些患病人群吧。Dont Be Afraid to Eat Pork 怕吃猪肉On April 29, the CDC(CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION) announced that swine flu would no longer be referred to as swine flu, but as the 2009 H1N1 flu. Its less catchy, but m

11、ore accurate. For one thing, there is no evidence that this virus makes pigs really sick. And the H1N1 virus actually contains genes from swine, avian and human flus. The virus also cannot be spread through pork products you cant contract swine flu by eating bacon, hot dogs or anything else that was

12、 once a pig. Nor will culling pigs, as authorities did in Egypt, do anything to stem the spread of the disease. H1N1 has jumped to humans and is passing easily from person to person, so its now a human flu that needs to be controlled in us, not the pigs。疾病预防 和控制中心4月29日宣布将猪流感改名为甲型H1N1流感。虽然新的名字不如猪流感好记

13、， 但是它更为准确。没有证据显示，甲型H1N1流感会使猪生病，甲型H1N1流感事实上包括 来自猪、禽类、人类的基因。病毒不会通过猪肉产品传播，你不会因为吃咸猪肉、热狗或者 任何其它猪肉产品而感染甲型H1N1流感。杀猪也不会遏制流感的蔓延。甲型H1N1流感已 被传给人类，它可以非常容易地在人际间传播，所以，它现在已是人类流感了，只能通过对 人类进行控制才能遏制它的蔓延，这与猪无关。Dont Hoard Antivirals 囤积抗病毒药物The H1N1 virus has so far proven vulnerable to the antiviral drugs Tamiflu and R

14、elenza, which is good news. A cornerstone of the governments pandemic preparations was the stockpiling of 50 million doses of those drugs over the past few years, enough to ensure that doctors would beable to respond sufficiently to new outbreaks. But that capacity could be compromised if people beg

15、in stockpiling antivirals for their own use. Already there are reports of pharmacies running short of Tamiflu, and many hospitals in the U.S. have begun restricting the power to prescribe antivirals to just a few doctors. Also, the misuse or overuse of Tamiflu or Relenza by patients can promote resi

16、stance in the flu virus effectively removing the only bullets from our gun,至目前为止，抗病毒药物“达菲”和“乐感清”对于治疗甲型H1N1流感有效，这是一个好消息。政 府应对疫情的一个关键举措就是在过去数年里存储了5千万份抗病毒药物，储备量足以确保 医生能够有效地应对新疫情，但是如果人们开始为自己囤积抗病毒药物，这种能力将遭到破 坏。已有报道称，药店的达菲“已断货，美国的一些医院已开始对医生开，达菲”药物的权力 进行限制。病人错误使用或者滥用“达菲”和“乐感清”会使流感病毒的抗药性增加，从而使我 们应对甲型H1N1流感的

17、唯一武器失效。Dont Leave Home If You Feel Sick 身体不适时勿外出In the absence of a vaccine, the only defenses we have against the spread of H1N1 are simple ones. Cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough (with your arm, not your hands, to avoid spreading the virus through handshakes) and wash your hands frequently

18、. Buy a pocket-sized bottle of hand sanitizer and use it its the easiest way to avoid getting sick。But when it comes to slowing the overall spread of a pandemic flu, the best thing we can do is keep sick people away from everyone else. Its called social distancing, and studies of the deadly 1918 Spa

19、nish flu showed that cities that instituted distancing measures quickly suffered lower death tolls than cities that did nothing or reacted slowly. So if youre feeling sick, dont go to work until you feel better 一 even though that may not be the most welcome advice for the nearly 50% of private-secto

20、r workers in the U.S. who dont get paid sick days。在没有疫苗的情况下， 我们应对甲型H1N1流感蔓延的措施只能是一些简单的措施，在打喷嚏或者咳嗽时捂嘴，经 常洗手，使用洗手液，这些是避免感染流感的最简单举措。但就减弱流感病毒传播的速度而 言，我们所采取的最佳措施就是使病人远离普通公众。对1918年西班牙流感大暴发的研究表 明，那些采取隔离病人措施的城市的死亡人数比那些没有采取类似措施的城市要低得多。所 以，如果你感觉身体不适，不要去上班，虽然这一建议可能不会受到近百分之五十私营行业 雇员的欢迎，因为他们无法享受带薪病假。Dont Panic k

21、onghTV anchors cant stop asking the question: When is it time to start panicking? How about never? Panic can only lead to stupid actions on a personal and national level that would likely make a pandemic worse。电视节目主持人不停地问这个问题：现在是惊慌的时刻吗？ 人们应当永远保持镇静，惊慌只能使人们做出愚蠢的行动，无论是个人还是国家层次，这只 会使疫情状况更为糟糕。As worrying

22、 as the epidemic has been, keep in mind that only one person so far has died of swine flu outside Mexico. Many scientists are beginning to think that even if we do have a full-fledged pandemic on our hands, it may likely be a mild one. A computer model by researchers at Northwestern University estim

23、ated that even if nothing were done to slow the spread of the disease from now on, by the end of May the U.S. would have only about 1,700 cases. The good news is that H1N1 is hitting North America at the tail end of its flu season. Its possible that the virus may peter out and re-appear next autumn,

24、 but that gives us months to prepare。虽然疫情令 人感到担心，但人们要记住，到目前为止，在墨西哥以外的地方只有一人死于甲型H1N1流 感。许多科学家开始认为，即使我们目前面临全面的流感大暴发，流感也可能是温和的。西 北大学进行的一个计算机模拟实验表明，如果目前不采取任何措施来使流感的蔓延速度放缓，至5月底，美国也只会出现1700例甲型H1N1流感病例。好消息是，甲型H1N1流感是在 北美流感季节快要结束时出现的，病毒可能会逐步消失并在秋天再次出现，但这将给我们数 个月的准备时间。As WHO and CDC officials keep reiteratin

25、g, influenza is an enigma, and H1N1 will keep evolving, keep changing so we cant predict how the epidemic will progress. But one thing is certain: Panicking will only make the situation worse. This is a cause for deep concern, but not panic, said President Barack Obama in his April 29 news conferenc

26、e. In the midst of all this anxiety, thats the best advice there is。世卫组织和美国疾病预防和控制中心的官员们一直称， 流感很神秘，H1N1病毒会不断发生变化，所以我们无法预测疫情将如何发展，但有一件事 情是肯定的，惊慌只会使事情更糟糕。奥巴马总统4月29日的新闻发布会上称：“我们高度关 注流感，但不应当惊慌。”这是对身处焦虑状态的人们给出的最佳建议。“甲型H1N1流感”正在来势汹汹地对人类构成威胁。在全球媒体铺天盖地的“甲型H1N1流感”疫情报道中，甲型H1N1流感曾被普遍称为“猪流 感”，虽然之后世卫组织就明确表示用“猪流感

27、”表示此次疫情并不合适，但毕竟这已经是一 个家喻户晓的词语。猪流感”在英语中的说法并非pig flu而是swine flu，也就是说，这里的“猪” 不是 pig，而是swine。英语中用来称呼“猪”的单词除了 pig之外还有swine和hog，pig无疑是目前最常用的单词 而Swine的词义含有明显的贬义。Hog主要是美国英语用法，倾向于指已经养得膘肥体壮可 以进入屠宰程序的猪。在此次“猪流感”疫情中，除了学习到了 swine flu这一表达之外，出现频率较高的相关词汇 还有：flu vaccine （流感疫苗）flu caseload （感染病例数）flu strain （流感病毒株）anti-viral medications （抗病毒药物）contagious （会传染的）respiratory disease （呼吸道疾病） circulate （传播）contaminate （传染）infect （感染）con